The Karmanasa River (Template:Lang-hi) is a tributary of the Ganges. It originates in Kaimur district of Bihar and flows through the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Along the boundary between Uttar Pradesh and Bihar it has the districts of Sonbhadra, Chandauli, Varanasi and Ghazipur on its left (UP side); and the districts of Kaimur and Buxar on its right (Bihar side).[1][2][3][4]
Disambiguation
Karmanasa is also the name of a river in the Garhwal Himalayas.[5]
Etymology
The name of the river means "destroyer of religious merit". There are several legends about it.[6]
According to one legend, the sage Vishvamitra through tapasya (penance, meditation and correct practices) acquired the power to create a whole new universe. When he set out to create a new universe it aroused consternation in Indra. However, he continued and after creating a copy of our universe, he started creating people, the first being Trishanku whom he decided to send up to rule his new universe. Indra stopped his progress. That is how Trishanku ended up suspended head down in mid-air. The Karmanasa was born out of the saliva dripping from his mouth.[7]
Course
The Karmanasa originates at a height of Template:Convert on the northern face of Kaimur Range near Sarodag in Kaimur district of Bihar.[1][8] It flows in a north-westerly direction through the plains of Mirzapur, then forms the boundary between Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, and finally joins the Ganges near Village Bara (East Side) Ghazipur Uttar Pradesh and Chausa (Bihar). The length of the river is Template:Convert, out of which Template:Convert lies in Uttar Pradesh and the rest Template:Convert forms the boundary between Uttar Pradesh (Bara-Ghazipur and Bihar (Chausa). Total drainage area of the Karmnasa along with its tributaries is Template:Convert.[8]
Tributaries
Its tributaries are the Durgavati, the Chandraprabha, the Karunuti, the Nadi, the Goriya and the Khajuri.[8]
Waterfalls
The Karmanasa reaches the plains by a succession of leaps, including two falls known as the Devdari and the Chhanpathar, which, from their height and beauty, are deserving of special notice.[9] Chhanpathar Falls is Template:Convert high.[10] Devdari Falls, at an edge of the Rohtas Plateau, along the course of the Karmanasa is Template:Convert high.[11] However, Chandauli district administration mentions Devdari Fall as being on the Chandraprabha River.[12]
Dams and bridges
There are two dams across the Karmanasa – the Latif Shah bund and the Nuagarh dam. There also is a dam across the Chandraprabha.[13]
The Grand Trunk Road passes over a bridge on the Karmanasa.[14]
Archaeology
UP State Archaeology department after excavations has unearthed iron artifacts dated between 1200 – 1300 BC at Raja Nal Ka Tila site in Karmanasa river valley of north Sonebhadra. It throws new light on the history of iron-making in India.[15]
History
The Karmanasa was the eastern boundary of Awadh. It also possibly was the western boundary of the Sena dynasty.[16][17]
At the Battle of Chausa, situated on the banks of the Karmanasa, on 26 June 1539, Sher Shah defeated the Mughal emperor Humayun and assumed the royal title of Farīd al-Dīn Shēr Shah.[18][19]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 RASHTRIYA SAM VIKASH YOJANA - Revised District Plan. District administration. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ↑ Chandauli. Chandauli district administration. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ↑ Recent advances in Indo-Pacific prehistory: proceedings of the international .. By Virendra N. Misra, Peter Bellwood{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1985). ISBN 9004075127
- ↑ Ghazipur. Ghazipur district administration. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ↑ Environmental studies for Vishnugad Pipalkoti Hydro Electric Project. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ↑ Template:Cite EB1911
- ↑ One - Myself. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Hydrology and Water Resources of India By Sharad K. Jain, Pushpendra K. Agarwal, Vijay P. Singh{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(16 May 2007). ISBN 9781402051807
- ↑ The Imperial Gazetter of India (Volume 9), page 54 of 64, Hunter, William Wilson. Electronic Library. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ↑ The Indian Encyclopaedia{{#if:Kapoor|, Kapoor}(2002). ISBN 9788177552706
- ↑ .Physical Geography: Hydrosphere{{#if:K.Bharatdwaj|, K.Bharatdwaj}(2006). ISBN 9788183561679
- ↑ Tourism. Chandauli district administration. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ↑ Naugarh falls short of water for irrigation. The Times of India(2010-02-03). Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ↑ Sir John Houlton, Bihar, the Heart of India, p. 180, Orient Longmans, 1949
- ↑ Technology of the Gods: The Incredible Sciences of the Ancients By David Hatcher Childress{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2000). ISBN 9780932813732
- ↑ History of Delhi sultanate{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2004). ISBN 9788126118304
- ↑ Pratiyogita Darpan June 2008{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(June 2008)
- ↑ Battle of Chausa. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ↑ Encyclopaedia Of Bangladesh (Set Of 30 Vols.) By Nagendra Kr. Singh{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2003). ISBN 9788126113903
External links
Template:Rivers in Bihar Template:Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh