Gujarati Muslims

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Created by Ajay Kumar
Last edited August 28, 2023

Template:Infobox religious group Template:Islam The term Gujarati Muslim is usually used to signify an Indian Muslim from the state of Gujarat in western coast of India. Most Gujarati Muslims have Gujarati language as their mother tongue, but some communities such as the Soomra & Sindhi have Kutchi other like Momin Ansari, Memons, Charotar Vahora & Vohra[1] Gujarati Shaikh[2][3] (Hansotis) and others, have Urdu as their mother tongue.[4] The majority of Gujarati Muslims are Sunni, with a minority of Shi'ite groups.

The Gujarati Muslims are further sub-divided into groups, such as the Sunni Vohra/Bohra, Ismāʿīlī, Khoja, Dawoodi Bohra, Memon, Surti, Miyan Bhai, Pathan people/Hansotis, Khatri, Ghanchi and Chhipa each with their own customs and traditions.

Gujarati Muslim merchants played a pivotal role in establishing Islam in Indonesia, Malaysia and other parts of South East Asia.[5]

Gujarati Muslims are very prominent in industry and medium-sized businesses and there is a very large Gujarati Muslim community in Mumbai.[6] A very large number of this community migrated to Pakistan in 1947 and have settled in Sindh province especially in Karachi.[7] Having earned a formidable accolade as some of India's greatest seafaring merchants,[8] the centuries-old Gujarati diaspora is found scattered throughout the Near East, Indian Ocean and Southern Hemisphere regions everywhere in between Africa and Japan with a notable presence in:[9] Hong Kong,[10] Britain, Portugal, Canada, Réunion,[11] Oman,[12] Yemen,[13] Mozambique,[14] Zanzibar,[15] United Arab Emirates, Burma,[16] Madagascar,[17] South Africa, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Pakistan, Zambia and East Africa.

History

Located in the westernmost portion of India, Gujarat includes the region of Kutch, Saurashtra and the territories between the rivers Banas and Damanganga. Islam came early to Gujarat, with immigrant communities of Arab and Persian traders. Most came as traders as they did before Islam and built a masjid during the times of Muhammad and other parts of the western seacoast of India as early as the 8th century C.E, spreading Islam soon as the religion gained a foothold in the Arabian peninsula.[18] They were later joined by Arab and Persian traders from the Middle East.[19] Many of these early merchants were Ismaili Shia, both Mustaali and Nizari. They laid the foundation of the Bohra and Khoja communities. In the early era however Gujarat was ruled by the Valabhi dynasty. In the thirteenth century, the last Hindu ruler Karna, was defeated by Alauddin Khalji, the Turkic Sultan of Delhi. This episode ushered a period of five centuries of Muslim Turkic and Mughal rule, leading to a conversion of a number of Hindu Gujarati people to Islam and the creation of new communities such as the Molesalam and Miyana communities.

In the sixteenth century, the Memon community immigrated from Sindh and settled in Kutch and Kathiawar. While in Bharuch and Surat, a schism occurred among the Bohras and a new community of Sunni Bohras (also known as vohra e.g. surti sunni vhora) was created. Another Muslim sect, the Mahdawi also settled in Gujarat and led to the creation of the Tai community.[20] In 1593, the Mughal Emperor Akbar conquered Gujarat and incorporated Gujarat in the Mughal Empire. This period led to the settlement of the Mughal community. A good many Sayyid and Shaikh families also are said to have arrived during the period of Mughal rule. With the establishment of the Sufi Suhrawardi and Chishti orders in Multan, Sind and Gujarat, pirs enjoyed state patronage.[21] At the same time, the Muslims from various provinces such as Hyderabad Deccan, Kerala, Balochistan, Sindh, Punjab, Gujarat, Kashmir and other parts of South Asia also moved to capitals of Muslim empire in Delhi and Agra. After the death of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, in 1707, Mughal rule began weaken after ruling for a century. Most of Gujarat fell to the Marathas, and this period saw the dispersal of further Pathans and Baluchis, who came as mercenaries and were destroyed or defeated by the Marathas. Gujarat fell to British in the late 19th century.[22]

Gujarati Muslim merchants played an historically important role in facilitating the Portuguese discovery of "the East Indies",[23][24][25] in spreading and propagating Islam to the Far East[26] and in promoting the British discovery of Africa.[27] In Southeast Asia, Malays referred to the Islamic elite among them by the noble title of adhirajas.[28] The Sufi trader, Shaikh Randeri (Shaikh Raneri) was responsible for spreading Islam to Acheh in Indonesia.[29] Surti merchants in particular also pioneered the use of scientific concepts and invented structural and mechanical advances in technology for the nationbuilding of Mauritius,[30] such as introducing hydro-electric power to the people of Mauritius.[31]

Jamat Bandi

Gujarati speaking Muslim society has a unique custom known as Jamat Bandi, literally meaning communal solidarity.[32] This system is the traditional expression of communal solidarity. It is designed to regulate the affairs of the community and apply sanctions against infractions of the communal code. Almost all the main Gujarat communities, such as the Ismāʿīlī, Khoja, Dawoodi Bohra, Chhipa and Sunni Bohra have caste associations, known as jamats. Social organization at the Jamat Bandi level varies from community to community. In some communities, the Jamat simply runs a mosque and attached rest house and a madrasah. Some larger communities, such as the Khoja and Memon have developed elaborate and highly formalized systems with written and registered constitutions. Their organizations own large properties, undertake housing projects and schools, dispensaries and weekly newspapers.

Communities

The region of Kutch has always been historically distinct, with the Muslims there accounting for about twenty percent of the population. This region is characterised by salt deserts, such as the Rann of Kutch. Because of this landscape, the Kutch Muslims are Maldhari pastoral nomads found in the Banni region of Kutch. Most of them are said to have originated in Sindh and speak a dialect of Kutchi which has many Sindhi loanwords. Major Maldhari communities include the Soomra, Sandhai Muslims, Jats, Halaypotra, Hingora, Hingorja, Juneja.[33] The other important Muslim community is the Khatiawari Memon community, that migrated and resettled beyond Gujarat.

Coastal Gujarat is home to Urdu speaking communities such as those of Hansot and Olpad. Hansot Muslims are divergent genotypically in that their MtDNA is of greater foreign origins in comparison to the Y-DNA.Template:Citation needed The Gujarat coastline is also home to significant numbers of Siddi, otherwise known as Zanji or Habshi, descendants of Africans e.g. Royal Habshis (Abyssinian aristocracy e.g. Siddi Sayyid) or Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by the Portuguese and Arab merchants.[34] Siddis are primarily Sufi Muslims, although some are Hindus and others Roman Catholic Christians.[35] Malik Ambar, a prominent military figure in Indian history at large, remains a figure of veneration to the Siddis of Gujarat.

Bharuchi and Surti Muslims

There is historical evidence of Arabs and Persians settling along the Konkan-Gujarat coast as early as the 9th, 8th and perhaps 7th century.[36] Arab traders landed at Ghogha (located just across the narrow Gulf of Cambay from Bharuch/Surat) around the early seventh century and built a masjid there facing Jeruselum.[37] Thus Gujarat has the oldest mosque in India built between 624 and 626 C.E. by the Arabs who traded and stayed there. These Arabs and others who settled in Bharuch and Surat were sailors, merchants and nakhudas, who belonged to various South Arabian coastal tribes while others were from the Persian Gulf and Mediterranean, and large numbers married local women adopting the local Gujarati language and customs over time.[38][39][40]

Over the course of history, a number of famous Arab travelers, scholars, Sufi-saints and geographers who visited India, have described the presence of thriving Arab Muslim communities scattered along the Konkan-Gujarat coast.[41] Suleiman of Basra who reached Thana in 841 AD, observed that the Rashtrakuta empire which extended from Bharuch to Chaul during his time, was on friendly terms with the Arabs and Balhara kings appointed Arab merchant princes as governors and administrators in their vast kingdom.[42][43][44] Ibn Hawqal, a 10th-century Muslim Arab geographer and chronicler while on his travels observed that mosques flourished in four cities of Gujarat that had Hindu kings, with mosques being found in Cambay, Kutch, Saymur and Patan, alluding to an atmosphere where Muslim foreigners were assimilated into the local milieu of medieval Gujarati societies.[45][46] His well-known Iranian contemporary Estakhri, the Persian medieval geographer who traveled to Cambay and other regions of Gujarat during the same period, echoed the words spoken by his predecessors alongside his itineraries.[47] Al-Masudi, an Arab historian from Baghdad who was a descendant of Abdullah Ibn Mas'ud, a companion of Prophet Muhammad traveled to Gujarat in 918 C.E. and bore written witness account that more than 10,000 Arab Muslims from Siraf (Persia) Madha in Oman, Hadhramaut in Yemen, Basra, Baghdad, and other cities in the Middle East, had settled in the seaport of Chamoor, a port close to Bharuch.[48][49]

Despite the medieval conquest of Gujarat by Alauddin Khalji and its annexation to the Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century, peaceful Islamic settlements appear to have continued under Hindu rule. Bi-lingual Indian inscriptions from Somnath in Sanskrit and Arabic, make reference to the Arab and Iranian shipowners who constructed mosques in Gujarat from the grants given to Muslims by the Vaghela rajput ruler, Arjunadeva. [50] Similar epitaphs mention the arrival of pious Muslim nakhudas from Hormuz as well as families from Bam residing in Cambay, and from the discovery of tombstones of personages from Siraf, at the time one of the most important ports on the Iranian coast in the Persian Gulf, suggests altogether that the Muslim community of Junagadh had a strong and established link with Iran through the commercial sea routes.[51] The 19th century European Gazetteer by George Newenham Wright, corroborates this cultural exchange through the ages as he points out that the Arab inhabitants of Mukalla, capital city of the Hadhramaut coastal region in Yemen, were known to intermarry with the Muslims of Kathiawar and those resident from other areas of Gujarat.[52]

Arabic sources speak of the warm reception of the significant immigration of Hadhrami sāda (descendants of Muhammed) who settled in Surat during the Gujarat Sultanate. Prominent and well respected Sāda who claimed noble descent through Abu Bakr al-Aydarus ("Patron Saint of Aden"),[53] were held in high esteem among the people and became established as Arab religious leaderships of local Muslims. Intermarriages with Indian Muslim women were highly sought[54] which led to a creole Hadhrami-Indian community to flourish in Gujarat by the 17th century.[55]

Early 14th-century Maghrebi adventurer, Ibn Batuta, who visited India with his entourage, recalls in his memoirs about Cambay, one of the great emporia of the Indian Ocean that indeed:[56]

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In the 17th century, the eminent city of Surat, famous for its cargo export of silk and diamonds had come on a par with contemporary Venice and Beijing which were some of the great mercantile cities of Europe and Asia,[57] and earned the distinguished title, Bab al-Makkah (Gate of Mecca) because it is one of the great places of the subcontinent where ancient Hindus welcomed Islam and it flourished as time went on.[58][59]

Diverse Origins - DNA Testing

More recently Yunus Aswat has been leading an online project called "Gujarati Muslims" to find the diverse origins of Gujarati Muslims through DNA testing.

Notable Gujarati Muslims

Abdur Rahman ibn Yusuf Mangera of the UK who is a prominent Islamic Scholar once listed as one of the 500 most influential Muslims in the world, Ismail ibn Musa Menk, another prominent Islamic Scholar also of Gujarati descent, Azim Premji Chairman of Wipro Limited, South African cricketer Hashim Amla, South African Quran - Bible Scholar Ahmed Deedat, Caribbean eschatologist and Islamic scholar Imran N. Hosein, Badruddin Tyabji,[60] a Congress president and Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the founding father of Pakistan.[61] Bollywood is represented by Asha Parekh who is half Gujarati Muslim, Farooq Shaikh, Nushrat Bharucha , and Sanjeeda Sheikh. Famous Indian film score composers include Salim–Sulaiman Merchant who are Ismaili Shia and Taher Saifuddin, who was the 51st Da'i al-Mutlaq of the Dawoodi Bohras, a sect within Shia Islam. Famous political activists such as Ahmed Timol,[62] Yusuf Dadoo, Ahmed Kathrada, Ebrahim Aswat and his daughters Zainab Asvat and Amina Cachalia played a leading role in the anti-apartheid movement of South Africa.[63]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Gujarat Population: Musalmans and Parsis, Volume IX pages 13 to 14 Government Central Press, Bombay
  2. ↑ Parzor | The UNESCO Parsi Zoroastrian Project. Unescoparzor.com. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  3. ↑ People of India Gujarat Volume XXII Part One Editors R. B Lal, P.B.S.V Padmanabham, G Krishnan and M Azeez Mohideen pages 74 to 77
  4. ↑ Indian Census 2001 - Religion Template:Webarchive
  5. ↑ Gujarat helped establish Islam in SE Asia. The Times of India(December 27, 2011).
  6. ↑ Bombay and Mumbai : the city in transition{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Oxford University Press(2003). ISBN 0195663179
  7. ↑ Karachi : ordered disorder and the struggle for the city{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2014). ISBN 978-0-19-935444-3
  8. ↑ Interwoven Globe: The Worldwide Textile Trade, 1500-1800{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York(2013). ISBN 978-1-58839-496-5
  9. ↑ Where on earth do they speak Gujarati?. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  10. ↑ New frontiers : imperialism's new communities in East Asia, 1842-1953{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Manchester Univ. Press(2000). ISBN 0-7190-5604-7
  11. ↑ An Indian Reunion. littleindia.com. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  12. ↑ Template:Cite magazine
  13. ↑ Learning Gujarati in Yemen. Wall Street Journal(24 September 2012). Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  14. ↑ Pakistanis who have never seen Pakistan. The Friday Times(9 January 2014). Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  15. ↑ An African Indian Community in Hyderabad: Siddi Identity, Its Maintenance and Change{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2004). ISBN 3-86537-206-6
  16. ↑ Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar and recent riots - an Aman Report. Centre for study of society and secularism. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  17. ↑ Ocean of Trade{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(2014-11-06). ISBN 978-1-107-07026-4
  18. ↑ Surat In The Seventeenth Century{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 9788171542208
  19. ↑ Gināns : texts and contexts : essays on Ismaili hymns from South Asia in honour of Zawahir Moir{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Primus Books(2010). ISBN 978-8190891875
  20. ↑ A history of Islamic societies{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2014). ISBN 978-0521514309
  21. ↑ A history of Islamic societies{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2014). ISBN 978-0521514309
  22. ↑ Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey editor Richard V Weekes pages 294 to 297
  23. ↑ Gujarati showed Vasco 'da' way(Oct 3, 2010). Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  24. ↑ Homage to a Historian: A Festschrift{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Dr. N. Subrahmanian 60th Birthday Celebration Committee(1976)
  25. ↑ Rethinking solidarity in global society : the challenge of globalisation for social and solidarity movements : 50 years after Bandung Asian-African Conference 1955{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Strategic Information and Research Development Centre(2007). ISBN 9789833782130
  26. ↑ A history of Christianity in Indonesia{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Brill(2008). ISBN 978-90-04-17026-1
  27. ↑ The shaping of modern Gujarat : plurality, Hindutva, and beyond{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Penguin Books(2005). ISBN 0-14400-038-5
  28. ↑ A History of Early Southeast Asia Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100-1500.{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Rowman & Littlefield Pub. Group(2010). ISBN 978-0742567627
  29. ↑ Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Sarup & Sons(2000). ISBN 9788176250870
  30. ↑ The genuis: Amode Ibrahim Atchia, (1868-1947), Dukhira, Chit. lexpess.mu.online(2 April 2008).
  31. ↑ Major Atchia, a model of enterprise, Atchia, Dr. Michael. lexpress.mu.online.
  32. ↑ Muslim communities of Gujarat. TwoCircles.net. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  33. ↑ People of India Gujarat Volume XXI Part Two edited by R.B Lal, P.B.S.V Padmanabham, G Krishnan & M Azeez Mohideen pages 487-491
  34. ↑ Everybody Was Kung Fu Fighting: Afro-Asian Connections and the Myth of Cultural Purity. Beacon Press.
  35. ↑ The African dispersal in the Deccan. Orient Blackswan.
  36. ↑ Al-Hind, the making of the Indo-Islamic world{{#if:Wink|, Wink}. E.J. Brill(1990). ISBN 9004092498
  37. ↑ Handbuch der Orientalistik.{{#if:Schimmel|, Schimmel}. Brill(1980). ISBN 9004061177
  38. ↑ The adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveler of the fourteenth century{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. University of California Press(2005). ISBN 0-520-24385-4
  39. ↑ Portuguese trade in Asia under the Habsburgs, 1580-1640{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Johns Hopkins University Press(2008). ISBN 978-0-8018-8754-3
  40. ↑ The South Asian diaspora transnational networks and changing identities{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Routledge(2009). ISBN 978-0-203-89235-0
  41. ↑ Gujarat built mosques to draw Arab ships. Times of India. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  42. ↑ The shaping of modern Gujarat : plurality, Hindutva, and beyond{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Penguin Books(2005). ISBN 0-14400-038-5
  43. ↑ Humanity : texts and contexts : Christian and Muslim perspectives : a record of the sixth Building Bridges seminar convened by the Archbishop of Canterbury, National University of Singapore, December 2007{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Georgetown University Press(2010). ISBN 978-1-58901-716-0
  44. ↑ Parsis in India and the Diaspora{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Routledge(2007). ISBN 9781134067527
  45. ↑ Al-Hind, the making of the Indo-Islamic world{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. E.J. Brill(1990). ISBN 90-04-09249-8
  46. ↑ Merchants and rulers in Gujarat : the response to the Portuguese in the sixteenth century{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. University of California Press(1976). ISBN 0-520-02809-0
  47. ↑ Muslim Communities in Gujarat: Preliminary Studies in Their History and Social Organization{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Asia Publishing House(1964)
  48. ↑ Abul Hasan Ali Al-Masudi. As-Sunnah Foundation of America. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  49. ↑ Notes on the history and antiquities of Chaul and Bassein{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Asian Educational Services(1993). ISBN 8120608453
  50. ↑ Different types of history{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Pearson Longman(2009). ISBN 978-8131718186
  51. ↑ Bhadreśvar ; the oldest Islamic monuments in India{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. E.J. Brill(1988). ISBN 9004083413
  52. ↑ A New and Comprehensive Gazetteer, Volume 5{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1838)
  53. ↑ José-Marie Bel, Théodore Monod, Aden: Port mythique du Yémen, pg 99
  54. ↑ Hadhrami traders, scholars and statesmen in the Indian Ocean : 1750s - 1960s{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Brill(1997). ISBN 9789004107717
  55. ↑ The graves of Tarim genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. University of California Press(2006). ISBN 9780520938694
  56. ↑ The adventures of Ibn Battuta, a Muslim traveler of the fourteenth century{{#if:Dunn|, Dunn}. University of California Press(1986). ISBN 9780520057715
  57. ↑ Modern migrations : Gujarati Indian networks in New York and London{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Stanford University Press(2011). ISBN 978-0-8047-7222-8
  58. ↑ Hinduism and modernity{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Blackwell(2003). ISBN 0-631-20862-3
  59. ↑ The journal of Asian studies, Volume 35, Issues 1-2{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1975)
  60. ↑ Making Britain: Discover how South Asians shaped the nation, 1870-1950. The Open University. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  61. ↑ Jinnah didn't know Urdu, was fluent in Gujarati. Times of India. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  62. ↑ Ahmed Timol | South African History Online. Sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  63. ↑ Review of Kathrada, A. M., No Bread for Mandela: Memoirs of Ahmed Kathrada, Prisoner No. 468/64, Burton, Antoinette. www.h-net.org(1 May 2012).

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