I. I. Chundrigar

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Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar
 ابراہیم اسماعیل چندریگر
File:Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar.jpg
Office Prime Minister of Pakistan





Term start 18 October 1957
Term end 16 December 1957
Predecessor Huseyn Suhrawardy
Successor Feroze Khan





Born 1897-09-15[1]
Born Godhra, Bombay Presidency, British India
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Died Template:Death date and age
Place of death London, England[2]



Political party Muslim League
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Children 2 sons, including Abdullah[2] and Abu Bakr,[2]
Alma mater University of Bombay
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Website I. I. Chundrigar
Official website

Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar[3] (Template:Lang-ur; 15 September 1897[1] – 26 September 1960), best known as I. I. Chundrigar, was the sixth prime minister of Pakistan, appointed in this capacity on 17 October 1957 until being removed due to a vote of no confidence on 11 December 1957.

Trained in constitutional law at the University of Bombay and one of the Founding Fathers of the Dominion of Pakistan, Chundrigar's tenure is the second shortest served in the parliamentary history of Pakistan just after that of Nurul Amin who served as prime minister for 13 days. Chundrigar served for just 55 days.[4][5]

Biography

Early life and law practice

Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar was born in Godhra, Gujarat in India on 15 September 1897.Template:Rp[1][6] He was the only child of his Gujarati-speaking Chundrigar family, a Muslim community in India.[7] The Chundriger community is of Arabian descent.[8]

Chundrigar was initially schooled in Ahmedabad where he finished his matriculation and moved to Bombay for his higher studies. He attended the University of Bombay where he earned the BA degree in philosophy, and later the LLB degree in 1929.[9][10][11] From 1929 till 1932, Chundrigar served as a lawyer for the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation.[12]

From 1932 until 1937, Chundrigar practiced civil law, and moved to practice and read law at the Bombay High Court in 1937, where he established his reputation.[11] During this time, he became acquainted with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, sharing the similar ideology, work ethics, and political views.[13][7]

In 1935, Chundrigar was chosen by the Muslim League to give a response to the Government of India Act 1935 introduced by the British government in India. Notably, concerning the role of the Governor-General as head of state, Chundrigar denied that the Governor-General enjoyed the powers supposedly granted by the Act.[14]

From 1937 till 1946, Chundrigar practiced and read law, taking several cases on civil matters where he advocated for his clients at the Bombay High Court.[15]

Legislative career in India and Pakistan Movement

In 1936, Chundrigar joined the Muslim League. He was elected to the Bombay Legislative Assembly in the 1937 provincial elections.[10][7] He took over the Muslim League's provincial presidency based in Bombay, and successfully retained his role as the member of the legislative assembly (MLA) of the Bombay Assembly for a Muhammadan Urban constituency until 1946.[16][10]

In 1946, he was named and appointed as Commerce Minister under the presidential administrations of Viceroys of India, Archibald Wavell (1946) and Louis Mountbatten (1946-47).[10] Peter Lyon, a reader emeritus in international relations, describes Chundrigar as a "close supporter" of Mohammad Ali Jinnah in the Pakistan Movement.[17]

Public service in Pakistan

Diplomacy and governorships

After the partition of India by the act of the British Empire that established Pakistan, Chundrigar endorsed Liaquat Ali Khan's bid for the Premiership and was retained as the Commerce Minister in the administration of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan on 15 August 1947.[18][19]

On 1 May 1948, Chundrigar was relieved his Commerce ministry and was appointed as the Pakistan Ambassador to Afghanistan, presenting his credentials to Afghan King Zahir Shah in Kabul.[20][21] Although his appointment was favorably received in Afghanistan, Chundrigar was at odds with the Afghan government (supported by India as early as 1949) over the issue of Pakistan's north-west border with Afghanistan.[22]

Chundrigar's tenure as ambassador was short. He was recalled to Pakistan by the Foreign Office, which viewed his inability to understand the Pashtun culture as a possible factor in fracturing Afghan-Pakistan relations.[23] In 1950, Chundrigar was appointed Governor of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, which position he held until 1951.[10] A Cabinet reshuffle in 1951 allowed him to be appointed as the Governor of Punjab but he was removed amid differences developed in 1953 with Governor-General M.G. Muhammad when he enforced martial law at the request of Prime Minister K. Nazimuddin to control violent religious riots that occurred in Lahore, Pakistan.[4]

Law ministry in coalition administration

In 1955, Chundrigar was invited to join the central government of a three-party coalition: the Awami League, the Muslim League and the Republican Party.[4] He was appointed as Minister of Law and Justice.[24] During this time, he also acted as a Leader of the Opposition, opposing the mainstream agenda presented by the Republican Party.[25]

At the National Assembly, he established his reputation as more of a constitutional lawyer than a politician, and gained a lot of prominence in public for his arguments in favour of parliamentarianism when he pleaded the case of "Maulvi Tamizuddin vs. Federation of Pakistan".[10]

Prime Minister of Pakistan (1957)

Shortest tenure as Prime Minister

After the resignation of Prime Minister Suhrawardy in 1956, Chundrigar was nominated as the Prime Minister and was supported by the Awami League, the Krishak Sramik Party, the Nizem-i-Islam Party, and the Republican Party.[26] However, this coalition of mixed parties weakened Chundrigar's authority to run the central government, and divisions within the coalition would soon hamper his efforts to amend the Electoral College.[10] On 18 October 1957, Chundrigar became the Prime Minister of Pakistan, receiving his oath of office from Chief Justice M. Munir.[26]

At the first session of the National Assembly, Chundrigar presented his plan to reform the Electoral College which was met with great parliamentary opposition by even his Cabinet ministers from the Republican Party and the Awami League.[27][26]With the Republican Party leadersTemplate:Emdashparty president Feroz Khan and President of Pakistan Iskander MirzaTemplate:Emdashexploiting and manipulating the opponents of the Muslim League, a successful vote of no-confidence in the National Assembly led by the Republicans and the Awami Party effectively ended Chundrigar's term. He resigned on 11 December 1957.[27][26]

Chundrigar served the shortest term of any Prime Minister in Pakistan: 17 October 1957Template:Snd11 December 1957, 55 days into his term.[5][4]

Death and reputation

In 1958, Chundrigar was appointed as president of the Supreme Court Bar Association which he remained until his death.[2] In 1960, Chundrigar traveled to Hamburg where he addressed the International Law Conference and suffered a haemorrhage while visiting in London.[2] For treatment, he was taken to the Royal Northern Hospital and suddenly died.[2] His body was brought back to Karachi in Pakistan, where he was buried in a local cemetery.[2]

In his honour, the Government of Pakistan renamed McLeod Road in Karachi after him.[7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan.(1961)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Chundrigar dies in London. Dawn(29 September 1960). Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  3. ↑ His birth name is given as "Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar". There's a major road in the corporate downtown in Karachi bearing his namesake as Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar Road. The Bombay University confirms his name written as Ismail Ibrahim Chundrigar in their graduating listings.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Historical Dictionary of Pakistan{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Rowman & Littlefield(2015). ISBN 9781442241480
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Political System in Pakistan: Role of military dictatorship in Pakistan politics{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Deep & Deep(1995). ISBN 9788171007387
  6. ↑ Muslim League's unfinished agenda{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Contemporary Targett(2003). ISBN 9788175253766
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 The Chundrigar Diaries. The Friday Times(29 November 2012). Retrieved 24 January 2018.Template:Dead link
  8. ↑ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Gujarat Population: Musalmans and Parsis, Volume IX page 72 Government Central Press, Bombay
  9. ↑ The Bombay University Calendar{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. University of Bombay Press(1929)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Former Prime Minister of Pakistan: Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar. storyofpakistan.com. Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust(1 June 2003). Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Muslim India, 1857-1947: a biographical dictionary{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Institute of Pakistan Historical Research(1997)
  12. ↑ Asia Who's Who{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1957)
  13. ↑ تحريک پاكستان كى تصويرى داستان{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. دوست ايسوسايٹس،(1998)
  14. ↑ Judging the State: Courts and Constitutional Politics in Pakistan{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(2002). ISBN 9780521894401
  15. ↑ The Asia Who's who{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Pan-Asia Newspaper Alliance.(1957)
  16. ↑ Muslims, Nationalism, and the Partition: 1946 Provincial Elections in India{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Manohar(1998). ISBN 9788173042119
  17. ↑ Conflict Between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. ABC-CLIO(2008). ISBN 978-1-57607-712-2
  18. ↑ Heads of States and Governments Since 1945{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Routledge(2014). ISBN 9781134264902
  19. ↑ The Leader Template:Webarchive at pakistan.gov.pk
  20. ↑ Pakistan: a political profile, 1947 to 1988{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Sang-e-Meel Publications(1991)
  21. ↑ World Scholars on Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Quaid-i-Azam University Press(1979)
  22. ↑ Afghanistan: The Peshawar Sardars' branch of Barakzais{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2002)
  23. ↑ Foreign Affairs Pakistan. Foreign Affairs Pakistan({Template:Date).
  24. ↑ Constituent Assembly (Legislature) of Pakistan Debates: Official Report{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Manager of Publications(1956)
  25. ↑ Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Mittal Publications(1997). ISBN 9788170996743
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 I. I. Chundrigar Becomes Prime Minister. storyofpakistan.com. Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust(1 June 2003). Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Parliamentary Government in Pakistan{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. New Publishers(1958)

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