Indian Military Academy

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The Indian Military Academy (IMA) is one of the oldest military academies in India, and trains officers for the Indian Army. Located in Dehradun, Uttarakhand, it was established in 1932 following a recommendation by a military committee set up under the chairmanship of General (later Field Marshal) Sir Philip Chetwode. From a class of 40 male cadets in 1932, IMA now has a sanctioned capacity of 1,650. Cadets undergo a training course varying between 3 and 16 months depending on entry criteria. On completion of the course at IMA cadets are permanently commissioned into the army as Lieutenants.

The academy, spread over Template:Convert, houses the Chetwode Hall, Khetarpal Auditorium, Somnath Stadium, Salaria Aquatic Centre, Hoshiar Singh Gymnasium and other facilities that facilitate the training of cadets. Cadets in IMA are organized into a regiment with four battalions of four companies each. The academy's mission, to train future military leaders of the Indian Army, goes hand in hand with the character building enshrined in the IMA honour code, warrior code and motto. Cadets take part in a variety of sports, adventure activities, physical training, drills, weapons training and leadership development activities. Cadets have to learn and understand the philosophy of military assessment and selection following by three words Mansa, Vacha, and Karma - derived from Sanskrit indicates the cadet capabilities as a Psychologist, Interviewing Officer, and GTO – Group Testing Officer, respectively.[1]

The academy's alumni include six recipients of India's highest military decoration, the Param Vir Chakra. Other achievements by alumni include 73 Military Crosses, 17 Ashoka Chakras, 84 Maha Vir Chakras and 41 Kirti Chakras. In 2017, Lieutenant Ummer Fayaz Parray was the 847th name to be engraved on the IMA War Memorial, which honours alumni of the academy who have fallen in the course of action.

Up to 1 October 2019, the 87th Raising Day,Template:Efn over 61,000 gentleman cadets had graduated and over 3,000 foreign cadets from over 30 other states, including Afghanistan, Singapore, Zambia, and Malaysia, had attended IMA for pre-commission training. Alumni have gone on to become Chief and Vice-Chief of Army Staff, Olympians and politicians. Foreign alumni have also done well in their countries, going on to becomes chiefs of their respective militaries, prime ministers, presidents and politicians.

History

Demands for an Indian military training academy

File:An aerial view of the Indian Military Academy, Dehra Dun, 1932 (c).jpg
Aerial view of the academy in 1932.

During the Indian independence movement, Indian leaders recognised the need for a local military institution to meet the needs of an armed force loyal to sovereign India.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn The Indianisation of the officer cadre of the army began in 1901, but it was only for the elite, and after training they were not allowed into the regular army.Template:Sfn The British Raj was reluctant to commission Indian officers or permit local officer training.Template:Sfn In 1905, natives could officer only Indian troops and by rank were not equal to commissioned British officers. Up to the outbreak of the First World War, the highest rank to which a native soldier of India could rise was Subedar, a rank lower than the lowermost officer rank of Subaltern.Template:Sfn

But following the Indian military performance in the First World War, the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms facilitated the officer training of 10 Indian commissioned officers at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.Template:Sfn In 1922, the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College (now known as the Rashtriya Indian Military College or just RIMC) was set up in Dehradun to prepare young Indians for admission to Sandhurst.[2][3] The Indianisation of the Army started with the commissioning of 31 Indian officers. Among this first batch of officers to be commissioned was Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw, who became the Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army in 1969 and later the first Indian Field Marshal.Template:Sfn

Despite demands from the Indian officers, the British resisted expansion of the Indian officer cadre. Indian leaders pressed the issue at the first Round Table Conference in 1930. The establishment of an Indian officer training college was one of the few concessions made at the conference. The Indian Military College Committee, set up under the chairmanship of General Sir Philip Chetwode, in 1931 recommended the establishment of an Indian Military Academy in Dehradun to produce forty commissioned officers twice a year following two and a half years of training.[4]Template:Sfn

File:General Sir Philip Chetwode (LOC).jpg
Then General Sir Philip Chetwode. He was promoted Field Marshal in February 1933.

Inauguration to Independence

The Government of India transferred the former property of the Railway Staff College of the Indian Railways, with its 206-acre campus and associated infrastructure, to the Indian Military Academy. Brigadier L.P. Collins was appointed the first Commandant and the first batch of 40 gentleman cadets (GC), as IMA trainees are known, began their training on 1 October 1932. The institute was inaugurated on 10 December 1932 by General Sir Philip Chetwode, 7th Bt.[4][5] Chetwode was promoted to being a Field Marshal the following year, in February 1933. In 1934, before the first batch had passed out, Viceroy Lord Willingdon presented the first colours to the academy on behalf of King George V. The first batch of cadets to graduate the academy, graduating in December 1934, now known as the Pioneers, included Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw,[6] General Muhammad Musa and General Smith Dun, who became the Army Chiefs of India, Pakistan, and Burma, respectively.Template:Efn[7][8] General Dun graduated at the top of his class at IMA and also commanded the passing out parade for the first course.[9] The second, third, fourth and fifth batches were called, respectively, Immortals, Invincible, Stalwarts and Bahadurs.[10]Template:Quote boxThrough the first 16 regular courses that passed out of the academy, until May 1941, 524 officers were commissioned. But the outbreak of the Second World War resulted in an unprecedented increase in the number of entrants, a temporary reduction in the training period to six months and an expansion of the campus. A total of 3,887 officers were commissioned between August 1941 and January 1946, including 710 British officers for the British Army. The academy reverted to its original two and a half year course of training at the end of the war.[11] During the final years before Independence, the academy navigated the role of training officers for both colonial and postcolonial armies.[12]

Post-Independence

Following the Independence of India in August 1947 and the subsequent partition creating Pakistan, a number of British officers who were trainers in the academy left for Britain, while Pakistani cadets left for Pakistan.Template:Sfn A total of 110 Pakistani cadets then continued their training at Pakistan Military Academy, Kakul.Template:Sfn[13] Brigadier Thakur Mahadeo Singh, DSO, was appointed the first Indian Commandant of the academy.[14] The 189 GCs who graduated on 20 December 1947 were the first class from IMA to be commissioned into a free India.[10]

In late 1947, the Chiefs of Staff of the Indian Armed Forces, following the recommendation of a 1946 committee headed by Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck, decided to initiate an action plan to commission a new Joint Services training academy. In the interim, they decided to conduct Joint Services training at IMA.[15] The academy was renamed the Armed Forces Academy and a new Joint Services Wing (JSW) was commissioned on 1 January 1949, while training of Army officers continued in the Military Wing.[16][17] The academy was renamed as the National Defence Academy (NDA) on 1 January 1950, ahead of India becoming a Republic. In December 1954, when the new Joint Services training academy was established in Khadakwasla, near Pune, the NDA name along with the Joint Services Wing was transferred to Khadakwasla.[18] The academy in Dehradun was then rechristened as the Military College.[19] Brigadier M.M. Khanna, MVC was the first IMA alumni to be appointed Commandant of IMA at the end of 1956.Template:Sfn In 1960, the founding name, Indian Military Academy, was reinstated. On 10 December 1962, on the 30th anniversary of the academy's inauguration, the second President of India, Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, presented new colours to the academy.Template:Sfn

After the Sino-Indian War of 1962, special measures were introduced. From 1963 until August 1964, the duration of regular classes was truncated, emergency courses were initiated, and new living quarters for cadets were added. However, unlike previous wars, the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965 and that of 1971 did not disrupt Academy training or graduation schedules. On 11 February 1971, William G Westmoreland, Chief of Staff, United States Army, visited the academy.Template:Sfn

In 1976, the four battalions of the academy were renamed after Field Marshal Kodandera Madappa Cariappa, General Kodandera Subayya Thimayya, Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw and Lieutenant General Premindra Singh Bhagat, with two companies each. On 15 December 1976, then President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed presented new colours to the academy.[20] In the 1970s, the Army Cadet College (ACC) was shifted from Pune to Dehradun, becoming a wing of IMA. In 2006, the ACC was merged into IMA as the fifth battalion, the Siachen Battalion.[21][22]

By 1 October 2019, the 87th Raising Day, the number of GCs to have graduated from IMA stood at 61,762, including foreign alumni from 33 friendly countries.[23] Foreign countries included Angola, Afghanistan, Bhutan, Myanmar, Ghana, Iraq, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malaysia, Nepal, Nigeria, Palestine, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Tonga, Uganda, Yemen and Zambia.[24]

Campus

File:Chetwode ima Dehradun.jpg
The Chetwode Building and the Drill Square.

The academy is in the Doon Valley (Dronacharya Ashram),Template:EfnTemplate:Sfn Uttarakhand. National Highway 72, the Dehradun–Chakrata Road, separates the North and South Campus.[25] The campus of the academy covers an area of Template:Convert.Template:Sfn[26] The Chetwode Hall on the drill square, built in 1930, houses the administrative headquarters of IMA and is also the hub of academic training. It has lecture halls, computer labs and a cafe. On the opposite side of the drill square is the Khetarpal Auditorium. Opened in 1982, it has a seating capacity of over 1,500.Template:Sfn A newer wing of the Chetwode building, added in 1938, houses the central library. It has over 100,000 volumes and subscriptions to hundreds of periodicals from across the world, in addition to multimedia sections. In addition, there are two branch libraries closer to the cadet barracks across the campus.[27][28]

The IMA museum on the campus displays artifacts of historic importance such as the pistol of Lieutenant General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi of the Pakistan Army, given upon his surrender to Lt. Gen Jagjit Singh Aurora after signing the instrument of surrender to end the Bangladesh liberation war of 1971.[29] A captured Pakistan Army Patton tank is also on the grounds.[30]

Athletic facilities

The South Campus of IMA includes facilities such as the Somnath Stadium, with a seating capacity of 3,000, the Salaria Aquatic Centre, consisting of an Olympic sized swimming pool,Template:Sfn and the Hoshiar Singh Gymnasium.[31] The North Campus includes the polo ground along the Tons River. Tons Valley to the northwest of the campus is used for para-dropping, para-gliding, skydiving and battle training.Template:Sfn Other facilities include stables with a stud farm,Template:Sfn a small arms shooting range, and épée fencing from the modern pentathlon.Template:Sfn

War memorial

File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi signing the visitors’ book, at the War Memorial in Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, ahead of the Combined Commanders Conference,.jpg
The Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, signing the visitors' book at the War Memorial in Indian Military Academy.

The IMA War Memorial commemorates the alumni of the academy who died in action. At the sanctum sanctorum of the memorial is a bronze statue of a gentleman cadet with a sword presenting arms.[32] The memorial was inaugurated by Field Marshal Manekshaw on 17 November 1999, shortly after the conclusion of the Kargil War.Template:Sfn IMA officers led and fought in the war, with some of them becoming household names in India for their gallantry. Among their ranks were two Param Vir Chakra recipients and eight Maha Vir Chakra recipients.[27] In 2017, Lieutenant Ummer Fayaz Parray was the 847th name to be engraved on the War Memorial.[33]

Gentleman cadet life

There are various modes of entry into IMA, which include: on graduation from National Defence Academy, on graduation from Army Cadet College (a wing of IMA itself), direct entry through the Combined Defence Services Examination followed by SSB exams, and technical entry under university and college schemes.[34][35] While those who gain entry into IMA go on to become permanently commissioned officers, those who go to the other officer training academies such as Officer Training Academy, Chennai are trained for short service commission.[36][35] Depending on entry criteria married or unmarried male candidates are allowed to voluntarily apply for the course.Template:Cn Lady Cadets are not inducted into the Indian Army through IMA, though there has been talk of the same.[37][38] IMA has a sanctioned capacity of 1,650.[39]

A trainee on admission to IMA is referred to as a gentleman cadet (GC). One reason for this is that the academy expects its graduates to uphold the highest moral and ethical values. Inscribed in the oak paneling at the eastern entrance of the Chetwode Hall is the academy's credo, excerpted from the speech of Field Marshal Chetwode at the inauguration of the academy in 1932:[5][40]

Template:Blockquote

The freshman GCs hail from diverse backgrounds from all parts of India.[30] The training is action-filled, intense, diverse, and fast.[30][41] Significant emphasis is placed on self discipline.Template:Sfn The official website of the Indian Army describes the training as "a test of one's mettle and capabilities, and in psychological terms a foretaste of what the trainees would face in the battlefield".[41] On passing out GCs are permanently commissioned into the Army as Lieutenants.[42][43]

File:Hockey Match held between IMA and AFA.jpg
IMA and AFA during the Sabhiki Cup-2016, a sports meet for trainees of five premier officer training academies of the Army, Navy and Air force.

Template:Quote box

Organization

IMA cadets are organized as a regiment with four training battalions, of four companies each. There were sixteen companies in 2013. Battalions are named after generals of the Indian Army (except for Siachen Battalion), while companies are named after battles in which the Army has participated.[19]

Training

Technical graduates, ex-NDA, ex-ACC and university entry cadets undergo training at IMA for one year. Direct entry cadets train for one and a half years.[44] A gentleman cadet gets a stipend of Template:INRConvert per month for the duration of the course (as per the 7th pay commission).[45]

IMA's mission is to train future military leaders of the Indian Army. Physical training, drills, weapons training and leadership development form the focus of the training.[44] Character building is embedded in the honour code of IMA "I shall not lie, steal or cheat, nor tolerate those who do so".[44] From the honour code came the adoption of "The Gentleman Cadet's Resolve" and in turn the Credo, Honour Code and Resolve became the academy Trishul for conduct of cadets.Template:Sfn The "Warrior Code" of IMA which has been adopted from the "Bhagwat Gita", the punch line of it being "I am a Warrior, fighting is my dharma;" also talks of compassion.[44][33]

Training is broadly categorised into character building, service subjects and academic subjects. Service subjects give basic military knowledge up to the standard required for an infantry platoon commander.Template:Sfn Academic subjects provide the cadet with a general education so as to enable a basic knowledge in professional subjects as well as enable cadets to clearly express themselves both verbally and in writing.Template:Sfn In the early 1970s the service subjects to academic subjects ratio was 16:9 (64% service to 36% academic); this ratio was enhanced for technical graduates to a ratio of 83% service subjects and 27% academic subjects.Template:Sfn Over time this ratio varied as per regular course entry or technical entry, and changed as terms were increased or decreased.Template:Sfn

File:Physical endurance training for GCs.jpg
Physical endurance training for GCs

Weapon training includes the close quarter battle range, the location of miss and hit target system,Template:Efn jungle lane shootingTemplate:Efn and the team battle shooting range.[44] The curriculum is reviewed from time to time and adapted to whatever the current situation the country is in. Cadets are also put in roles where they need to think like the enemy such as in Exercise Chindit where some GCs are asked to act as terrorists while others have to capture them.Template:Sfn They are trained in various forms of warfare, including conventional war, proxy war, low intensity conflict, and counter-insurgency.Template:Sfn An integral part of the training are the ustads or instructors numbering about 200. The ustads are responsible for aspects of training including drills, weapons training and field craft.[46]

Games and sports include cross country, hockey, basketball, polo, athletics, football, aquatics, volleyball and boxing. There is also an annual sports meet with other military academies in India. Adventure activities undertaken at the academy include trekking, cycling, and rock climbing.[44] In 1997 a cadet died during a boxing session.[47] In 2007 a cadet died in a grenade blast.[48] In 2009 a cadet died by drowning.[49] Between 2017 and 2019, three cadets died during training.[50] Two cadets died of exhaustion during a 10 km run,[51][52] while a third died after slipping into a gorge during a night navigation exercise.[53] The academy requires that cadets get insurance against death and disability during training.[54][55]

Passing out parade

Template:Multiple image One of the most well known traditions in the IMA is the passing out parade (POP). Before the cadets begin the POP, the band plays an aarti, allowing the cadets to pray to their respective gods.[56] Traditionally, the adjutant leads the parade.[56] In 2019, the reviewing officer for the 136th parade was Lt. Gen. Cherish Mathson.[57] IMA has adopted a song penned by Javed Akhtar for its POPs — Bharat mata teri kasam, tere rakshak rahenge hum (Template:Translation).[58]

During the POP, a civilian dignitary may also make a speech, as was the case during the passing out parade in 1962 when the President Dr. Sarvepalli. Radhakrishnan addressed the cadets,Template:Sfn and in 2007 when the Prime Minister Manmohan Singh did so.[59] In 1982, during the golden jubilee, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi inspected the POP while in 1992, the President R. Venkataraman reviewed the diamond jubilee POP (winter term).Template:Sfn In 2006, President APJ Abdul Kalam was the reviewing officer at the POP.Template:Sfn

The finale is the antim pag (final step), where cadets take the last step into Chetwode Hall.[60] However the POP on 11 June 1961 was called off without the final step due to weather, the only instance where this has happened for a passing out batch.[61] The tradition of cap-flinging during the passing out parade has a long past but it was replaced by the cadets doing celebratory pushups.[62][63] The passing out also consists of traditions such as presentation of a "Sword of Honour" to the best GC.[64] Notable recipients of the Sword of Honour include the first Chief of Defence Staff Bipin Rawat (in 1978) and the Olympian and union minister Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore (in 1990).[65][66]

Notable gallantry awardees

Param Vir Chakra awardees

Ashok Chakra awardees

Sports achivements

Alumni from British Indian Army assigned to Bangladesh, Myanmar, Pakistan Armies

International alumni

Some of IMA's International alumni include:

File:IMA Postage Stamp.jpg
A commemorative golden jubilee postal stamp of the Indian Military Academy. Visible is the Chetwode Building, built in 1930 and designed by Robert Tor Russell.[32]

The 2004 Bollywood film Lakshya is partly shot in IMA as well as the Tamil film Vaaranam Aayiram.[29] In 2015 Tanushree Podder penned a novel called On The Double: Drills, Drama, and Dare-Devilry at the Indian Military Academy, a fictional portrayal of a gentleman cadet's life.[83] Making of a Warrior, a documentary by Dipti Bhalla and Kunal Verma, provides an inside look at IMA's culture, traditions and training regime.[84][85] The 2023 Indian biopic film Sam Bahadur also featured IMA.

See also

Template:Clear

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ What is SSB Services Selection Board - History, Preparation(2025-02-08). Retrieved 2025-10-27.
  2. ↑ Where Gallantry is Tradition: Saga of Rashtriya Indian Military College : Plantinum Jubilee Volume, 1997{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Allied Publishers(1997). ISBN 9788170236498
  3. ↑ About Us. Rashtriya Indian Military College. Retrieved 2019-07-26.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Notes from Dehra Dun, July 30, 1931": How The Pioneer reported about the beginnings of the IMA, Chopra, Jaskiran. The Pioneer(30 July 2018). Retrieved 2019-07-28.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Address by Field Marshal Sir Philip Chetwode. Scholar Warrior({Template:Date).
  6. ↑ How IMA became functional in September, 85 long years ago!, Chopra, Jaskiran. The Pioneer(22 September 2017). Retrieved 2019-07-28.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Memoirs of the Four Foot Colonel{{#if:Dun|, Dun}. Cornell University Southeast Asia Program
  8. ↑ Careers in the Army: How you can sign up. Rediff(21 April 2008). Retrieved 2019-08-05.
  9. ↑ Beginning to Independence. Indian Army. Retrieved 2019-08-06.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 IMA Heritage. Indian Army. Retrieved from the original on 25 September 2019.
  11. ↑ IMA History – Beginning to Independence. Indian Army. Retrieved 2019-07-28.
  12. ↑ Culture, Conflict and the Military in Colonial South Asia{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Routledge India(2017-08-25). ISBN 978-1-315-09991-0
  13. ↑ IMA first batch celebrates Platinum Jubilee in Delhi. Business Standard India(2017-12-21). Retrieved 2019-08-04.
  14. ↑ Independence to Silver Jubilee. Indian Army. Retrieved 2019-08-03.
  15. ↑ National Defence Academy: Steel in our spine, Deka, Kaushik. India Today(21 August 2017). Retrieved 2019-08-04.
  16. ↑ NDA History. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  17. ↑ Thimayya:An Amazing Life{{#if:Khanduri|, Khanduri}. Centre for Armed Historical Research, United Service Institution of India, New Delhi through Knowledge World(1969). ISBN 81-87966-36-X
  18. ↑ History Of NDA. National Defence Academy.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Indian Military Academy. Joining Instructions for Gentleman Cadets Indian Army. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019.
  20. ↑ The Victoria Cross: A Love Story: The life of Lt Gen P S Bhagat PVSM, VC: World War II Hero and author of the Henderson Brooks/Bhagat Report on the India-China War{{#if:Varma|, Varma}. Ashali Varma(2014-06-27). ISBN 9788192855196
  21. ↑ ACC Wing A Glimpse. Ministry of Defence, Sainik Samachar. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  22. ↑ Siachin Bn (ACC Wing). Indian Army. Retrieved 2019-08-04.
  23. ↑ 87th raising day of IMA celebrated(2 October 2019). Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  24. ↑ Foreign Cadets. Indian Army. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  25. ↑ Rajnath announces two underpasses at IMA. The Pioneer(8 December 2009). Retrieved 2020-03-31.
  26. ↑ Shoot, Dive, Fly: Stories of Grit and Adventure from The Indian Army{{#if:Rawat|, Rawat}. Penguin Random House India Private Limited(2017-10-15). ISBN 978-93-86651-69-3
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 IMA Campus and Landmarks. Indian Army. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  28. ↑ Important Landmarks and Institutions of the IMA Campus. Salute(6 December 2018). Retrieved 2019-08-04.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 A town called Dehra. The Hindu(2016-03-18). Retrieved 2019-08-04.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 7 States. 6 Days. 2,148 km and a journey of a lifetime, Masih, Archana. Rediff(4 June 2016). Retrieved 2019-09-16.
  31. ↑ IMA's Chushul Company wins prestigious Colonel Hoshiar Singh, PVC Trophy. The Pioneer(25 August 2018). Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 IMA Campus and Landmarks. Indian Army website. Retrieved on 20 September 2019. Archived from the original Template:Webarchive on 4 August 2019.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Making of a warrior & the ultimate sacrifice. The Tribune(16 May 2017). Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  34. ↑ Ministry of Defence. Annual Report 2015-16 Template:Webarchive. Government of India. pg 129. Retrieved on 25 September 2019.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Permanent Commission: Indian Military Academy, Dehradun. www.indianarmy.nic.in. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  36. ↑ Recruitment and Training. Ministry of Defence, Government of India. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
  37. ↑ IMA ready to welcome women. Business Standard(21 January 2020). Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  38. ↑ SC verdict on permanent commission to women officers. The Hindu(17 February 2020). Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  39. ↑ Army proposal to disband Officers Training Academy in Gaya gets defence ministry nod, Dutta, Amrita Nayak. ThePrint(2019-12-10). Retrieved 2020-03-19.
  40. ↑ Down Memory lane: Vignettes of the Indian Military Academy, Chopra, Jaskiran. The Pioneer(8 June 2018). Retrieved 2019-08-04.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Life of a GC. The Official Home Page of the Indian Army. Retrieved 2019-09-20.
  42. ↑ Recruiting Directorate Website (Jul 2020). Join Indian Army: 131st Technical Graduate Course (TGC-131). Retrieved on 20 March 2020. Archived on 2 November 2019.
  43. ↑ Antim Pag: Life begins here!{{#if:Pote|, Pote}. Notion Press(2019-03-20). ISBN 978-1-64546-498-3
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 44.5 IMA Training. Indian Army. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  45. ↑ Pay And Allowances Of Gentleman Cadet At IMA, Dehradun. SSBCrack(2013-08-11). Retrieved 2019-08-06.
  46. ↑ Wah ustad! A look at the unsung heroes of IMA. The Times of India(13 June 2016). Retrieved 2020-12-13.
  47. ↑ Death In The Ring, Narayanan, K.S.. Outlook India(6 October 1997). Retrieved 2020-12-13.
  48. ↑ IMA cadet killed after grenade blows up in training, Chopra, Jaskiran. The Times of India(10 March 2007). Retrieved 2020-12-13.
  49. ↑ IMA cadet's body sent home in 'rotting' state. India Today(10 August 2009). Retrieved 2020-12-13.
  50. ↑ Why IMA cadets are dying during training?, Kumar, Yogesh. The Times of India(15 May 2019). Retrieved 2020-03-30.
  51. ↑ Indian Military Academy: 'Routine run' kills second IMA cadet in 2 days; 5 in hospital, Budhwar, Yeshika. The Times of India(22 August 2017). Retrieved 2020-03-30.
  52. ↑ Two IMA cadets died despite best treatment: Army. The Economic Times(2018-07-11). Retrieved 2020-03-30.
  53. ↑ IMA cadet dies during navigation exercise. The Economic Times(2019-05-07). Retrieved 2020-03-30.
  54. ↑ Court Of Inquiry Ordered Into Death Of 2 Cadets At Indian Military Academy, Tikku, Aloke. NDTV(24 August 2017). Retrieved 2019-09-16.
  55. ↑ Demise of Gentleman Cadets at Indian Military Academy, Tuli, Manoj. Press Information Bureau(21 August 2017). Retrieved 2019-09-16.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 IMA POP: A few beliefs and traditions, Jha, Prashant. The Times of India(8 June 2019). Retrieved 2019-08-11.
  57. ↑ Lt Gen Cherish Mathson to be reviewing officer of POP, Jha, Prashant. The Times of India(31 May 2019). Retrieved 2019-08-11.
  58. ↑ IMA adopts Javed Akhtar's song for passing out parade, Kazmi, S M A. Indian Express Archive(2 October 2007). Retrieved 2020-12-13.
  59. ↑ PM's address at the Indian Military Academy Passing Out Prade : Speeches : Prime Minister of India – Dr. Manmohan Singh. Prime Minister's Office Archive(10 December 2007). Retrieved 2019-08-11.
  60. ↑ UP tops list as 487 officers graduate from Indian Military Academy. The Statesman(2017-12-09). Retrieved 2019-08-11.
  61. ↑ Down Memory Lane: A Parade to Savour, Oberoi, Vijay. The Citizen(12 June 2017). Retrieved 2020-02-29.
  62. ↑ No caps tossed this time. The Tribune, Chandigarh(11 December 2010). Retrieved 2019-08-12.
  63. ↑ IMA's cap-flinging tradition bites dust, Basu, Indranil. The Times of India(9 December 2012). Retrieved 2019-08-11.
  64. ↑ Sword of Honour: Odisha boy gets Sword of Honour, Budhwar, Yeshika. The Times of India(11 December 2016). Retrieved 2019-08-07.
  65. ↑ List of Sword of Honour Recipients. Indian Army. Archived from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved on 17 October 2019.
  66. ↑ Lok Sabha elections 2019: After successful debut, MP Rajyavardhan Rathore seeks second innings. Hindustan Times(2019-04-04). Retrieved 2019-09-20.
  67. ↑ My Political Struggle{{#if:Khan|, Khan}. Oxford University Press(2008)
  68. ↑ Wasiuddin, Lt General Khwaja. Banglapedia. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
  69. ↑ General Yahya Khan | Former Army Chief of Pakistan enforcing Martial Law in 1969. Story of Pakistan(26 October 2013). Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  70. ↑ NOTHING BUT!{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Partridge Publishing(12 November 2013). ISBN 9781482814767
  71. ↑ Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.. www.linkedin.com. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
  72. ↑ Pakistan's prince soldier, diplomat, statesman. Express Tribune(27 January 2016). Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  73. ↑ History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Lancer International(1990). ISBN 978-81-7062-091-4
  74. ↑ Cahiers de l'Orient contemporain{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. G.P. Maisonneuve(1959)
  75. ↑ Captain Sarwar Shaheed, Pakistan's first ever Nishan-e-Haider award recipient remembered Pakistan Today (newspaper), Published 27 July 2016, Retrieved 4 November 2018
  76. ↑ Globe: Major Tufail Mohammad{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. A. Mahmood(2000)
  77. ↑ April 1940 Indian Army List
  78. ↑ Tun Ibrahim Ismail. The Daily Telegraph(26 January 2011). Retrieved 20 April 2013.
  79. ↑ Ibrahim Babangida{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd(2012). ISBN 9781912234349
  80. ↑ Johor Ruler's Grandson Appointed Raja Muda. Bernama. 8 April 2006.
  81. ↑ 'IMA Talib' a key figure in Doha talks with US(28 June 2013). Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  82. ↑ Ashraf Ghani slams Pakistan for waging 'undeclared war'(2 June 2015). Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  83. ↑ When the bugle calls. The Hindu(2015-11-16). Retrieved 2019-08-31.
  84. ↑ Watch Official Indian Military Academy Documentary. SSB Crack(24 June 2015). Retrieved 22 October 2019.
  85. ↑ Making of a Warrior – IMA, Dehradun (Dipti Bhalla & Shiv Kunal Verma). YouTube(23 September 2016). Retrieved 22 October 2019.

References

Bibliography

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  • History of the Indian Military Academy{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Unistar Books(2007). ISBN 9788189899561
  • Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers. SAGE Publications.
  • Nationalisation of the Indian Army, 1885–1947{{#if:Sharma|, Sharma}. Allied Publishers Limited(1996). ISBN 8170235553
  • A Soldier's Life in War and Peace{{#if:Naravane|, Naravane}. A. P. H. Publishing Corporation(2004). ISBN 8176484377

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Further reading

  • Valour and Wisdom: Genesis and Growth of the Indian Military Academy{{#if:Sinha|, Sinha}. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company(1992). ISBN 9788120406780
  • Service Before Self: A Tribute to the Indian Military Academy{{#if:Wright|, Wright}. Raby Books(2002). ISBN 9781844100064
  • Myths and Realities of Security & Public Affairs{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Ocean Book Pvt. Ltd.(2011). ISBN 9788184301120
  • Culture, Conflict and the Military in Colonial South Asia{{#if:Dutta|, Dutta}. Routledge India(2017). ISBN 9781315099910

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