Template:Pp-move Template:Pp-extended Template:Use Pakistani English
Khokhar (Template:Langx) is a large Punjabi tribe originating from northern Punjab. They are primarily native to Punjab, Pakistan; but are also found in the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana.[1]
Khokhars predominantly follow Islam, having converted to Islam from Hinduism from the 13th century CE onwards.[1][2]
History
Medieval history
The original homeland of Khokhars appears to be in Upper Punjab, specifically the areas in and around Salt Range (known in historical sources as Koh-i-Jud), Rawalpindi, Gujrat and Sialkot.[3] For a time they were under influence of Jammu kingdom but in the mid-11th century CE, Khokhars asserted their independence with the help of last Ghaznavid ruler, Khusrau Malik.[3][4]Template:Reference page
In 1204–1205, the Khokhars revolted under their leaders Raisal and Bhikan against Muhammad of Ghor, raided Multan and Lahore and blocked the strategic roads between Punjab and Ghazni in such a way that not a single soul could pass along them.[5] As Qutubuddin Aibak was not able to suppress the rebellion,[6] Muhammad of Ghor himself undertook the campaign against the tribe. He defeated them in his final battle fought on the bank of Jhelum and subsequently ordered a general massacre, as well as took many of them as prisoners who later converted to Islam.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn While returning to Ghazni, he was assassinated at Dhamiak located in the Salt Range in March 1206 by the Isma'ilis whom he had persecuted during his reign.[7][8] Some later accounts attributed the assassination of Muhammad of Ghor to the Hindu Khokhars, however these later accounts are not corroborated by early Persian chroniclers who confirmed that his assassins were from the rival Ismāʿīlīyah sect of Shia Muslims.Template:Sfn Dr. Habibullah, based on ibn-i-Asir's statement, is of the opinion that the deed was of a joint Bātini and Khokhar affair.[9] According to Agha Mahdi Husain, the Khokhars too might be called Malahida in view of their recent conversion to Islam.[10][11]
In spite of the crushing defeat, Khokhars managed to regain their independence.[12] By the time Mongols under Genghis Khan first invaded Punjab in 1221 while chasing the retreating armies of Khwarezmian prince Jalal al-Din Mangburni, the rivalry between Khokhar chief Rai Sangin and Qubacha was described as long-standing.[12] Genghis Khan annihilated the Khwarezmians at the Battle of the Indus besides modern Attock. Mongols plundered Punjab plains but returned due to the hot climate of Punjab.[12] Mangburni forged an alliance with the Khokhar tribe and further married the daughter of Rai Sangin, who provided him auxiliaries to capture territories from Qubacha.[12][4]Template:Reference page
In 1240, Razia, daughter of Shams-ud-din Iltutmish, and her husband, Altunia, attempted to recapture the throne from her brother, Muizuddin Bahram Shah. She reportedly led an army composed mostly of mercenaries from the Khokhars of Punjab.Template:Sfnp From 1246 to 1247, Balban mounted an expedition as far as the Salt Range to defeat the Khokhars whom he saw as a threat, and captured a large number of horses bred by Khokhars.Template:Sfnp[4]Template:Reference page
In 1251, a Mongol commander named Hulechu occupied Lahore, and forged an alliance with Khokhar chief Gul Khokhar.Template:Sfnp Lahore was attacked multiple times by the Mongols and their Khokhar allies.Template:Sfnp
Islam further spread among the Khokhars due to the influence of shrine of Baba Farid. The medieval Jawahar-i-Faridi records that out of the twenty-three of marriages between custodians of shrine and other tribes, fourteen were with Khokhars, whose names were prefixed with Malik.[4]
Ghazi Malik founded the Tughlaq dynasty in Delhi by a rebellion with the support of the Khokhar tribes who were present as advance-guards of the army under their chief Gul Chand, who was also the first to bestow on him symbols of royalty.[13][4]Template:Reference page The Khokhars enjoyed the royal favours for a while.[14] They grew powerful during the period of Firuz Shah, who led an expedition against the Khokhar chief in Sambhal.[15][16] Ayn al-Mulk Mahru, the governor of Multan, noted that an uprising of the Khokhars had made the road unsafe.[17] The Khokhars conquered Lahore in 1342 during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq and again in 1394 led by the chief Shaikha Khokhar, the former governor of Lahore during the reign of Sultan Mahmud Tughlaq.[18] The governor of Nagaur in Rajasthan, appointed by the Tughlaq dynasty was one Jalal Khan Khokhar,[19] who married the sister-in-law of Rao Chunda Rathore, the ruler of the emergent Marwar kingdom.[20]
There are disputed traditions regarding the origin of Khizr Khan, the viceroy of Timur in Delhi and founder of the Sayyid dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. According to some scholars, Khizr Khan was a Khokhar chieftain,[21] who travelled to Samarkand and profited from the contacts he made with the Timurid society.[22]
Jasrat Khokhar (sometimes Jasrath or Dashrath)Template:Sfnp was the son of Shaikha Khokhar. He became leader of the Khokhars after the death of Shaikha Khokhar. He supported Zayn al-Abidin in the civil war for the throne of the Kashmir Sultanate against Ali Shah and defeated and kill the later. Later, he invaded the Delhi Sultanate several times between 1423 and 1432 after the death of Khizr Khan and succeeded in conquering Talwandi and Jalandhar, although he was hampered by seasonal rains in his attempt to take over Sirhind.Template:Sfnp
Modern history
Notable people
- Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan,[23] one of the Pakistan Movement activists
- Shaikha Khokhar, Khokhar chieftain who fought against Tamerlane
- Jasrat Khokhar, ruler of Sialkot
- Mustafa Nawaz Khokhar, politician
- Mohammad Nawaz Khokhar, politician
See also
References
Citations
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 People of India: Jammu & Kashmir{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Anthropological Survey of India(2003). ISBN 978-81-7304-118-1
- ↑ Socio-cultural Impact of Islam on India{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Panjab University(1976)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 A Short History of Jammu Raj: From Earliest Times to 1846 A.D.{{#if:Charak|, Charak}. Ajaya Prakashan(1985)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 The Making of Medieval Panjab: Politics, Society and Culture c. 1000–c. 1500{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Taylor & Francis(2019). ISBN 978-1-00-076068-2
- ↑ Proceedings - Punjab History Conference{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University(1998). ISBN 9788173804601
- ↑ History of Medieval India{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. S. Chand(2007). ISBN 9788121903646
- ↑ History of Medieval India:800–1700{{#if:Chandra|, Chandra}. Orient Longman(2007). ISBN 978-81-250-3226-7
- ↑ The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217). Cambridge University Press(1968).
- ↑ Patna University Journal, Volume 18. Patna University Journal({Template:Date).
- ↑ Futūhuʼs Salāt̤īn:Volume 1{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1967)
- ↑ Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims:Tribes, Castes and Communities · Volume 2{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Global Vision(2001). ISBN 9788187746058
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Jalāl al-Dīn, the Mongols, and the Khwarazmian Conquest of the Panjāb and Sind. Iran({Template:Date).
- ↑ Proceedings - Punjab History Conference{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University(1980). ISBN 9788173804601
- ↑ People and Politics in Early Mediaeval India (1206-1398 A.D.){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Indian Book Distributing Company(1963)
- ↑ Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Sahitya Akademi(1997). ISBN 9788126003655
- ↑ Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(7 March 2013). ISBN 9781107034280
- ↑ Economic History of Medieval India, 1200-1500{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Pearson Education India(2011). ISBN 9788131727911
- ↑ The Frontier Policy of the Delhi Sultans{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited(1992)
- ↑ The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan: Select Translations Bearing on the History of a Rajput Family, 1462–1660, Volumes 1–2{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. University of Michigan Press(19 January 2021). ISBN 978-0-472-03821-3
- ↑ Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert{{#if:Kothiyal|, Kothiyal}. Cambridge University Press(14 March 2016). ISBN 978-1-107-08031-7
- ↑ India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. University of California Press(2019). ISBN 978-0520325128
- ↑ After Timur left : culture and circulation in fifteenth-century North India{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Oxford Univ. Press(2015). ISBN 978-0-19-945066-4
- ↑ Jinnah and Punjab: Shamsul Hasan collection and other documents, 1944-1947{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Kanishka Publishers Distributors(2007). ISBN 9788173919169
Bibliography
- The Wonder that was India. Sidgwick & Jackson.
- From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526). Har-Anand Publications.
- Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib{{#if:Habib|, Habib}. People's Publishing House(1981)
- The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press.
- [{{{url}}} Early medieval India]. Central Book Depot.
- [{{{url}}} History of the Punjab].
- [{{{url}}} History of Delhi Sultanate]. Anmol Publications.
- [{{{url}}} The Garrison State: The Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 1849-1947]. Sage Publications India.
- Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries{{#if:Wink|, Wink}. BRILL(1991). ISBN 9004102361