Indo-Aryan peoples

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Template:Infobox ethnic group Indo-Aryan peoples are a diverse collection of Indo-European peoples speaking Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent. Historically, Aryans were the Indo-Iranian speaking pastoralists who migrated from Central Asia into South Asia and introduced the Proto-Indo-Aryan language.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn[1][2][3] Today, the Indo-Aryan language speakers are found across the modern-day regions of Bangladesh, southern-Nepal, eastern-Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and northern-India.[4]

History

Proto-Indo-Iranians

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File:Indo-Iranian origins.png
Archaeological cultures associated with Indo-Iranian migrations (after EIEC). The Andronovo, BMAC and Yaz cultures have often been associated with Indo-Iranian migrations. The GGC, Cemetery H, Copper Hoard, OCP, and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryan migrations.

The introduction of the Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent was the result of a migration of Indo-Aryan people from Central Asia into the northern Indian subcontinent (modern-day Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka). These migrations started approximately 1,800 BCE, after the invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the Levant and possibly Inner Asia.Template:Sfn Another group of the Indo-Aryans migrated further westward and founded the Mitanni kingdom in northern Syria;Template:Sfn (c. 1500–1300 BC) the other group were the Vedic people.Template:Sfn Christopher I. Beckwith suggests that the Wusun, an Indo-European Caucasian people of Inner Asia in antiquity, were also of Indo-Aryan origin.Template:Sfn

The Proto-Indo-Iranians, from which the Indo-Aryans developed, are identified with the Sintashta culture (2100–1800 BCE),Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn and the Andronovo culture,Template:Sfn which flourished ca. 1800–1400 BCE in the steppes around the Aral Sea, present-day Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The Proto-Indo-Aryan split off around 1800–1600 BCE from the Iranians,Template:Sfn moved south through the Bactria-Margiana Culture, south of the Andronovo culture, borrowing some of their distinctive religious beliefs and practices from the BMAC, and then migrated further south into the Levant and north-western India.[5]Template:Sfn The migration of the Indo-Aryans was part of the larger diffusion of Indo-European languages from the Proto-Indo-European homeland at the Pontic–Caspian steppe which started in the 4th millennia BCE.Template:Sfn[6][7] The GGC, Cemetery H, Copper Hoard, OCP, and PGW cultures are candidates for cultures associated with Indo-Aryans.

The Indo-Aryans were united by shared cultural norms and language, referred to as aryā 'noble'. Over the last four millennia, the Indo-Aryan culture has evolved particularly inside India itself, but its origins are in the conflation of values and heritage of the Indo-Aryan and indigenous people groups of India.[8] Diffusion of this culture and language took place by patron-client systems, which allowed for the absorption and acculturation of other groups into this culture, and explains the strong influence on other cultures with which it interacted.

While the Indo-Aryan linguistic group occupies mainly northern parts of India, genetically, all South Asians across the Indian subcontinent are descendants of a mix of South Asian hunter-gatherers, Iranian hunter-gatherers, and Central Asian steppe pastoralists in varying proportion.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Additionally, Austroasiatic and Tibeto-Burmese speaking people contributed to the genetic make-up of South Asia.Template:Sfn

Indigenous Aryanism propagates the idea that the Indo-Aryans were indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, and that the Indo-European languages spread from there to central Asia and Europe. Contemporary support for this idea is ideologically driven, and has no basis in objective data and mainstream scholarship.Template:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Snf

List of historical Indo-Aryan peoples

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Contemporary Indo-Aryan people

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See also

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References

  1. ↑ How ancient DNA may rewrite prehistory in India(23 December 2018). Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  2. ↑ New reports clearly confirm 'Arya' migration into India(13 September 2019). Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  3. ↑ Aryans or Harappans—Who drove the creation of caste system? DNA holds a clue(29 June 2021). Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  4. ↑ The Indo-Aryan Languages{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Routledge(2007)
  5. ↑ George Erdosy (1995). "The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity", p. 279
  6. ↑ Johannes Krause mit Thomas Trappe: Die Reise unserer Gene. Eine Geschichte über uns und unsere Vorfahren. Propyläen Verlag, Berlin 2019, p. 148 ff.
  7. ↑ All Indo-European Languages May Have Originated From This One Place. IFLScience(24 May 2018). Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  8. ↑ India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from c. 7000 BC to AD 1200{{#if:Avari|, Avari}. Routledge(2007-06-11). ISBN 978-1-134-25161-2

Sources

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  • The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World{{#if:Anthony|, Anthony}. Princeton University Press(2007)
  • Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America({Template:Date).
  • Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present{{#if:Beckwith|, Beckwith}. Princeton University Press(16 March 2009). ISBN 978-1400829941
  • The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture{{#if:Bryant|, Bryant}. Oxford University Press(2001). ISBN 0-19-513777-9
  • [{{{url}}} The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity]. Walter de Gruyter.
  • [{{{url}}} The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history]. Routledge.
  • [{{{url}}} Review. Reviewed Work: The Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History by Edwin F. Bryant, Laurie Patton].
  • The Indo-Aryan controversy: Evidence and inference in Indian history (Book review). Journal of Indo-European Studies({Template:Year).
  • [{{{url}}} The Origin of the Indo-Iranians]. Brill.
  • The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(1999). ISBN 0-5214-7030-7
  • Mallory, JP. 1998. "A European Perspective on Indo-Europeans in Asia". In The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern and Central Asia. Ed. Mair. Washington DC: Institute for the Study of Man.
  • The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia.
  • [{{{url}}} Reconstructing Indian population history].
  • Trubachov, Oleg N., 1999: Indoarica, Nauka, Moscow.
  • Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts.
  • The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history. Routledge.

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