Islamic honorifics

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File:Album leaf with a calligraphic composition by Hafiz Osman (CBL T 447, f.2r).jpg
A calligraphic composition by Hâfiz Osman which used the honorific Islamic suffix phrase Template:Lang, meaning 'May God send His mercy and blessings upon him', after referring to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Template:Fiqh

Islamic honorifics are Arabic phrases, abbreviations, and titles that mostly appear as prefixes before or suffixes after the names of people who have had a special mission from God in the Islamic world or have done important work towards these missions.[1] In Islamic writings, these honorific prefixes and suffixes come before and after the names of all the prophets and messengers (the last of whom is Muhammad),[2] the Imams (the Twelve Imams in Shia Islam), the infallibles in Shia Islam and the prominent individuals who followed them.[3][4][5][6] In the Islamic world, giving these respectful prefixes and suffixes is a tradition.[5]

Among the most important honorific prefixes used are Hadhrat (Template:Lang, Template:Literal translation).[7][8][9] and Imam (Template:Lang, Template:Literal translation)[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]

Among the most important honorific suffixes used are Template:Lang (Template:Literal translation) and Template:Lang (Template:Literal translation), which these two suffix phrases used specifically for the Islamic prophet Muhammad in Islamic world, its abbreviation is also given in parentheses as Template:Lang in Arabic and "PBUH" in English after the name of Muhammad.[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] And the two suffix phrases Template:Lang (Template:Literal translation) and Template:Lang (Template:Literal translation) are used when the name of each of the fourteen infallibles saints is mentioned or written in Islamic world and the most especially in the Shia Islam world,[30] its abbreviation is also given in parentheses as Template:Lang in Arabic and "AS" in English after the name of the fourteen infallibles.[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] And also the two suffix phrases Template:Lang (Template:Literal translation) and Template:Lang (Template:Literal translation) are used when the name of each of the companions of Muhammad is mentioned or written in Islamic world and the most especially in the Sunni Islam world,[41] its abbreviation is also given in parentheses as Template:Lang in Arabic and "RA" in English after the name of the companions of Muhammad.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48]

These glorifying expressions are also used for God Himself and His angels. Generally, for His angels, the phrase Template:Lang (Template:Literal translation) is commonly used, and for God, usually His perfection attributes are used, such as the suffix Template:Lang (Template:Literal translation).[49][50][51]

Islam uses a number of conventionally complimentary phrases wishing-well or praising religiously-esteemed figures including God (Allah), Muhammad (Messenger of God),[52] Muhammad's companions (sahaba), family (Ahl al-Bayt), other Islamic prophets and messengers, angels, and revered persons. In Twelver Shi'ism, honorifics are used with the Twelve Imams.[53]

Also, Islamic honorifics are referred to as Salawāt (Template:Lang, Template:Literal translation) in the shape of Template:Lang (Template:Literal translation)[54] and also in Shia Islam in the shape of Template:Lang (Template:Literal translation),[55] in Arabic too, which their meaning is equal to the phrase Template:Lang (Template:Literal translation) in Persian language[56] which meaning requesting Template:Lang (Template:Literal translation) from God for Muhammad and his household in Urdu language too.[57]

File:Salavat by Shams ud-Din.jpg
Calligraphic Arabic text of the common kind of "Salawat": Template:Langx, meaning "Blessings and peace be upon Muhammad and his family", in the handwriting of Shamsuddin Asaf Jahi

Formatting

Islamic honorifics are not abbreviated in Arabic-script languages (e.g., Arabic, Persian, Urdu)[58] given the rarity of acronyms and abbreviations in those languages, however, these honorifics are often abbreviated in other languages such as English, Spanish, and French. Common examples of these abbreviations include PBUH ('Peace be Upon Him')[59] and SWT (subhanahu wa-ta'ala, 'Glorified and Exalted').[60][61] Though these honorifics may be abbreviated in writing, they are never abbreviated in speech. Abbreviations often vary in letter case and use of periods.[62][63]

File:Salavat.svg
Arabic text of another shape of "Salawat": Template:Langx, meaning "May God send His mercy and blessings upon him".

Honorifics, in Arabic or non-Arabic languages, can be written in multiple formats:[64][65]

  1. Arabic text with Islamic honorifics
  2. English text with Islamic honorifics in romanized Arabic
  3. English text with unabbreviated Islamic honorifics
    • Example: "The Messenger of God (peace be upon him) shared the word of Allah (glorified and exalted) as revealed to him by the angel Jibril (peace be upon him) with his loyal companion, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (Allah be pleased with him)."
  4. English text with abbreviated Islamic honorifics
    • Example: "The Messenger of God (PBUH) shared the word of Allah (SWT) as revealed to him by the angel Jibril (AS) with his loyal companion, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (RA)."

List of honorifics

God (Allah)

Template:See also Following the mention of God (Allah), including by pronoun (e.g., 'him' or 'his'), or by one of the names bestowed upon him, one of the below honorifics are said or written:[66][67][68]

Suffixal Honorifics for Allah
Arabic Single character in Unicode Romanization Abbreviation Translation
Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Transliteration (SWT) Glorified and exalted
Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Transliteration (TWT) Blessed and exalted
Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Transliteration (AZWJ) Prestigious and majestic / Mighty and sublime
Template:Lang Template:Lang Template:Transliteration (JJ) Most exalted

Muhammad

Template:See also Muhammad's name, reference to him through a pronoun (e.g., 'his' or 'him'), or the use of one of his titles (e.g., 'the messenger of Allah') is followed by one of the below honorifics. The honorific "Blessings of Allah be upon him as well as peace" is the most widely used. The use of the word "blessings" (ṣallā, Template:Lang) can be used for all Islamic prophets (and Shia Imams) equally, however it is almost exclusively used with Muhammad.[69][70][71]

File:Mohamed peace be upon him.svg
Template:Transliteration ('blessings of God and peace be upon him') written in Arabic
File:لیگاتور صلی الله علیه و سلم.png
'Blessings of God be upon him and his progeny' in Arabic
Suffixal Honorifics for Muhammad
Arabic Single character in Unicode Romanization Abbreviation Translation
Template:Lang ﷺ

U+FDFA

Template:Transliteration (SAW), (SA), (PBUH) May blessings of Allah be upon him as well as peace.

English short: Peace be upon him

Template:Lang Default universal character

﵌ U+FD4C

ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālihī wa-sallama (SAWW), (SAWS), (SA), (PBUHP) May blessings of Allah be upon him and his progeny and grant him peace.

English short: Peace be upon him and his progeny

Template:Lang ﵆

U+FD46

ṣallā -llāhu ʿalayhī wa-ʾālihī (SAWA), (SA), (SAWW) May blessings of Allah be upon him and his progenyTemplate:Efn

Muhammad's companions

Template:See also

File:Ar-رضى الله عنه.svg
"May Allāh be pleased with him" in Arabic

Honorifics used for Muhammad's companions (Template:Transliteration) ask for Allah's pleasure with them. Muhammad's companions include men (Abu Bakr, Umar, Ali, etc.) and women (e.g., Fatima bint Muhammad, Aisha bint Abu Bakr, Asma bint Abu Bakr, etc.), and are accorded the properly gendered honorifics.[72]

Suffixal honorifics for the Sahaba
Arabic Single character in Unicode Romanization Abbreviation Translation
Template:Lang Template:Langؓ

U+0613 (accent used prefix or suffix to name)

raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhTemplate:Sup (RA) May Allah be pleased with him
Template:Lang raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhā May Allah be pleased with her
Template:Lang raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhumā May Allah be pleased with them (dual)
Template:Lang raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhum May Allah be pleased with them
Template:Lang raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhunn May Allah be pleased with them (Feminine plural)

Prophets, messengers, and Ahl al-Bayt

Template:See also

Template:See alsoTemplate:See also

File:Ar-عليه السلام.svg
Template:Transliteration in Arabic script

Some honorifics apply to the archangels (Jibril, Mikhail, etc.) as well as any other Islamic prophets preceding Muhammad (e.g., Isa, Musa, Ibrahim etc.). A group of modern scholars from Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Yemen, and Mauritania has issued fatwa that the angels should be invoked with blessing of Template:Transliteration, which also applied to human prophets and messengers.[73] This fatwa was based on the ruling from Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya.[73][74][75]

Some major hadith collections such as Sahih al-Bukhari, Sunan Abi Dawud, and Sunan al-Tirmidhi include narrations where members of the Ahl al-Bayt (the family of Muhammad), including Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn, are mentioned with ʿalayhi/ʿalayhā/ʿalayhim al-salām.[76][77][78][79]Template:Better source needed

Suffixal Honorifics for Prophets, Messengers, Angels and Ahl al-bayt
Arabic Single character in Unicode Romanization Abbreviation Translation
Template:Lang Template:Lang ʿalayhi -s-salāmu (AS) Peace be upon him
Template:Lang Template:Lang ʿalayhā -s-salāmu Peace be upon her
Template:Lang Template:Lang ʿalayhimā -s-salāmu Peace be upon them (dual)
Template:Lang Template:Lang ʿalayhimu -s-salāmu Peace be upon them (plural)
Template:Lang ʿalayhinna -s-salāmu Peace be upon them (feminine plural)
Template:Lang Template:Lang ʿalayhi -ṣ-ṣalātu wa-s-salāmu (ASWS) Blessings and peace be upon him
Template:Lang ʿalayhā -ṣ-ṣalātu -s-salāmu Blessings and peace be upon her
Template:Lang ʿalayhimā -ṣ-ṣalātu -s-salāmu Blessings and peace be upon them (dual)
Template:Lang ʿalayhimu -ṣ-ṣalātu -s-salāmu Blessings and peace be upon them (plural)
Template:Lang ʿalayhinna -ṣ-ṣalātu -s-salāmu Blessings and peace be upon them (feminine plural)
Template:Lang salāmu -llāhi ʿalayhī (SA) Allah's peace upon him
Template:Lang salāmu -llāhi ʿalayhā Allah's peace upon her
Template:Lang salāmu -llāhi ʿalayhimā Allah's peace upon them (dual)
Template:Lang salāmu -llāhi ʿalayhim Allah's peace upon them (plural)
Template:Lang salāmu -llāhi ʿalayhinna Allah's peace upon them (feminine plural)

In Shia Islam, Muhammad's progeny, referred to as Template:Transliteration (Template:Langx), are addressed with the same honorifics as messengers.[80][81]

Revered men and women

File:رحمه الله.png
"May Allah's mercy be upon him" in Arabic

Some honorifics apply to highly-revered Islamic scholars and people thought to be of high spiritual rank. When that person has died, honorifics ask for Allah's mercy upon or pleasure with him or her. When that person is still living, honorifics customarily ask for Allah's preservation or relief.[82][83]

Suffixal Honorifics for revered men and women
Arabic Single character in Unicode Romanization Abbreviation Translation
Template:Lang raḥmatu -llāhi ʿalayhTemplate:Sup (RH) Allah's mercy upon him
Template:Lang Template:Lang raḥimahu -llāhTemplate:Sup Mercy upon him
Template:Lang Template:Transliteration Allah's mercy upon her
Template:Lang Template:Transliteration Mercy upon her
Template:Lang Template:Transliteration Allah's mercy upon them
Template:Lang Template:Lang raḥimahumu -llāhTemplate:Sup Mercy upon them
Template:Lang Template:Transliteration (RA) Allah be pleased with him
Template:Lang riḍwānu -llāhi ta'ālā ʿalayhā Allah be pleased with her
Template:Lang Template:Transliteration (HA) Allah preserve him
Template:Lang hafiḏahā 'llāhTemplate:Sup Allah preserve her
Template:Lang Template:Transliteration (FA) Allah grant him relief
Template:Lang farraja -llāhu ʿanhā Allah grant her relief
Template:Lang Template:Lang raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhTemplate:Sup (RA) May Allah be pleased with him
Template:Lang Template:Lang raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhā May Allah be pleased with her
Template:Lang Template:Lang raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhumā May Allah be pleased with them (dual)
Template:Lang Template:Lang raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhum May Allah be pleased with them
Template:Lang Template:Lang raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhunn May Allah be pleased with them (Feminine plural)

Scriptural and hadith basis

Qur'ān

File:إِنَّ اللَّهَ وَمَلَائِكَتَهُ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ ۚ يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا صَلُّوا عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا تَسْل.svg
Verse 33:56 in Arabic

The honorifics for Muhammad are enjoined by Surat al-Ahzab:[84] Template:Blockquote

Hadiths from Sunni Islam

Template:See also

Al-Tirmidhi recorded that Abu Hurairah said, "The Messenger of Allah said, 'May he be humiliated, the man in whose presence I am mentioned and he does not send Salaam upon me; may he be humiliated, the man who sees the month of Ramadan come and go, and he is not forgiven; may he be humiliated, the man whose parents live to old age and they do not cause him to be granted admittance to Paradise.Template:'" Al-Tirmidhi said that this hadith was Template:Transliteration, "good but only reported once".[85]

In Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration, Template:Transliteration and Template:Transliteration, four of the six major hadith collections recorded that Abu Hurairah said, "The Messenger of Allah said: 'Whoever sends one Salaam upon me, Allah will send ten upon him.Template:'"[86]

Ahmad ibn Hanbal reported in his Template:Transliteration that the Companion of Muhammad, Abu Talha ibn Thabit, said:[87][88]

Template:Blockquote

Al-Bayhaqi reports that Abu Hurairah said that Muhammad said, "Send the Salaam on Allah's messengers and prophets for Allah sent them as He sent me."[89]

This point is further founded in the saying by Muhammad, "The miser is the one in whose presence I am mentioned, then he does not send the Salam upon me." This was recorded in Template:Transliteration.[90]

Template:Blockquote

Criticism

Scholars of the Salafi branch of Islam practiced in Saudi Arabia have instructed their followers not to abbreviate the Template:Transliteration upon Muhammad, but to instead write the full form. For example, Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz, the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, said:

Template:Blockquote

Official religious bodies such as Egypt’s Dar al-Iftaa and Template:Interlanguage link have also discouraged the use of abbreviations. Egypt’s Dar al-Iftaa classifies the use of abbreviations as a 'prohibited matter' according to scholars, viewing it as a sign of laziness to obtain rewards and rudeness toward Muhammad.[91] Similarly, Jordan’s Iftaa’ Department states that while abbreviations should be avoided in writing, if they are used in a case of necessity, the practitioner must still pronounce the full blessing verbally.[92]

Unicode

Template:See also

Unicode
UTF-8 Encoding Symbol Unicode Name Transcription Arabic English
ؑ Template:Huge Arabic sign ALAYHE ASSALLAM Template:Transliteration Template:Lang Peace be upon him
ؒ Template:Huge Arabic sign RAHMATULLAH ALAYHE Template:Transliteration Template:Lang God have mercy upon him
ؓ Template:Huge Arabic sign RADI ALLAHOU ANHU Template:Transliteration Template:Lang God be pleased with him

See also

Notes

Template:Notelist

References

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  2. ↑ پيامبران الهی به ترتيب رسالت(14 December 2010). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  3. ↑ شناخت اهل بیت سلام الله علیهم أجمعین، راهی برای شناختِ اسماء و صفات خدای متعال. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  4. ↑ دلیل استفاده از علایم اختصاری برای تعظیم و تکریم امامان(13 January 2013). Retrieved 9 December 2024.
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  11. ↑ معنی امام. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
  12. ↑ مفهوم امام. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
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  39. ↑ مفهوم واژه «سلام» در زیارتنامه‌ها. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  40. ↑ ابعاد سلام / معنی سلام. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  41. ↑ البداية والنهاية / الجزء الثالث. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
  42. ↑ لقدۡ رضي ٱلله عن ٱلۡمؤۡمنين إذۡ يبايعونك تحۡت ٱلشجرة فعلم ما في. Retrieved 21 December 2024.
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  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Saying 'Peace be upon him' to Angel Gabriel. Islamweb.net. Fatwa center of Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Yemen, and Mauritania Islamic educational institutes(2003). Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  74. ↑ Samson and Delilah not mentioned in Quran and Sunnah. islamweb.net. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  75. ↑ Benarkah Samson itu Nabi?. konsultasisyariah.com. Yufid Network. Retrieved 4 August 2024.
  76. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari 4947 - Prophetic Commentary on the Qur'an (Tafseer of the Prophet (pbuh)) - كتاب التفسير - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). sunnah.com. Retrieved 2025-11-17.
  77. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari 4462 - Military Expeditions led by the Prophet (pbuh) (Al-Maghaazi) - كتاب المغازى - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). sunnah.com. Retrieved 2025-11-17.
  78. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari 3748 - Companions of the Prophet - كتاب فضائل أصحاب النبى صلى الله عليه وسلم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). sunnah.com. Retrieved 2025-11-17.
  79. ↑ Jami' at-Tirmidhi 3774 - Chapters on Virtues - كتاب المناقب عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم). sunnah.com. Retrieved 2025-11-17.
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  82. ↑ Ibn Ḥazm's theory of prophecy of women: Literalism, logic, and perfection. Intellectual Discourse({Template:Date).
  83. ↑ Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism{{#if:Wheeler|, Wheeler}
  84. ↑ آیه ۵۶ سوره احزاب. Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  85. ↑ Al-Kafi{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Islamic Seminary Incorporated(2015). ISBN 9780991430864
  86. ↑ The New Encyclopedia of Islam{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Altamira(2001)
  87. ↑ Graham, William A. (1977). Divine Word and Prophetic Word in Early Islam: A Reconsideration of the Sources, with Special Reference to the Divine Saying or Hadith Qudsi. Walter de Gruyter. Template:ISBN.
  88. ↑ Saul - Oxford Islamic Studies Online. www.oxfordislamicstudies.com. Retrieved 2018-10-06.
  89. ↑ Sahih Muslim, Book 1, The Book of Faith (Kitab Al-Iman) (part II). Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  90. ↑ Sahih al-Bukhari 6452 - To make the Heart Tender (Ar-Riqaq). Retrieved 22 December 2024.
  91. ↑ حكم اختصار الصلاة والسلام على سيدنا النبي عند الكتابة إلى (ص. موقع دار الإفتاء المصرية. Retrieved 2026-01-01.
  92. ↑ حكم اختصار صيغة الصلاة على النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم. aliftaa.jo. Retrieved 2026-01-01.
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