Hindkowans

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Hindkowans (lit. "Indian-speakers"[1][2]), also known as the Hindki,[3][4] are an Indo-Aryan linguistic-cultural group,[2][5] which is native to the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pothohar Plateau and Azad Kashmir regions of Pakistan. Hindkowans speak various Hindko dialects of Lahnda (Western Punjabi).[2][5][6]

At present, Hindkowans can be found in the Pakistani cities of Peshawar, Nowshera, Swabi, Mansehra, Abbottabad, Haripur and Attock.[7] Those who reside in urban centers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan such as Peshawar, Kohat, Nowshera and Swabi are alternatively termed as "Kharian/Kharay" or city-dweller. Other Hindko-speakers, including members of the Muslim, Hindu and Sikh faiths, reside in Afghanistan and are known as Hindki.[8][9] Those Hindko speakers, who after the partition of India migrated to the independent republic, identify with the broader Punjabi community;[10] these Hindkowans reside the Indian states of East Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir.[10][11][12]

Origin

The word "Hindko" is a cover term for a diverse group of Lahnda (Western Punjabi) dialects spoken by people of various ethnic backgrounds in several discontinuous areas in northwestern Pakistan, primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab.[13][14] The term "Hindko" is a Pashto wordTemplate:Citation needed most commonly taken to have originally meant "the Indian language" or "language of Hind",Template:Efn[2][15][16][17] but it has developed to denote the Indo-Aryan speech forms spoken in the northern Indian subcontinent,[5][15][18] in contrast to the neighbouring Pashto, an Iranic language.[2][5][19] Hindko is mutually intelligible with Standard Punjabi and Saraiki (which is variously considered a dialect of Punjabi or a language in its own right),[13]Template:Sfn and has more affinities with the latter than with the former.Template:Sfn Differences with other Punjabi varieties are more pronounced in the morphology and phonology than in the syntax.Template:Sfn

Demographics

Hazara Division

The Hazarawals are the Hindkowans, who belong to diverse ethnic backgrounds. Almost half the Hindko speakers in Hazara Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are Pashtuns. Some of these Pashtuns speak Hindko as their mother tongue while others as a second language. Pashtuns who have adopted Hindko as their mother tongue are the Jaduns, Swatis, Tareens, Yusufzais, Utmanzais, and Tahirkhelis. The other Hindko speakers include the Dhunds, Karlals, Tanolis, Mashwanis, Sayyids, Mughals, Turks, Awans, Qureshis, and Gujjars.[20]

Azad Kashmir

Hindko is the dominant language and spoken in the whole of Northern Kashmiri Neelum District as well as parts of Muzaffarabad District.[21]

Peshawar, Nowshera, Kohat

There are a substantial number of Hindko speakers in Peshawar, Nowshera, and Kohat in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Prior to the formation of Pakistan, these areas were dominated by Hindko speakers. Typically, Pashtu speakers were predominant in the rural areas while Hindko speakers dominated the urban areas. The majority status of the Hindkowans, however, changed with the partition of India in 1947 that led to the departure of Hindu Hindkowans to an independent India and a higher number of Pashtu speakers settling in urban centers.[5][22][23] The Awans form the majority of Hindkowans in these urban centers.[20]

Attock

Hindkowans of District Attock, Punjab, reside in and form a majority of Attock Tehsil and Pindi Gheb Tehsil. Most of these Hindkowans are Awan, Khattar, and Muslim Rajputs with a minority of Pashtun hindkowans as well.[20][24]

Karachi

Though not native to Karachi, hundreds of thousands of Hindkowans, mostly from Hazara Division, reside in Karachi. Most of these Hindkowans migrated to Karachi in the early 1960s during the Ayub Khan era. However, lack of job opportunities and the 2005 Kashmir earthquake has also caused a large-scale migration from the Hazara division to Karachi.[25]

East Punjab and Jammu & Kashmir

After the partition of India, many Hindkowans who practice Hinduism and Sikhism moved to independent India, chiefly the states of East Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir where they became absorbed into the broader Punjabi community.[10] According to the 1961 Census of India, 162 people answered Hindko as their mother tongue.[5][26]

Afghanistan

Hindko speakers living in Afghanistan are include those of the Muslim, Hindu and Sikh faiths and are referred to as Hindki.[8]

Religion

Today, most of the Hindkowan population in Pakistan is Sunni Muslim.[27]

Prior to the partition of India, the Hindu Hindkowans exercised economic power in the North-West Frontier Province of colonial India.[5][23][28][29][30] Some of these Hindu Hindkowans are traders and over time, have settled in areas as far as Kalat, Balochistan.[31][32] Other Hindu Hindkowans migrated to India from the NWFP after the partition of India in 1947.[5][12]

A community of Sikh Hindkowans exists and prior to the partition of India, they were active in "key areas in the urban economy of the province"; like the Hindus, many Sikh Hindkowans migrated to an independent India after the partition of colonial India in 1947.[5][12][23][28][29][30]

Notable Hindko-speakers

Template:More citations needed section

See also

Notes and references

Template:Notelist

  1. ↑ The strange and little-known case of Hindko. Mint(6 July 2019). Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Infobase Publishing(2010). ISBN 9781438119137
  3. ↑ Hindko and Gujari{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University(1992)
  4. ↑ Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan: Hindko and Gujari{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University(1992)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Christian Study Centre
  6. ↑ The Indo-Aryan Languages{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(1993). ISBN 9780521299442
  7. ↑ Pakistan: Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation{{#if:Qadeer|, Qadeer}. Taylor & Francis(2006). ISBN 978-0415375665
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 The strange and little-known case of Hindko. Mint(6 July 2019). Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  9. ↑ Template:Cite encyclopedia
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 The strange and little-known case of Hindko. Mint(6 July 2019). Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Pakistan?{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Oxford University Press(2012). ISBN 9781849042239
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Pakistan's regional languages face extinction. The National(7 January 2017). Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Language in South Asia{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(27 March 2008). ISBN 978-1-139-46550-2
  14. ↑ For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see Template:Harvtxt; Template:Harvtxt; Template:Harvtxt. For the ethnic diversity, see Template:Harvtxt
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 The strange and little-known case of Hindko. Mint(6 July 2019). Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  16. ↑ A History of Pakistan and Its Origins{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Anthem Press(2004). ISBN 9781843311492
  17. ↑ Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London({Template:Year).
  18. ↑ The Soomras{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Beacon Books(1992)
  19. ↑ Template:Harvnb
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 A Phonemic and Acoustic Analysis of Hindko Oral Stops. Acta Linguistica Asiatica({Template:Date).
  21. ↑ [{{{url}}} Aspectual Complex Predicates in Punjabi]. Walter de Gruyter.
  22. ↑ The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia: A Comprehensive Guide{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG(2016). ISBN 978-3-11-042330-3
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Papers in language and linguistics, Volume 1{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Bahri Publications(1986)
  24. ↑ Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies({Template:Date).
  25. ↑ Hazarawals key to scoring high in Karachi - Pakistan Today. www.pakistantoday.com.pk. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
  26. ↑ Mother Tongues of India According to the 1961 Census. Language in India({Template:Date).
  27. ↑ Hindko, Southern. SIL International. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Language forum, Volume 9{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Bahri Publications(1984)
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Journal of Asian history, Volumes 35-36{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. O. Harrassowitz(2001)
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Language, ideology and power: language learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Oxford University Press(2002)
  31. ↑ The social organization of the Marri Baluch{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Indus Publications(1966)
  32. ↑ Viking fund publications in anthropology, Issue 43{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Viking Fund(1966)
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 https://www.samaa.tv/culture/2017/08/ahmed-faraz-poet-love-revolt/
  34. ↑ https://nation.com.pk/09-Jan-2013/remembering-war-veteran-sir-anwar-shamim
  35. ↑ https://www.dawn.com/news/1389148
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Does Pakistan have a saviour in Imran Khan?, Patel, Reply to All | Aakar. Livemint(2011-11-25). Retrieved 2020-03-09.
  37. ↑ https://www.geo.tv/latest/202660-more-women-are-running-for-office-but-the-glass-ceiling-is-still-intact
  38. ↑ Talibanistan: Negotiating the Borders Between Terror, Politics, and Religion{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(14 February 2013). ISBN 9780199893072
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/342191-the-unending-tragedies-of-peshawar-s-bilour-family
  40. ↑ https://www.dawn.com/news/1549533
  41. ↑ My Life : Dilip Kumar{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. General Press(4 December 2018). ISBN 9789388118927
  42. ↑ https://www.hipinpakistan.com/news/1158227
  43. ↑ http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/senator-r-iqbal-zafar-jhagra-81
  44. ↑ https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/566562-son-soil
  45. ↑ https://topnewsurdu.com/imran-ashraf-biography-education-age-hobbies-and-career/
  46. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hKyA5x7J5q8
  47. ↑ Muslim League in N.W.F.P..
  48. ↑ https://www.thenewstribe.io/2013/09/11/pm-convinces-sardar-mehtab-abbasi-for-kpk-governorship/
  49. ↑ Adams, p.100-101
  50. ↑ Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi Template:Webarchive. Official website of the Jamaat-e-Islami.
  51. ↑ https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/608093-why-hazara-province-movement-has-resumed-from-karachi
  52. ↑ https://clarionindia.net/qateel-shifai-the-failed-businessman-who-gave-a-new-lease-of-life-to-urdu-poetry/
  53. ↑ Peshawarites still remember the Kapoor family. Daily Times(29 December 2003).
  54. ↑ http://www.senate.gov.pk/en/profile_comm.php?uid=869&catid=&subcatid=&cattitle=
  55. ↑ Indo-Pak Relations: Challenges Before New Millennium{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2001). ISBN 9788176482721
  56. ↑ https://twitter.com/Yasir_HameedQ/status/680817796071161857?s=19
  57. ↑ http://www.petaro.org/staff-adjutants/adj-ZI-Abbasi.htm

Bibliography

  • The Indo-Aryan languages{{#if:Masica|, Masica}. Cambridge University Press(1991). ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7
  • Language and politics in Pakistan{{#if:Rahman|, Rahman}. Oxford University Press(1996). ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8
  • Hindko and Gujari{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics(1992). ISBN 969-8023-13-5
  • Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab. Transactions of the Philological Society({Template:Date).

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