The Kamala River (Hindi and Template:Langx; romanized: Kamalā nadī) originates in Nepal and flows through the Indian state of Bihar.
Course
The Kamala originates from the Churia Range near Maithan which is near Sindhuli Gadhi in Sindhuli District of Nepal at an elevation of Template:Convert.[1][2] It flows in a southerly direction crossing the Kamala Khoj area and, after passing through a gorge above Chauphat, flows into the Terai area of Nepal at Chisapani.[2] The Kamala forms the border between Siraha and Dhanusa districts in the Terai. During the monsoon, the river swells up and causes devastating riverbank erosion.[3] The Tao and Baijnath Khola rivers merge with the Kamala at Maini[4]
It enters Indian territory in Madhubani district in Bihar, Template:Convert upstream of Jainagar. A barrage known as Kamala barrage has been constructed by the State Government near Jainagar. It joins the river Kareh (Bagmati) at Badlaghat in Khagaria district[1] and the combined stream flows into the Koshi nearby. While one of its branches leads to the Bagmati another leads to the Kosi.[4]
In the lower reaches it follows the course of the Balan and is therefore also known as Kamala-Balan.[2]
Tributaries
The main tributaries of the Kamala River are the Tao, Baijnath Khola,[4] Mainawati, Dhauri, Soni, Balan, Trisula, and Chadaha.[1]
River and basin data
The total length of the Kamala is Template:Convert of which Template:Convert is in Nepal and the remaining Template:Convert is in India. The river drains a total catchment area of Template:Convert out of which Template:Convert lies in Bihar in India and the rest Template:Convert in Nepal. Average annual rainfall is Template:Convert. Cropped area in Bihar is Template:Convert. Population of the Kamala basin in Bihar is 3.9 million.[1]
Floods
The extent of flood impact can be gauged from the fact that about one million people were affected by floods in the Kamala and other rivers in the region in 2003.[5]
While 16.5 per cent of the total flood affected area in India is in Bihar, 57 per cent of India's flood affected population live in Bihar, out of which 76 per cent are in northern Bihar.[6] About Template:Convert out of total area of Template:Convert or about 73.06 percent of the total area of Bihar is flood affected. Over 70 per cent of the population of North Bihar lives under recurring threat of floods.[7]
The plains of Bihar, adjoining Nepal, are drained by a number of rivers that have their catchments in the steep and geologically nascent Himalayas. The Kosi, the Gandak, the Burhi Gandak, the Bagmati, the Kamala Balan and the Adhwara group of rivers originate in Nepal, carry high discharge and very high sediment load and drop it down in the plains of Bihar.[7]
Bihar witnessed high magnitudes of flood in 1978, 1987, 1998, 2004 and 2007. The flood of 2004 demonstrated the severity of flood problem when a vast area of Template:Convert was badly affected by the floods of Bagmati, Kamala and the Adhwara groups of rivers causing loss of about 800 human lives.[7]
Three dams have been proposed as solutions to north Bihar's flood problems. Among the three one is across the Kamala at Chisapani, but a report claims that there is no flood cushion in the proposed Chisapani reservoir.[8]
.External link: Glimpses of the flood in Northern Bihar in 2007 (Source: Water Resource Department, Govt. of Bihar)
Kamala Multipurpose Project
The Kamala Multipurpose Project would involve the construction of storage dam on the Kamala River in the districts of Dhanusa and Siraha in Nepal. The project would provide year-round irrigation facilities and generate hydropower with an installed capacity of 30 MW. This scheme forms part of the Sunkosi Storage-cum-Diversion Scheme which involves diverting water from the Sunkosi River to the Kamala River to augment lean season flow.[9]
However, there is a cause for worry. North Bihar is an earthquake prone area. In 1998, earthquake zone was Darbhanga that is only Template:Convert from the borders of Nepal where big dams are being proposed. In 1988, Kamala River embankment in Madhubani district breached due to earthquake cracks.[10]
Kamala Valley
The Kamala Valley, also called Udayapur Valley, is in Udayapur district in southeastern Nepal. It is about Template:Cvt long and between Template:Cvt and Template:Cvt wide. It is drained by the Triyuga river flowing east to join the great Koshi River. This valley lies between the Mahabharat Range to the north and the Sivalik Hills to the south, with an average elevation of about Template:Cvt.[11]
The mouth of the valley opens onto a Template:Cvt rectangle of land where the Triyuga meets the Koshi river above the Koshi Barrage. It was designated the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve in 1976, and is home to the last remaining population of wild Asian water buffalo in Nepal. The reserve is mostly wetlands, subject to seasonal flooding, but also includes some grasslands and small patches of riverine forest. It is a Ramsar Site.[12]
Imagery of Kamala valley: terrain satellite
Traditionally, the Kamala Valley was primarily inhabited by the Dhanwar people (or Danuwar),[13] but there is a fast-growing population of migrants from the Nepali hills and from India.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 River Basin. Flood Management Information System, Water Resource Department, Bihar. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Hydrology and Water Resources of India{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Springer(16 May 2007). ISBN 9781402051807
- ↑ Projects. Development Project Service Centre, DEPROSC Nepal. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Kamala River. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ↑ Flood situation worsens in Bihar, Assam. The Hindu 13 July 2003. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ↑ Bihar, a State of Self-induced Tragedy. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 History of Flood in Bihar. Flood Management Information System, Water Resource Department, Bihar. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ↑ Flooded with wrong ideas. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ↑ The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Springer(18 January 2009). ISBN 9781402084034
- ↑ Interview : Deepak Bharti - SSVK, Bihar. DevelopedNation.org. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ↑ Notes on the mosquitoes of Nepal: II. New species records from 1991 collections. Mosquito Systematics({Template:Year).
- ↑ Nepal Biodiversity Resource Book. Protected Areas, Ramsar Sites, and World Heritage Sites{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development; Government of Nepal, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology; United Nations Environment Programme, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific(2007)
- ↑ Khatry, P. (1995). The Manjani System of the Danuwar State of the Kamala Valley: A Brief Study of an Egalitarian Judiciary. Contributions to Nepalese Studies 22 (1): 43–55.
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