Kannada script

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Last edited August 22, 2023


Template:Infobox Writing system Template:Officially used writing systems in India Template:Contains special characters Template:Brahmic The Kannada script (IAST: Kannaḍa lipi; obsolete: Kanarese or Canarese script in English) is an abugida of the Brahmic family,[1] used to write Kannada, one of the Dravidian languages of South India especially in the state of Karnataka. It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. Kannada script is also widely used for writing Sanskrit texts in Karnataka. Several minor languages, such as Tulu, Konkani, Kodava, Sanketi and Beary, also use alphabets based on the Kannada script.[2] The Kannada and Telugu scripts share very high mutual intellegibility with each other,Template:Citation needed and are often considered to be regional variants of single script. Other scripts similar to Kannada script are Sinhala script[3] (which included some elements from the Kadamba script[4]), and Old Peguan script (used in Burma).[5]

The Kannada script (Template:Lang akṣaramāle or Template:Lang varṇamāle) is a phonemic abugida of forty-nine letters. The character set is almost identical to that of other Brahmic scripts. Consonantal letters imply an inherent vowel. Letters representing consonants are combined to form digraphs (Template:Lang ottakṣara) when there is no intervening vowel. Otherwise, each letter corresponds to a syllable.

The letters are classified into three categories: Template:Lang svara (vowels), Template:Lang vyañjana (consonants), and Template:Lang yōgavāhaka (semiconsonants).

The Kannada words for a letter of the script are Template:Lang akshara, Template:Lang akkara, and Template:Lang varṇa. Each letter has its own form (Template:Lang ākāra) and sound (Template:Lang śabda), providing the visible and audible representations, respectively. Kannada is written from left to right.[6]

History

The Brahmi script evolved into the Kadamba script by the 5th century, which in turn developed into the Kannada-Telugu script (or 'Old Kannada script') in the 7th century.[7] The Kannada and Telugu scripts then separated by around 1300 C.E.[8]

Over the centuries some changes have been made to the Kannada script. These changes consist of:

  1. Modification of existing glyphs: In the early Kannada script, no orthographic distinction was made between the short mid Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:Lang and long mid Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:Lang. However, distinct signs were employed to denote the special consonants viz. the trill Template:IPA Template:Lang the retroflex lateral Template:IPA Template:Lang and the retroflex rhotic Template:IPA Template:Lang, by the 5th century.Template:DubiousTemplate:Fix
  2. Introduction of new characters: Kannada script includes characters like Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:IPA Template:Lang,Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:IPA Template:Lang, and mahāprāṇa characters like Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:IPA Template:Lang, Template:IPA Template:Lang. The introduction was done so that Sanskrit (and loanwords into the Kannada language from the donor language Sanskrit) could be written using the Kannada script. These changes have facilitated the use of the Kannada script for writing many of the literary Indic languages, including Sanskrit.

Template:Anchor

Vowel letters

There are thirteen (sixteen if the obsolete vowels are included) vowel letters (Template:Lang svara).

File:Kanheri-brahmi.jpg
Brahmi script, Kanheri Caves
Letter Diacritic ISO notation Letter Diacritic ISO notation
Template:Lang none a Template:Lang Template:Lang ā
Template:Lang Template:Lang i Template:Lang Template:Lang ī
Template:Lang Template:Lang u Template:Lang Template:Lang ū
Template:Lang Template:Lang r̥ Template:Lang (obsolete) Template:Lang r̥̄
Template:Lang (obsolete) Template:Lang l̥ Template:Lang (obsolete) Template:Lang l̥̄
Template:Lang Template:Lang e Template:Lang Template:Lang ē
Template:Lang Template:Lang ai
Template:Lang Template:Lang o Template:Lang Template:Lang ō
Template:Lang Template:Lang au

When a vowel follows a consonant, it is written with a diacritic rather than as a separate letter.

Yōgavāha

The Yōgavāha (part-vowel, part consonant) include two letters:

  1. The anusvara: Template:Lang (aṁ)
  2. The visarga: Template:Lang (aḥ)

Another two Yōgavāha used in Sanskrit, but present in Kannada script, are known as Ardhavisarga:

  1. The Jihvamuliya: Template:Lang
  2. The Upadhmaniya: Template:Lang

Consonant letters

Two categories of consonant letters (Template:Lang vyan̄jana) are defined in Kannada: the structured consonants and the unstructured consonants.

Structured consonants

Template:See also The structured consonants are classified according to where the tongue touches the palate of the mouth and are classified accordingly into five structured groups. These consonants are shown here with their ISO transcriptions.

Voiceless Voiceless aspirate Voiced Voiced aspirate Nasal
Velars Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration)
Palatals Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration)
Retroflex Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration)
Dentals Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration)
Labials Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration) Template:Lang (Template:Transliteration)

Unstructured consonants

The unstructured consonants are consonants that do not fall into any of the above structures:

Template:Lang (ya), Template:Lang (ra), Template:Lang (ṟa; obsolete), Template:Lang (la), Template:Lang (va), Template:Lang (śa), Template:Lang (ṣa), Template:Lang (sa), Template:Lang (ha), Template:Lang (Template:IAST), Template:Lang (ḻa; obsolete).

Consonant conjuncts

The Kannada script is rich in conjunct consonant clusters, with most consonants having a standard subjoined form and few true ligature clusters. A table of consonant conjuncts follows although the forms of individual conjuncts may differ according to the font.

Consonant conjuncts with ರ (ra)

Of special note is the sequence concerning the letter Template:Lang (ra). Unlike other letters, the conjunct form is written second even if it is pronounced first in the sequence.

For example, the /rnaː/ in the word Karnāṭaka (ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ) is written ರ್ನಾ rather than ರ‍್ನಾ.

Consonant conjuncts with nasal consonants

The nasal consonants Template:Lang (ṅa), Template:Lang (ña), Template:Lang (ṇa), Template:Lang (na), and Template:Lang (ma) are usually written as an anusvara Template:Lang when preceding another consonant rather than a consonant conjunct.

For example, the /ŋg/ in the word Beṅgaḷūru (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು) is usually written Template:Lang rather than Template:Lang (ಬೆಙ್ಗಳೂರು).

Obsolete Kannada letters

Archaic n in Kannada script .
Historical form of representing Template:Lang in Kannada script.

Kannada literary works employed the letters Template:Lang (transliterated 'Template:IAST' or 'rh') and Template:Lang (transliterated 'Template:IAST', 'lh' or 'zh'), whose manner of articulation most plausibly could be akin to those in present-day Malayalam and Tamil. The letters dropped out of use in the 12th and 18th centuries, respectively. Later Kannada works replaced 'rh' and 'lh' with Template:Lang (ra) and Template:Lang (la) respectively.[9]

It is still used to write the Badaga language and a vowel + virama + ḻ is used to transcribe its retroflex vowels.[10]

Another letter (or unclassified vyanjana (consonant)) that has become extinct is 'nh' or 'inn'. ನ್ Likewise, this has its equivalent in Telugu, where it is called Nakaara pollu. The usage of this consonant was observed until the 1980s in Kannada works from the mostly coastal areas of Karnataka (especially the Dakshina Kannada district). Now, hardly any mainstream works use this consonant. This letter has been replaced by Template:Lang (consonant n).Template:Citation needed

Places of articulation Template:Anchor

There are five classifications of passive articulations:

Kaṇṭhya: Velar
Tālavya: Palatal
Mūrdhanya: Retroflex
Dantya: Dental
Ōshtya: Labial

Apart from that, other places are combinations of the above five:

Dantōsthya: Labio-dental (E.g.: v)
Kantatālavya: E.g.: Diphthong e
Kantōsthya: labial-velar (E.g.: Diphthong o)

The attempt of articulation of consonants (Uccāraṇa Prayatna) is of two types,

Bāhya Prayatna: External effort
Spṛṣṭa: Plosive
Īshat Spṛṣṭa: Approximant
Īshat Saṃvṛta: Fricative
Abhyantara Prayatna: Internal effort
Alpaprāna: Unaspirated
Mahāprāna: Aspirated
Śvāsa: Unvoiced
Nāda: Voiced

Articulation of consonants

Articulation of consonants is be logical combination of components in the two prayatnams. The below table gives a view upon articulation of consonants.

Kannada Vyanjana Ucchārana Pattika
Prayatna Niyamāvalī Kanthya Tālavya Mūrdhanya Dantya [[Labiodental consonant|Template:IAST]] Ōshtya
Sparśa, Śvāsa Alpaprāna ka (ಕ) ca (ಚ) ṭa (ಟ) ta (ತ) — pa (ಪ)
Mahāprāna kha (ಖ) cha (ಛ) ṭha (ಠ) tha (ಥ) — pha (ಫ)
Nāda Alpaprāna ga (ಗ) ja (ಜ) ḍa (ಡ) da (ದ) — ba (ಬ)
Mahāprāna gha (ಘ) jha (ಝ) ḍha (ಢ) dha (ಧ) — bha (ಭ)
Anunāsika Nāda, Alpaprāna,

Drava

Avyāhata ṅa (ಙ) ña (ಞ) ṇa (ಣ) na (ನ) — ma (ಮ)
Antastha — ya (ಯ) ra (ರ) la (ಲ) va (ವ) —
Ūṣman Śvāsa Mahāprāṇa Visarga śa (ಶ) ṣa (ಷ) sa (ಸ) — —
Nāda ha (ಹ) — — — — —

Pronunciation of letters

Kannada Devanagari Pronunciation ISO
Template:Lang अ Template:IPA a
ಆ आ Template:IPA ā
ಇ इ Template:IPA i
ಈ ई Template:IPA ī
ಉ उ Template:IPA u
ಊ ऊ Template:IPA ū
ಋ ऋ Template:IPA r̥
ಎ ऎ Template:IPA e
ಏ ए Template:IPA ē
ಐ ऐ Template:IPA ai
ಒ ऒ Template:IPA o
ಓ ओ Template:IPA ō
ಔ औ Template:IPA au
ಅಂ अं Template:IPA aṃ
ಅಃ अः Template:IPA aḥ
ಕ क Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಖ ख Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಗ ग Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಘ घ Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಙ ङ Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಚ च Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಛ छ Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಜ ज Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಝ झ Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಞ ञ Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಟ ट Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಠ ठ Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಡ ड Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಢ ढ Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಣ ण Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ತ त Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಥ थ Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ದ द Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಧ ध Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ನ न Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಪ प Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಫ फ Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಬ ब Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಭ भ Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಮ म Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಯ य Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ರ र Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
*ಱ ऱ Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಲ ल Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ವ व Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಶ श Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಷ ष Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಸ स Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಹ ह Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
ಳ ळ Template:IPA Template:Transliteration
*ೞ ऴ Template:IPA Template:Transliteration

*archaic

Writing order

Akshara

Written Kannada is composed of akshara or kagunita, corresponding to syllables. The letters for consonants combine with diacritics for vowels. The consonant letter without any diacritic, such as Template:Lang ka, has the inherent vowel a Template:Lang. This is called Template:Lang dīrgha. A consonant without a vowel is marked with a 'killer' stroke, such as Template:Lang k. This is known as Template:Lang hrasva.

Diacritic Vowel letter d with vowel diacritic Pronunciation
– (ಅ, a) ದ Template:IPA
್ – ದ್ Template:IPA
ಾ (ಆ, ā) ದಾ Template:IPA
ಿ (ಇ, i) ದಿ[note 1] Template:IPA
ೀ (ಈ, ī) ದೀ Template:IPA
ು (ಉ, u) ದು Template:IPA
ೂ (ಊ, ū) ದೂ Template:IPA
ೃ (ಋ, r̥) ದೃ Template:IPA
ೄ (ೠ, r̥̄) ದೄ Template:IPA
ೆ (ಎ, e) ದೆ Template:IPA
ೇ (ಏ, ē) ದೇ Template:IPA
ೈ (ಐ, ai) ದೈ Template:IPA
ೊ (ಒ, o) ದೊ Template:IPA
ೋ (ಓ, ō) ದೋ Template:IPA
ೌ (ಔ, au) ದೌ Template:IPA
ಂ (ಅಂ, aṃ) ದಂ Template:IPA
ಃ (ಅಃ, aḥ) ದಃ Template:IPA
  1. ↑ This diacritic has the form ಿ when combined with other consonant letters.
ಅ ಆ ಇ ಈ ಉ ಊ ಋ ೠ ಎ ಏ ಐ ಒ ಓ ಔ ಅಂ ಅಃ —
ಕ ಕಾ ಕಿ ಕೀ ಕು ಕೂ ಕೃ ಕೄ ಕೆ ಕೇ ಕೈ ಕೊ ಕೋ ಕೌ ಕಂ ಕಃ ಕ್
ಖ ಖಾ ಖಿ ಖೀ ಖು ಖೂ ಖೃ ಖೄ ಖೆ ಖೇ ಖೈ ಖೊ ಖೋ ಖೌ ಖಂ ಖಃ ಖ್
ಗ ಗಾ ಗಿ ಗೀ ಗು ಗೂ ಗೃ ಗೄ ಗೆ ಗೇ ಗೈ ಗೊ ಗೋ ಗೌ ಗಂ ಗಃ ಗ್
ಘ ಘಾ ಘಿ ಘೀ ಘು ಘೂ ಘೃ ಘೄ ಘೆ ಘೇ ಘೈ ಘೊ ಘೋ ಘೌ ಘಂ ಘಃ ಘ್
ಙ ಙಾ ಙಿ ಙೀ ಙು ಙೂ ಙೃ ಙೄ ಙೆ ಙೇ ಙೈ ಙೊ ಙೋ ಙೌ ಙಂ ಙಃ ಙ್
ಚ ಚಾ ಚಿ ಚೀ ಚು ಚೂ ಚೃ ಚೄ ಚೆ ಚೇ ಚೈ ಚೊ ಚೋ ಚೌ ಚಂ ಚಃ ಚ್
ಛ ಛಾ ಛಿ ಛೀ ಛು ಛೂ ಛೃ ಛೄ ಛೆ ಛೇ ಛೈ ಛೊ ಛೋ ಛೌ ಛಂ ಛಃ ಛ್
ಜ ಜಾ ಜಿ ಜೀ ಜು ಜೂ ಜೃ ಜೄ ಜೆ ಜೇ ಜೈ ಜೊ ಜೋ ಜೌ ಜಂ ಜಃ ಜ್
ಝ ಝಾ ಝಿ ಝೀ ಝು ಝೂ ಝೃ ಝೄ ಝೆ ಝೇ ಝೈ ಝೊ ಝೋ ಝೌ ಝಂ ಝಃ ಝ್
ಞ ಞಾ ಞಿ ಞೀ ಞು ಞೂ ಞೃ ಞೄ ಞೆ ಞೇ ಞೈ ಞೊ ಞೋ ಞೌ ಞಂ ಞಃ ಞ್
ಟ ಟಾ ಟಿ ಟೀ ಟು ಟೂ ಟೃ ಟೄ ಟೆ ಟೇ ಟೈ ಟೊ ಟೋ ಟೌ ಟಂ ಟಃ ಟ್
ಠ ಠಾ ಠಿ ಠೀ ಠು ಠೂ ಠೃ ಠೄ ಠೆ ಠೇ ಠೈ ಠೊ ಠೋ ಠೌ ಠಂ ಠಃ ಠ್
ಡ ಡಾ ಡಿ ಡೀ ಡು ಡೂ ಡೃ ಡೄ ಡೆ ಡೇ ಡೈ ಡೊ ಡೋ ಡೌ ಡಂ ಡಃ ಡ್
ಢ ಢಾ ಢಿ ಢೀ ಢು ಢೂ ಢೃ ಢೄ ಢೆ ಢೇ ಢೈ ಢೊ ಢೋ ಢೌ ಢಂ ಢಃ ಢ್
ಣ ಣಾ ಣಿ ಣೀ ಣು ಣೂ ಣೃ ಣೄ ಣೆ ಣೇ ಣೈ ಣೊ ಣೋ ಣೌ ಣಂ ಣಃ ಣ್
ತ ತಾ ತಿ ತೀ ತು ತೂ ತೃ ತೄ ತೆ ತೇ ತೈ ತೊ ತೋ ತೌ ತಂ ತಃ ತ್
ಥ ಥಾ ಥಿ ಥೀ ಥು ಥೂ ಥೃ ಥೄ ಥೆ ಥೇ ಥೈ ಥೊ ಥೋ ಥೌ ಥಂ ಥಃ ಥ್
ದ ದಾ ದಿ ದೀ ದು ದೂ ದೃ ದೄ ದೆ ದೇ ದೈ ದೊ ದೋ ದೌ ದಂ ದಃ ದ್
ಧ ಧಾ ಧಿ ಧೀ ಧು ಧೂ ಧೃ ಧೄ ಧೆ ಧೇ ಧೈ ಧೊ ಧೋ ಧೌ ಧಂ ಧಃ ಧ್
ನ ನಾ ನಿ ನೀ ನು ನೂ ನೃ ನೄ ನೆ ನೇ ನೈ ನೊ ನೋ ನೌ ನಂ ನಃ ನ್
ಪ ಪಾ ಪಿ ಪೀ ಪು ಪೂ ಪೃ ಪೄ ಪೆ ಪೇ ಪೈ ಪೊ ಪೋ ಪೌ ಪಂ ಪಃ ಪ್
ಫ ಫಾ ಫಿ ಫೀ ಫು ಫೂ ಫೃ ಫೄ ಫೆ ಫೇ ಫೈ ಫೊ ಫೋ ಫೌ ಫಂ ಫಃ ಫ್
ಬ ಬಾ ಬಿ ಬೀ ಬು ಬೂ ಬೃ ಬೄ ಬೆ ಬೇ ಬೈ ಬೊ ಬೋ ಬೌ ಬಂ ಬಃ ಬ್
ಭ ಭಾ ಭಿ ಭೀ ಭು ಭೂ ಭೃ ಭೄ ಭೆ ಭೇ ಭೈ ಭೊ ಭೋ ಭೌ ಭಂ ಭಃ ಭ್
ಮ ಮಾ ಮಿ ಮೀ ಮು ಮೂ ಮೃ ಮೄ ಮೆ ಮೇ ಮೈ ಮೊ ಮೋ ಮೌ ಮಂ ಮಃ ಮ್
ಯ ಯಾ ಯಿ ಯೀ ಯು ಯೂ ಯೃ ಯೄ ಯೆ ಯೇ ಯೈ ಯೊ ಯೋ ಯೌ ಯಂ ಯಃ ಯ್
ರ ರಾ ರಿ ರೀ ರು ರೂ ರೃ ರೄ ರೆ ರೇ ರೈ ರೊ ರೋ ರೌ ರಂ ರಃ ರ್
ಱ ಱಾ ಱಿ ಱೀ ಱು ಱೂ ಱೃ ಱೄ ಱೆ ಱೇ ಱೈ ಱೊ ಱೋ ಱೌ ಱಂ ಱಃ ಱ್
ಲ ಲಾ ಲಿ ಲೀ ಲು ಲೂ ಲೃ ಲೄ ಲೆ ಲೇ ಲೈ ಲೊ ಲೋ ಲೌ ಲಂ ಲಃ ಲ್
ವ ವಾ ವಿ ವೀ ವು ವೂ ವೃ ವೄ ವೆ ವೇ ವೈ ವೊ ವೋ ವೌ ವಂ ವಃ ವ್
ಶ ಶಾ ಶಿ ಶೀ ಶು ಶೂ ಶೃ ಶೄ ಶೆ ಶೇ ಶೈ ಶೊ ಶೋ ಶೌ ಶಂ ಶಃ ಶ್
ಷ ಷಾ ಷಿ ಷೀ ಷು ಷೂ ಷೃ ಷೄ ಷೆ ಷೇ ಷೈ ಷೊ ಷೋ ಷೌ ಷಂ ಷಃ ಷ್
ಸ ಸಾ ಸಿ ಸೀ ಸು ಸೂ ಸೃ ಸೄ ಸೆ ಸೇ ಸೈ ಸೊ ಸೋ ಸೌ ಸಂ ಸಃ ಸ್
ಹ ಹಾ ಹಿ ಹೀ ಹು ಹೂ ಹೃ ಹೄ ಹೆ ಹೇ ಹೈ ಹೊ ಹೋ ಹೌ ಹಂ ಹಃ ಹ್
ಳ ಳಾ ಳಿ ಳೀ ಳು ಳೂ ಳೃ ಳೄ ಳೆ ಳೇ ಳೈ ಳೊ ಳೋ ಳೌ ಳಂ ಳಃ ಳ್
ೞ ೞಾ ೞಿ ೞೀ ೞು ೞೂ ೞೃ ೞೄ ೞೆ ೞೇ ೞೈ ೞೊ ೞೋ ೞೌ ೞಂ ೞಃ ೞ್

The formations shown boldface above are seldom used in the normal course of the language.

Numerals

File:Mysore Clocktower - clock face.jpg
Clock in Mysore with Kannada numerals

The decimal numerals in the script are:

Kannada numerals English numerals
numeral name numeral name
Template:Lang sonne (ಸೊನ್ನೆ) 0 zero
Template:Lang ondu (ಒಂದು) 1 one
Template:Lang eraḍu (ಎರಡು) 2 two
Template:Lang mūru (ಮೂರು) 3 three
Template:Lang nālku (ನಾಲ್ಕು) 4 four
Template:Lang aidu (ಐದು) 5 five
Template:Lang āru (ಆರು) 6 six
Template:Lang ēḷu (ಏಳು) 7 seven
Template:Lang enṭu (ಎಂಟು) 8 eight
Template:Lang oṃbattu (ಒಂಬತ್ತು) 9 nine
Template:Lang hattu (ಹತ್ತು) 10 ten

Transliteration

Several transliteration schemes/tools are used to type Kannada characters using a standard keyboard. These include Baraha[11] (based on ITRANS), Pada Software[12] and several internet tools like Google transliteration, Quillpad[13] (predictive transliterator). Nudi, the Government of Karnataka's standard for Kannada Input, is a phonetic layout loosely based on transliteration.

Due to its resemblance to an eye and an eyebrow, the Kannada letter Template:Lang ṭha is used in the "look of disapproval" (displayed as "ಠ_ಠ"), a popular emoticon used to convey disapproval or contempt.[14] Similarly, the akshara Template:Lang rr̥a has been used in emoticons to represent a monocle, while Template:Lang tha has been used to represent a tearing eye.

Unicode

Template:Main

Kannada script was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Kannada is U+0C80–U+0CFF:

Template:Unicode chart Kannada

See also

Template:Div col

Template:Div col end

References

  1. ↑ Handbook of scripts and alphabets{{#if:Campbell|, Campbell}. Routledge, New York(1997-11-06). ISBN 978-0-415-13715-7
  2. ↑ The Indo-Aryan Languages{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Routledge(2007). ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5
  3. ↑ Romanization, Sinhala (Sinhalese) Script. KAMALAKAR. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  4. ↑ Ancient scripts, hala. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  5. ↑ Telugu & Sinhalese script similarities. Retrieved 2009-05-07.
  6. ↑ A Grammar of the Kannada Language. F. Kittel (1993), p. 5
  7. ↑ Alphabet a key to the history of mankind{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1948)
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named epigraphy
  9. ↑ Rice, Edward. P (1921), "A History of Kannada Literature", Oxford University Press, 1921: 14–15
  10. ↑ The Unicode Standard, Version 15.0{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Unicode, Inc(September 2022)
  11. ↑ Baraha – Free Indian Language Software. baraha.com.
  12. ↑ Pada Software – For Indic Scripts. pada.pro.
  13. ↑ QuillPad – Typing in Kannada has never been easier. Quillpad.in. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
  14. ↑ Browser Extension of the Week: Look of Disapproval. Pcgamer. Retrieved 2013-04-24.

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