Template:Italic title Template:For
Template:Infobox religious text
Template:Jainism
The Kalpa Sūtra (Template:Langx) is an important Jain scripture containing the biographies of the Tirthankaras, notably Parshvanatha and Mahavira.[1] Ascribed to Acharya Bhadrabahu, which would place it in the 4th century BCE,[2] it states that it was written down 980 or 993 years after the Nirvana (Moksha) of Mahavira or 1230 years after the Nirvana of Tirthankar Parswanath.
History
Within the six sections of the Jain literary corpus belonging to the Śvetāmbara school, it is classed as one of the Cheda Sūtras. This Sutra contains detailed life histories and, from the mid-15th century, was frequently illustrated with miniature painting.[3] The oldest surviving copies are written on paper in western India in the 14th century.[4]
The Kalpa Sutra is ascribed to Acharya Bhadrabahu, the sixth spiritual successor of the great shraman Chaturvidh sangha of Mahavira, who is said to have composed it some 150 years after the Nirvāṇa of Mahavira.[2] It was compiled probably during the reign of Dhruvasena, 980 or 993 years after Mahavira's liberation.Template:Sfn
The Kalpa Sutra was one of the first Jain texts to be translated into English.[5]
Importance
The book is read and illustrated in an eight-day-long festival of Paryushan by Jain monks for general people. Only monks are generally permitted to read this scripture, as in Jainism, this text has very high spiritual values and sanctity.Template:Citation needed
The sound of the words alone, even without reflection on the meaning, is considered to transform the listener's soul.[5]
Contents
The Kalpa Sutra mentions nine Ganas and 11 Ganadharas of Mahavira.Template:Sfn Gautama Swami is mentioned as prime Ganadhara of Mahavira.Template:Sfn Acharya Bhadrabahu's disciple Godasa is mentioned to have founded Godasa Gana.Template:Sfn
The text includes the biography of Mahavira, of the twenty-four jinas, and of the lineage of mendicants who followed Mahavir.[6]
See also
References
Citations
- ↑ Kalpa Sutra, Jain Sutras Part I, Sacred Books of the East{{#if:Jacobi|, Jacobi}. The Clarendon Press(1884)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Jaina Sutras Part I{{#if:Jacobi|, Jacobi}. Motilal Babarsidass.(1964)
- ↑ Sanskrit and Prakrit Manuscripts -, Budny, Mildred O.(2018-04-18). Retrieved 2024-06-16.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India{{#if:Cort|, Cort}. Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press(2001). ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2
- ↑ Jains in the world : religious values and ideology in India{{#if:Cort|, Cort}. Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press(2001). ISBN 978-0-19-513234-2
Sources
- The Jains. Routledge(2002).
- Lord Mahāvīra and His Times. Motilal Banarsidass(1991).
- [[[:Template:Google books]] Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects]. The Director, Oriental Institute, on behalf of the Registrar, M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara.
- "The Kalpa Sûtra" translated in English by Hermann Jacobi is published by Motilal Banarsidass Publishers in Delhi in " The Sacred Books of the East" (Vol 22) (1989) Template:ISBN
External links
- Translations
- Kalpa Sutra text (1884 English translation) (sacred-texts.com)
- Kalpa Sutra text (1884 English translation) (Wisdom Library)
- The Kalpa sutra, and Nava tatva (1848 English translation)