Kalachuris of Tripuri

What links here Related changes Page information
Created by UpdateBot
Last edited May 19, 2022

Template:For


Template:Infobox country The Kalachuris of Tripuri (IAST: Template:IAST), also known the Kalachuris of Chedi, ruled parts of central India during 7th to 13th centuries. They are also known as the Later Kalachuris to distinguish them from their earlier namesakes, especially the Kalachuris of Mahishmati.[1] Their core territory included the historical Chedi region (also known as Dahala-mandala), and their capital was located at Tripuri (present-day Tewar near Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh).

The origin of the dynasty is uncertain, although one theory connects them to the Kalachuris of Mahishmati. By the 10th century, the Kalachuris of Tripuri had consolidated their power by raiding neighbouring territories and by fighting wars with the Gurjara-Pratiharas, the Chandelas and the Paramaras. They also had matrimonial relations with the Rashtrakutas and the Chalukyas of Kalyani.

In the 1030s, the Kalachuri king Gangeyadeva assumed imperial titles after achieving military successes at his eastern and northern frontiers. The kingdom reached its zenith during the reign of his son Lakshmikarna, who assumed the title Chakravartin after military campaigns against several neighbouring kingdoms. He also controlled a part of the Paramara and Chandela kingdoms for a brief period.

The dynasty gradually declined after Lakshmikarna (1041-1073 CE), whose successors lost control of their northern territories to the Gahadavalas. Trailokyamalla, the last known ruler of the dynasty, ruled at least until 1212 CE, but it is not certain how and when his reign ended. In the later half of the 13th century, the former Kalachuri territories came under the control of the Paramaras and the Chandelas, and ultimately under the Delhi Sultanate. A branch of the dynasty, the Kalachuris of Ratnapura, ruled at Ratnapura (now Ratanpur) in present-day Chhattisgarh.

Origins

The Kalachuri inscriptions, such as the Gyaraspur inscription of prince Valleka (a son of Kokalla I), trace the dynasty's ancestry to Kartavirya Arjuna, a legendary Heheya king who ruled from Mahishmati.Template:Sfn According to the 12th century poem Prithviraja Vijaya, the dynasty descended from Kartavirya through one Sahasika ("courageous"), who was a maternal ancestor of the poem's hero Prithviraja III. The poem traces Kartavirya's mythical ancestry to the deity Chandra (the moon) and his son Budha (the mercury).Template:Sfn

Historian V. V. Mirashi connected the Kalachuris of Tripuri to the early Kalachuris of Mahishmati, who ruled in the west-central India. Mirashi theorized that the early Kalachuris moved their capital from Mahishmati to Kalanjara at the end of the 7th century, and finally moved to Tripuri.Template:Sfn However, there is no concrete evidence that conclusively proves that the two dynasties were related.Template:Sfn

History

The Karna temple at Amarkantak, built by Lakshmikarna

Little is known about the earliest rulers of the dynasty, who find mentions in the inscriptional genealogies. The earliest extant inscriptions of the dynasty have been discovered at Chhoti Deori and Sagar. These inscriptions are from the reign of Shankaragana I, and have been dated to the 8th century CE.Template:Sfn

As Rashtrakuta and Pratihara feudatories

The Karitalai inscription of Lakshmanaraja I (825-850 CE) eulogizes a Rashtrakuta king (whose name is lost), and mentions the defeat of one Nagabhata (presumably the Gurjara-Pratihara king Nagabhata II). This suggests that during this time, the Kalachuris were subordinate to their southern neighbours - the Rashtrakuta emperors, and fought against their northern neighbours - the Pratihara emperors. They had multiple marital connections to the Rashtrakutas. However, by the time of Lakshmanaraja's son or grandson Kokalla I (r. c. 850-890 CE), they had shifted their allegiance to the Pratiharas.Template:Sfn

Kokalla I appears to have been the first powerful ruler of the dynasty, as he finds regular mentions in the genealogies of the later Kalachuri rulers. According to the Ratnapura Kalachuri inscriptions, he had 18 sons, the eldest of whom succeeded him on the throne, while the others became provincial governors. The number 18 probably should not be taken literally in this context, as it was considered an auspicious number, and in this context, may have been used to indicate that Kokalla had many sons. The eldest son was presumably Shankaragana II, whom modern scholars identify with the person mentioned by the names "Prasiddha-dhavala", "Mugdha-tunga", and "Rana-vigraha" in various sources. Of the other sons, an unnamed prince became the progenitor of the Ratnapura branch. Other sons of Kokalla I included Arjuna, who is mentioned in Rashtrakuta inscriptions; and Valleka or Vallavati, who is known by his Gyaraspur inscription.Template:Sfn

Amarkantak Temple.

Valleka's inscription states that he was a son of queen Nata, who can be identified with the Chandela princess "Natta" mentioned as a wife of Kokalla in the Varanasi inscription of the later ruler Karna.Template:Sfn Valleka appears to have been the last (or one of the last) Kalachuri governor of the area around Gyaraspur, which subsequently became a part of the Chandela territory.Template:Sfn The inscription states that Valleka served king Bhoja, who is described as the ruler of the earth, and mentions that Valleka defeated several other kings in Bhoja's service.Template:Sfn King Bhoja can be identified with the Gurjara-Pratihara emperor Mihira Bhoja, who is also mentioned in other Kalachuri inscriptions. These other inscriptions include the Bilhari inscription, which describes Bhoja as one of the "pillars of glory" erected by Kokalla I; and the Varanasi inscription, which describes Bhoja as a recipient of Kokalla's protection. The descriptions in these two inscriptions had led earlier scholars to believe that Kokalla subjugated Bhoja, but Valleka's inscription suggests that the Kalachuris were subordinate to the Pratihara emperor Bhoja.Template:Sfn

Based on Valleka's inscription, epigraphist Richard G. Salomon theorizes that Kokalla I was a subordinate of Bhoja, and played an important role in expanding the south-eastern borders of the Pratihara empire.Template:Sfn His submission to Bhoja may have been nominal, and he appears to have laid the foundation of Kalachuri empire by expanding his own sphere of influence in the southern part of the Pratihara empire.Template:Sfn The later Kalachuri inscriptions greatly exaggerate Kokalla's glory, and use wording that plays down the subordinate position of the Kalachuris.Template:Sfn

Early sovereigns

After the decline of the Rashtrakuta and Pratihara empires, the Kalachuris assumed independence, probably during the reign of Yuvaraja-deva I (915-945 CE).Template:Sfn

Shankaragana III, who ascended the Kalachuri throne around 970 CE, adopted an aggressive expansion policy. He defeated the contemporary Gurjara-Pratihara king, who was probably Vijayapala. He probably died in a battle against the Chandelas.Template:Sfn Shankaragana was succeeded by his younger brother Yuvarajadeva II, who established matrimonial relations with the Kalyani Chalukya ruler Tailapa II.Template:Sfn The Paramara king Munja, who was an enemy of Tailapa, invaded the Kalachuri kingdom and raided their capital Tripuri.Template:Sfn After the death of Yuvarajadeva II, the ministers placed his son Kokalla II on the throne.Template:Sfn

According to the Gurgi inscription of Kokalla, three neighbouring kings were afraid of him: the Gurjara king (possibly the weak Gurjara-Pratihara ruler Rajyapala), the Gauda king (the Pala ruler Mahipala), and the Kuntala king (the Kalayani Chalukya king Vikramaditya V). These claims suggest that Kokalla raided the territories of these kings.Template:Sfn

Gangeyadeva, the son and successor of Kokalla II, ascended the throne around 1015 CE.Template:Sfn During the early part of his reign, he served as a vassal to another king, possibly the Paramara king Bhoja.Template:Sfn He fought a war against the Chalukyas of Kalyani, possibly as a vassal of Bhoja. The triple alliance of Bhoja, Gangeyadeva and Rajendra Chola engaged the Chalukya king Jayasimha II at multiple frontiers.Template:Sfn Both Kalachuri and Chalukya inscriptions claim success in this war: it appears that Gangeyadeva and his allies were repulsed after achieving some initial successes.Template:Sfn

Bhoja defeated Gangeyadeva in a war, but there is some uncertainty regarding the exact chronology. According to one theory, Bhoja defeated Gangeyadeva before the anti-Chalukya campaign, in which Gangeyadeva fought as a Paramara vassal.Template:Sfn Another theory is that the two turned enemies after their campaign against the Chalukyas.Template:Sfn

Imperial expansion

File:Dancing Ganesha, Madhya Pradesh, Kalacuri, 10th century CE.jpg
Dancing Ganesha, Madhya Pradesh, Kalacuri, 10th century CE.[2]

In the 1030s, Gangeyadeva achieved military successes at his eastern and northern frontiers, and assumed the titles of a sovereign emperor.Template:Sfn In the east, he raided Utkala, assisted by his Ratnapura vassals. The Kalachuris probably defeated the Bhauma-Kara king Shubhakara II in this war.Template:Sfn Gangeyadeva also seems to have fought an inconclusive war against Yayati, the Somavanshi ruler of Dakshina Kosala.Template:Sfn

In the north, Gangeyadeva expanded his kingdom at the expense of the Chandelas, who had been weakened by Ghaznavid invasions.Template:Sfn He suffered a defeat against the Chandela king Vijayapala,Template:Sfn but ultimately extended his control over the sacred cities of Varanasi and Prayaga.Template:Sfn During his reign, the Ghaznavid general Ahmad Niyaltigin raided Varanasi in 1033 CE.Template:Sfn

Gangeyadeva's successor Lakshmikarna (r. c. 1041-1073 CE), was the most noted military commander of the dynasty. He assumed the title Chakravartin after several successful campaigns against his neighbours. In the east, he invaded Anga and Vanga (modern Bengal).Template:Sfn In Vanga, he defeated a Chandra king, possibly Govindachandra.Template:Sfn Later, Lakshmikarna also invaded the Pala-ruled Gauda region.Template:Sfn His invasion was repulsed by Nayapala. The Tibetan accounts suggest that the Buddhist monk Atisha negotiated a peace treaty between the two kings.Template:Sfn Lakshmikarna also seems to have raided Gauda during the reign of Nayapala's successor Vigrahapala III. The two kings ultimately concluded a peace treaty, with Lakshmikarna's daughter Yuvanashri marrying the Pala king.Template:Sfn

In the south-west, Lakshmikarna fought an inconclusive war with the Kalyani Chalukya king Someshvara I.Template:Sfn He also seems to have fought with his south-eastern neighbour, the Chola king Rajadhiraja.Template:Sfn In the east, he defeated a Gurjara king, who can be identified with the Chaulukya king Bhima I.Template:Sfn

In the mid-1050s, Lakshmikarna and Bhima allied against the Paramara king Bhoja. The two attacked the Paramara kingdom of Malwa simultaneously from opposite directions.Template:Sfn According to the 14th century chronicler Merutunga, Bhoja died just as the two kings attacked Malwa. Lakshmikarna seized the Paramara kingdom, prompting Bhima to launch an expedition to recover his share of the war spoils.Template:Sfn Within a short time, Lakshmikarna lost the control of Malwa to Bhoja's successor Jayasimha, who received help from the Kalyani Chalukya prince Vikramaditya VITemplate:Sfn Subsequently, Karna allied with Vikramaditya's rival and brother Someshvara II, and again invaded Malwa. However, the two were forced to retreat by Bhoja's brother Udayaditya.Template:Sfn

Lakshmikarna also subjugated the Chandela king Devavarman (r. c. 1050-1060 CE), who seems to have died in a battle against him.Template:Sfn He seems to have retained control of a large part of the Chandela territory for over a decade, before being ousted by Devavarman's successor Kirttivarman in the 1070s CE.Template:Sfn

Decline

Template:South Asia in 1175 Lakshmikarna's son Yashahkarna (r. c. 1073-1123 CE) raided some neighbouring territories, but lost the northern parts of his kingdom, including Varanasi, to the Gahadavalas.Template:Sfn He also suffered defeats against the Paramara king Lakshmadeva and the Chandela king Sallakshanavarman.Template:Sfn

Yashahkarna's son Gayakarna married a granddaughter of the Paramara king Udayaditya, which led to peace between the two kingdoms.Template:Sfn However, he seems to have suffered reverses against the Chandela king Madanavarman.Template:Sfn The Kalachuris of Ratnapura, who had earlier served as vassals of the Tripuri Kalachuris, declared their independence during Gayakarna's reign. Gayakarna unsuccessfully tried to reduce them to submission.Template:Sfn

Gayakarna's son Narasimha recovered the territories lost to Madanavarman. Narasimha seems to have died heirless, as he was succeeded by his brother Jayasimha.Template:Sfn Jayasimha suffered a defeat against the Chandela king Paramardi. He also sent an unsuccessful expedition against the Ratnapura Kalachuris to reduce them to submission.Template:Sfn

During the reign of Jayasimha's successor Vijayasimha, a northern feudatory named Sallakshana unsuccessfully tried to overthrow the Kalachuri suzerainty.Template:Sfn Vijayasimha's successor Trailokyamalla is known to have ruled at least until 1212 CE. He claimed the title "Lord of Kanyakubja", but in absence of any corroborative evidence, it cannot be said with certainty if he actually captured Kanyakubja.Template:Sfn

Trailokyamalla is the last known king of his dynasty. It is not known when and how his rule ended. It is known that in the later half of the 13th century, the former Kalachuri territories came under the control of the Paramaras, Chandelas, the Delhi Sultanate and the Seunas (Yadavas of Devagiri).Template:Sfn

Religion

Shaivism is the predominant faith referred to in the Tripuri Kalachuri inscriptions.Template:Sfn Several Shaiva leaders (acharya) served as royal preceptors (rajaguru) to Kalachuri kings; these included Purusha-shiva (to Yashahkarna), Shakti-shiva (to Gayakarna), Kirti-shiva (to Narasimha), and Vimala-shiva (to Jayasimha).Template:Sfn Gangeyadeva installed a Shivalinga at Piawan,Template:Sfn and his son Lakshmikarna built the Karna-meru temple at Varanasi, which was probably dedicated to Shiva. Yashahkarna is said to have worshipped at the Shiva temple in Draksharama during an invasion of the Andhra region.Template:Sfn The patronage of Gayakarna's queen Alhanadevi led to the rise of Pashupata Shaivite religious leaders in the Kalachuri kingdom.Template:Sfn

The Gyaraspur inscription of Kokalla I's son Valleka, which records the foundation of a Jain temple by the prince, prominently features Shaivite imagery and wording, with Vaishnavite overtones.Template:Sfn Since this inscription is the only Jain-affiliated record of the dynasty, it is not clear if such syncretistic tendency was a feature of Jainism practised in the Kalachuri territory, or if the inscription is a one-off case.Template:Sfn The temple mentioned in the inscription may be the present-day Maladevi temple, which features a mixture of Jain and Brahmanical iconography.Template:Sfn

List of rulers

The following is a list of the Tripuri Kalachuri rulers, with estimates of their reigns:Template:Sfn <mapframe text="Find spots of the inscriptions issued during the Tripuri Kalachuri reign (blue)Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn and their Ratnapura vassals (gray)Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn" width="350" height="350" zoom="5" longitude="81.07" latitude="23.61"> { "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Alhaghat (Baldaha Ghat, near Kevati Kund)" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.3400, 24.8782] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Bahuribandh (Bahuriband)" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.2684, 24.6088] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Bandhavgarh (Bandogarh)" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.8407, 23.5259] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Barhi" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.8129, 23.9014] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Bheda Ghat (Bheraghat)" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.8024, 23.1306] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Bilahari" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.4570, 25.0651] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Chandreh (Chandrehe)" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.4993, 24.2920] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Deori Chhoti" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.7204, 23.8439] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Dhurehati (Dhureti)" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.3606, 24.4713] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Goharwa" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.4354, 25.5417] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Gopalpur" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.8269, 23.1211] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Goragi (Gurgi)" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.4197, 24.4968] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Jabalpur" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.9864, 23.1815] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Jhulpur" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.1038, 22.5819] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Karitalai" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.7048, 24.0452] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Khairha" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.4526, 23.1708] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Lal Pahar (Bharhut)" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [80.8738, 24.4412] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Mukundpur (near Garhi ; aka Makundpur)" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.2436, 24.4218] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Piawan or Payawan (Piyāwan Nāla)" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.2452, 24.8879] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Rewa" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.3042, 24.5373] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Sagar" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.7378, 23.8388] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Sarnath" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [83.0227, 25.3762] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Simaria" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.1266, 24.5746] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Simra" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.6500, 25.1833] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Tewar (including Karanbel)" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [79.8465, 23.1430] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "000080", "title": "Umaria" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.0755, 23.6014] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Akaltara" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [82.4238, 22.0245] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Amora (or Amoda)" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.5518, 21.6331] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Bilaigarh" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [82.7212, 21.6399] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Dahkoni (or Daikoni)" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [82.5429, 22.1130] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Ghotia" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.1773, 20.5904] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Kharod" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [82.5808, 21.7473] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Koni" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [82.1363, 22.1293] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Lapha" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [82.2855, 22.4533] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Malhar (or Mallar)" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [82.2904, 21.8899] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Pali" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [82.3262, 22.3753] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Pasid" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [82.1906, 21.8816] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Paragaon" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [82.1582, 21.7710] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Pendrabandh or Pendrawan" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [82.9429, 21.6534] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Raipur" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.6311, 21.2587] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Rajim" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [81.8849, 20.9629] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Ratanpur" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [82.1623, 22.2862] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Sarkhon (or Sarkho)" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [82.5695, 22.0554] } }, { "type": "Feature", "properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-color": "808080", "title": "Shivrinarayan or Sheorinarayan" }, "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [82.5930, 21.7221] } } ] } </mapframe>

References

  1. ↑ A Historical atlas of South Asia{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. University of Chicago Press(1978). ISBN 0226742210
  2. ↑ Metropolitan Museum of Art. www.metmuseum.org.

Bibliography

Template:Refbegin

  • Atisa and Tibet{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Motilal Banarsidass(1999). ISBN 978-81-208-0928-4
  • The Candellas of Jejākabhukti{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Abhinav(1976). ISBN 9788170170464
  • A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House(1957). ISBN 978-81-7007-121-1
  • Bhavabhuti{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Motilal Banarsidass(1974). ISBN 978-81-208-1180-5
  • Religious Beliefs and Practices of North India During the Early Mediaeval Period{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. BRILL(1973). ISBN 90-04-03610-5
  • Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Mittal Publications(2003). ISBN 978-81-7099-874-7
  • The Early Rulers of Khajurāho{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Motilal Banarsidass(1977). ISBN 9788120819979
  • British Museum stone inscription of the Tripurī Kalacuri prince Valleka. Indo-Iranian Journal({Template:Year).
  • The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Progress(1978)
  • The Kalachuris and their times{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Sundeep(1980)
  • Bhoja Paramāra and His Times{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan(1984)
  • Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Motilal Banarsidass(1971). ISBN 978-81-208-2790-5
  • Kalachuri Inscriptions : A Reflection of Dwindling Political Power. Veethika({Template:Year).

Template:Refend

Further reading

  • The Haihayas of Tripuri and Their Monuments{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Government of India(1931)
  • A Glimpse of Kalachuris of Tripurari{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Vinod(2003). ISBN 978-81-85599-59-5
  • Inscriptions Of The Kalachuri Chedi Era, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume 4 (Part 1 and Part 2)
Retrieved from "https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Kalachuris_of_Tripuri&oldid=327427"
Discover more