Kallanai (literally “stone dam”, also known as the Grand Anicut) is an ancient dam built by Karikala of Chola dynasty in 150 CE. It was built (in running water) across the Kaveri river flowing from Tiruchirapalli District to Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India. The dam is located in Thanjavur district,[1][2][3] 15 km from Tiruchirapalli and 45 km from Thanjavur.[4][5][6] It is the fourth oldest water-diversion or water-regulator structure in the world and the oldest in India that is still in use.[7][8]
History
The dam was originally built by King Karikalan of the Chola Dynasty in Template:Circa. It is located on the river in Thanjavur district,[1] exactly 14 km from the city of Tiruchirappalli and 45 km from the city of Thanjavur. The idea behind the construction of the dam was to divert the river to the delta districts thereby boosting irrigation.[4][5][6] This dam was re-modeled by the British during the 19th century. In 1804, Captain Caldwell, a military engineer, was appointed by the British to make a study on the Kaveri river and promote irrigation for the delta region.Template:Sfn He found that a large amount of water passed onto the Kollidam leaving behind a small volume for irrigation purposes.Template:Sfn Caldwell initially proposed a solution by raising the dam and hence raised the dam stones to a height of Template:Convert, thus increasing the capacity of the dam.[4] Following this, Major Sim proposed the idea of undersluices across the river with outlets leading to the Kollidam River (Coleroon) thus preventing formation of silt.[4] The Lower Anaicut built by Sir Arthur Cotton in the 19th century across Coleroon, the major tributary of Cauvery is said to be a replicated structure of Kallanai.[4]
Geography
The Kaveri river splits into two at a point Template:Convert west of Kallanai. The two rivers form the island of Srirangam before joining at Kallanai. The northern channel is called the Kollidam (Coleroon); the other retains the name Kaveri, and empties into the Bay of Bengal at Poompuhar. On the seaward face of its delta are the seaports of Nagapattinam and Karaikal.[9]
Description
The purpose of the Kallanai was to divert the waters of the Kaveri across the fertile delta region for irrigation via canals and to its northern delta branch Kollidam/Coleroon. Downstream of the barrage, the river Kaveri splits into four streams known as Kollidam Aru, Kaveri, Vennaru and Puthu Aru. However, the flood waters can be allowed, by opening the barrage/anaicut gates, to pass through the other three delta branches also to join the sea.[10] It is constructed from unhewn stone spanning the Kaveri and is Template:Convert long, Template:Convert wide and Template:Convert high.[11] The dam is still in excellent condition, and supplied a model to later engineers, including Sir Arthur Cotton's 19th-century dam across the Kollidam, the major distributary of the Kaveri.[12] The area irrigated by the ancient irrigation network is about Template:Convert. By the early 20th century, the irrigated area had been increased to about one million acres (400,000 ha).[13]
The delta farmers of Tamil Nadu have demanded the Tamil Nadu government to honor Karikala Cholan, who built this dam.[14]
Gallery
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Plaque bearing the dam's name
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Engineering wonder of Karikalan's period
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Fishing in the sluices, Kallanai dam, Thanjavur
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Another view, Kallanai dam
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Kallanai dam
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Water being discharged from Kallanai in August 2018 witnessing beauty of kallanai in river Kauvery
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 TNGIS - Map Editor. tngis.tnega.org. Retrieved 2025-11-15.
- ↑ Flowing waters for fertile fields. The Hindu(29 August 2011).
- ↑ Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Allied Publishers(2003). ISBN 81-7764-548-X
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 A rock solid dam that has survived 2000 years. The Hindu(10 March 2013). Retrieved 13 November 2013.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Template:Cite magazine
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Karikalan cholan memorial inaugurated - Times of India. The Times of India(13 February 2014). Retrieved 2019-02-15.
- ↑ South Asia: An Environmental History{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. ABC-CLIO(2008). ISBN 978-1-85109-925-2
- ↑ Kallanai Dam || Thanjavur Tourism. www.thanjavurtourism.com. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
- ↑ Dikes and Dams, Thick with Politics. Maastricht University(19 September 2006). Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ↑ Grand Anicut A00677. WRIS, India. Retrieved 7 November 2016.
- ↑ Places to visit. IIM-Trichy, India. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ↑ The Check-Dam Route to Mitigate India's Water Shortages. Law library — University of New Mexico. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ↑ Fit case for World Heritage status. The Hindu(10 September 2007).
- ↑ CM's word on Karikalan memorial cheers farmers in Cauvery Delta. The New Indian Express. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
Bibliography
Template:Commons category Template:Refbegin
- A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: 1500-1830{{#if:Skempton|, Skempton}. Thomas Telford(2002). ISBN 978-0-7277-2939-2
- Inventive Indians{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Westland(2011). ISBN 978-93-80658-03-2Template:Dead link
Further reading
- History of Indian Science, Technology and Culture: Ad 1000-1800{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Oxford University Press India(1999). ISBN 978-0-19-564652-8