Template:Infobox rockunitTemplate:Split
The Kota Formation is a geological formation in India. The age of the Kota Formation is uncertain; it is commonly considered to date to the Early Jurassic, but some studies have suggested it may extend into the Middle Jurassic or even later. It conformably overlies the Lower Jurassic Upper Dharmaram Formation and is unconformably overlain by the Lower Cretaceous Gangapur Formation. It is split into a Lower Member and Upper Member. The Lower Member is approximately 100 m thick while the Upper Member is 490 m thick. Both subunits primarily consist of mudstone and sandstone, but near the base of the upper unit there is a 20-30 metre thick succession of limestone deposited in a freshwater setting.[1]
Stratigraphy
The lower boundary of the Kota Formation is made of pebbly sandstone, covering the topmost clay seen in the Dharmaram Formation.[2] The Kota Formation has been traditionally divided into 2 main members, the Lower and Upper members, yet more recent work have redivided it into 3.[3] The Lower member can be seen at locations such as Adamilli, Kamavarapukota and Sudikonda, being made of sandstones, with clay clasts, with greater or lower stratification.[4] The Middle Member is well developed along the Continental Gondwana basin, specially towards the northwestern part, and is made of medium to fine white sandstone with clay and concretionary limestone, suggesting the development of paleosols associated with alluvial floodplains.[3] The last member is mostly made of broad sandstone sheets with large clay casts associated with fluvial channels, and has an extension that can be easuly seen on several continuous kilometers.[4][5] The Uppermost section of the unit is mostly made of limestones and is overlain on an angular unconformity by the Gangapur Formation.[3]
Age
The age of the Kota Formation is controversial. There are no magmatic rocks or volcanic ash beds associated with the Kota Formation, which means that its age cannot be determined directly through radiometric dating.[6][7] The maximum age of the Kota Formation is constrained by the underlying Upper Dharmaram Formation, which is Early Jurassic, probably Hettangian or Sinemurian, in age.[8][7] Various researchers have attempted to date the Kota Formation using biostratigraphy. Krishnan (1968), Jain (1973), and Yadagiri and Prasad (1977) favored an Early Jurassic age based on the fish fauna. Govindan (1975) suggested a Middle Jurassic age based on ostracods. In 2006, Bandyopadhyay and Sengupta argued that the fish fauna suggested a Toarcian age for the Upper Kota Formation, possibly extending into the Aalenian, and in turn estimated the Lower Kota to be Sinemurian to Pliensbachian in age.[9] Guntupalli V. R. Prasad, along with various coauthors, has argued for a younger age. In 2001, Vijaya and Prasad proposed based on palynological evidence that the Kota Formation was deposited between the Callovian age of the Middle Jurassic and the Barremian age of the Early Cretaceous.[10] In 2002, Prasad and Manhas argued that the mammal genus Dyskritodon, known only from the Kota Formation and the Early Cretaceous of Morocco, provides evidence for a young age for the Kota Formation.[11] In 2020, Prasad and Parmar argued that the similarity of the dinosaur fauna of the Kota Formation to that of the Middle Jurassic of the United Kingdom supported a Middle Jurassic age for the Kota Formation.[12]
Paleoenvironment
The Kota Formation represents mostly a Continental succession related to a continental rift basin, the Pranhita-Godavari Gondwana Basin of peninsular India.[13] The associated facies of sandstone and limestones are likely related to playa-type lake, with nearby fluvial currents, part of low gradient hanging wall alluvial fans, being deposited on it´s margin. There have been records of freshwater lue green algal stromatolites and oncolites, suggested to be deposited on low energy and low bathymetry lacustrine settings.[14] More recent works have proven the basin hosted in the Early Jurassic a freshwater carbonate wetland marked by the presence of limestones.[1] The environmental model proposed include a depositional cycle marked by several facies types, A for the sublittoral zones of shallow water bodies, followed by palustrine environments, including surfaces with abundance of influence of both plants and animals, specially rhizobrecciation indicating active colonization of the margins by plants, having a similar deposition to the modern Las Tablas de Daimiel wetlands.[1] Associated with the lacustrine facies have recovered microbial bioherms and lacustrine spring mounds, shallow ephemeral ponds with carbonated mud and Phyllopods, pedogenic calcrete under arid seasons and short-lived distributary channels.[13] The depositional setting may have been partially sheltered from the input of siliciclastic materials, except on flooding seasons. Microbial biomats likely developed on shallow waters, while rhizoliths increased it´s presence of abandoned channel fills and pedogenic facies indicate drought seasons.[13]
The carbonate layers with iron-rich grains and mudstones suggest a transition zone between a lake margin and wetland in a rift valley, in a marsh that experienced periodic influxes of iron-rich and barium-rich waters through faults.[15] These waters briefly increased acidity but were neutralized by mixing with alkaline surface water, allowing carbonate formation. Iron-oxidizing microbes likely helped deposit iron oxides, cementing the sediment. During high water flow, these deposits were eroded and transported to deeper waters, forming iron-rich coatings. Thin sandy layers suggest that freshwater influxes occurred, forming carbonate bodies near water discharge points. As the water returned to being more alkaline, carbonates could form again, supporting freshwater Bivalvia, similar to modern geothermal areas of New Zealand.[15]
Fossil content
Template:Paleobiota-key-compact
Ostracoda
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
C. sp. |
|
|
Six carapaces |
A freshwater ostracodan of the Family Pontocyprididae. |
||
|
C. sp. |
|
|
Fourteen incomplete carapaces |
A freshwater ostracodan of the Family Palaeocytheridae. |
||
|
D. cf.sarytirmenensis |
|
|
More than 200 carapaces and valves |
A freshwater ostracodan of the Family Darwinulidae. The most dominant genus locally and the main indicator of both fluvial and lacustrine settings |
||
|
D. kingi |
|
|
Around 120 carapaces and valves |
A freshwater ostracodan of the Family Darwinulidae. |
||
|
D. spp. |
|
|
Nineteen Carapaces |
A freshwater ostracodan of the Family Darwinulidae. |
||
|
E. sp. |
|
|
Eight incomplete carapaces |
A freshwater ostracodan of the Family Candoninae. |
||
|
L. spp. |
|
|
Three complete carapaces |
A freshwater ostracodan of the family Limnocytheridae. |
||
|
?S. sp. |
|
|
Single incomplete carapace |
A freshwater ostracodan of the family Cyprididae. |
||
|
T. digitalis |
|
|
Twenty complete carapaces and thirty-six partly broken carapaces. |
A freshwater ostracodan of the family Limnocytheridae. |
Phyllopoda
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
E. alibadadensis |
|
|
Valves |
A freshwater clam shrimp of the family Estheriininae. The most abundant Estheriid in the region and the key element of the Estheriina biozone |
||
|
E. indijurassica |
|
|
Valves |
A freshwater clam shrimp of the family Estheriininae. |
||
|
E. bullata |
|
|
Valves |
A freshwater clam shrimp of the family Estheriininae. |
||
|
E. pranhitaensis |
|
|
Valves |
A freshwater clam shrimp of the family Estheriininae. |
||
|
L. kotaensis |
|
|
Valves |
A freshwater clam shrimp of the family Lioestheriidae. The second key element of the Estheriina biozone |
| |
|
L. crustabundis[18] |
|
|
Valves |
A freshwater clam shrimp of the family Lioestheriidae. | ||
|
L. ssp.[18] |
|
|
Valves |
A freshwater clam shrimp of the family Lioestheriidae. | ||
|
P. spp. |
|
|
Valves |
A freshwater clam shrimp of the family Estheriininae. |
||
|
P. andhrapradeshia |
|
|
Valves |
A freshwater clam shrimp of the family Lioestheriidae. |
Insecta
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
A. shiva |
Tasch outcrop K-2 bed 8 |
|
Right forewing tegmen |
|||
| Blattodea[21][18] | Indeterminate | Tasch outcrop K-l, K-2, K-4 and K-5 |
|
Isolated wings | Indeterminate Blattodean remains | |
| Coleoptera[21][18] | Indeterminate | Tasch outcrop K-l, K-2 and K-5 |
|
Isolated wings | Indeterminate Beetle remains | |
|
C. sp. |
Kota limestone ridge |
|
Isolated wings |
An Indeterminate Coleopteran. | ||
| Ephemeroptera[21][18] | Indeterminate | Tasch outcrop K-l, K-2 and K-5 |
|
Isolated wings | Indeterminate Mayfly remains | |
| Hemiptera[21][18] | Indeterminate | Tasch outcrop K-l & K-2 |
|
Isolated wings | Indeterminate Hemipteran remains | |
| Heteroptera[21][18] | Indeterminate | Tasch outcrop K-l & K-2 |
|
Isolated wings | Indeterminate Heteropteran remains | |
| Neuroptera[21][18] | Indeterminate | Tasch outcrop K-l, K-2 and K-5 |
|
Isolated wings | Indeterminate Neuropteran remains | |
|
K. frankmortoni |
Sirpur Taluka, Tasch's K1 outcrop bed 2(A) |
|
MCZ 11909, Isolated wing |
|||
|
P. lakshmi |
Kota Formation outcrop K-2 |
|
MCZ 3046, Isolated wing |
|||
|
T. bharataja |
Sirpur Taluka, Tasch's K1 outcrop bed 3(A) |
|
No.2013(3013), part and counterpart of well preserved wing |
|||
|
T. tulyabhijana |
Sirpur Taluka, Tasch's K1 outcrop bed 2(A) |
|
No. 5034, well preserved wing |
|||
|
X. alexandri |
Kota Formation outcrop K-2 |
|
MCZ 11831, well preserved wing |
Fish
| Taxon | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
I. robustus |
|
|
|
A robust freshwater coelacanth of the family Latimeriidae. Represents the largest member of the local freshwater fauna, measuring up to 70 cm.[26] |
||
| Ionoscopus[27] | I. spp. |
|
|
Teeth | A freshwater neopterygian of the group Amiiformes. | |
|
L. deccanensis |
|
|
|
A freshwater neopterygian of the family Lepisosteiformes. |
| |
|
L. spp. |
|
|
Isolated remains |
A freshwater neopterygian of the family Lepisosteiformes. | ||
|
L. indicus |
|
|
|
A freshwater elasmobranch of the family Lonchidiidae. |
||
|
P. egertoni |
|
|
|
A freshwater neopterygian of the family Dapediidae. |
||
|
P. kingi |
|
|
|
A freshwater neopterygian of the family Pholidophoridae. |
||
|
P. indicus |
|
|
|
A freshwater neopterygian of the family Pholidophoridae. |
||
|
P.? sp. |
|
|
|
A freshwater elasmobranch of the family Polyacrodontidae. |
||
|
Indeterminate |
|
|
|
A freshwater neopterygian of the family Pycnodontidae, originally classified as Perciformes, yet suggested to be very similar to the Cretaceous pycnodont Stephanodus. |
||
|
Indeterminate |
|
|
|
A freshwater neopterygian of the family Semionotiformes. |
||
|
T. oldhami |
|
|
|
A freshwater neopterygian of the family Dapediidae. |
|
Amphibia
| Taxon | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Indeterminate |
|
Upper Member |
|
Indeterminate frog remains, originally referred to Pelobatidae due to be compared with younger Creteaceous Indian frog material |
||
|
Indeterminate |
|
Upper Member |
|
Indeterminate caudatan remains, originally referred to Sirenidae due to be compared with younger Creteaceous sirenid material |
Mammaliaforms
| Taxon | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Indeterminate |
Paikasigudem village |
Upper Member |
Isolated lower molar |
A mammal of the group Australosphenida, resembling the south american genus Asfaltomylos |
||
|
D.? indicus |
Paikasigudem village |
Upper Member |
VPL/JU/KM/13, lower left molar |
A dubious mammal of the group Eutriconodonta. This Genus is known from the Early Cretaceous of Morocco, what has been used to suggest a minimum Berrasian age for the Upper Kota Formation |
||
|
G. dattai |
Paikasigudem village |
Upper Member |
VPL/JU/KM 12 right lower molar |
A mammal of the family Docodontidae |
||
|
I. pranhitai |
5 km west of Yamanapalli |
Lower Member |
GSI20795, right upper molar |
A mammaliform of the family Morganucodontidae. Includes the informally named "Indozostrodon simpsoni".[36] |
||
|
I. zofiae |
Paikasigudem village |
Upper Member |
VPL/JU/KM/20, a left upper premolar |
A mammal described as an eobaatarid multituberculate, but this interpretation has been challenged.[38] |
||
|
K. haldanei |
5 km west of Yamanapalli |
Lower Member |
GSI19634, right upper molar |
A mammaliform of the family Kuehneotheriidae |
||
|
N. paikasiensis |
Paikasigudem village |
Upper Member |
GSI.SR/PAL/12, right upper molar |
A mammal of the family Amphidontidae |
||
|
P. yadagirii |
Paikasigudem village |
Upper Member |
VPL/JU/KM/10, right upper molar |
A mammaliaform of the family Morganucodontidae, originally known as "Kotatherium yadagirii" |
||
|
T. kotaensis |
Paikasigudem village |
Upper Member |
GSISR/PAL/10, left lower molar |
A mammal of the order Symmetrodonta |
Lepidosauromorpha
| Taxon | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
B. rebbanensis |
Paikasigudem village |
Upper Member |
|
A lepidosauromorph originally described as an Iguanian lizard. May actually be a sphenodontian rather than a lizard.[43] |
||
|
G. lateefi |
|
Upper Member |
|
A small sphenodontian, with a skull estimated to measure less than 20 mm |
||
|
P. indicus |
Paikasigudem village |
Upper Member |
|
An indeterminate and dubious lepidosauromorph, originally suggested to be a varanoid lizard |
||
|
R. jaini |
Paikasigudem village |
Upper Member |
|
A small sphenodont |
||
|
Indeterminate |
Paikasigudem village |
Upper Member |
|
Distinct from Bharatagama rebbanensis; may include material formerly assigned to the dubious Kota squamate Paikasisaurus indicus.Template:Efn |
||
|
Indeterminate |
Paikasigudem village |
Upper Member |
|
Indeterminate Sphenodontidae remains |
Testudinata
| Taxon | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
I. spatulata |
|
Upper Member |
|
Mesochelydian stem-turtle, suggested to be related with Condorchelys |
||
|
Indeterminate |
1 km south of Bodepalli |
Lower Member |
Carapace fragments |
Indeterminate turtle remains |
Crocodylomorpha
Atoposaurid crocodiles are known from the unit, yet is not clear from what locality.[7]
| Taxon | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Indeterminate |
1 km south of Bodepalli |
Lower Member |
Maxillae, dentaries, teeth |
Indeterminate crocodylomorph remains, previously mixed with thyreophoran material and part of the chimaeric "Andhrasaurus" |
||
|
Indeterminate |
Kota limestone ridge |
Lower Member |
Dermal scutes, with a femur and some fragments of other bones |
Indeterminate material referred to crocodylomorphs similar to Teleosaurus |
Pterosauria
| Taxon | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
C. indicus |
Kota limestone ridge |
Lower Member |
|
The holotype of Campylognathoides indicus, a pair of premaxillae, may represent a fish rather than a pterosaur.[51] |
||
|
Indeterminate |
|
Lower Member |
|
Indeterminate pterosaur remains |
Dinosaurs
Indeterminate ankylosaurian remains have been unearthed in the Kota Formation.[53][54]
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
"A. indicus" |
1 km south of Bodepalli |
Lower Member |
Sacral vertebra, vertebral centra, dorsal vertebrae, caudal vertebrae, parts of scapula and ilium, osteoderms |
A chimaera of thyreophoran postcranial material and Crocodylomorph skull pieces. The armor was later suggested to be Ankylosauria indet.[48] And other later works pointed out it likely belongs to an indeterminate basal thyreophoran.[56] |
||
|
B. tagorei |
|
Lower Member |
|
A sauropod dinosaur, either a Eusauropoda or more likely a Gravisauria. Represents the best-known Early Jurassic sauropod |
||
| Breviparopus?[58] | cf.B. taghbaloutensis | Saligaon Village | Lower Member | Footprints | Sauropod Tracks | |
| Carnosauria[59] | Indeterminate | Yamanapalli bonebed |
Lower Member |
Isolated Teeth | Found in the same bonebed as Kotasaurus, referred to as 'carnosaur predators' | |
|
D. indicus |
Yamanpalli bonebed |
Lower Member |
|
A chimaera of large theropod bones, including Pubis, ischium, and tooth, probably belonging to a carnosaur, and sauropod bones (two Kotasaurus vertebrae) |
||
|
Indeterminate |
Paikasigudem village |
Upper Member |
Isolated Teeth |
Five distinct morphotypes have been identified, mostly resemble coelurosaurs or dromaeosauroids.[12] |
||
| Eubrontes[58] | E. giganteus | Saligaon Village | Lower Member | Footprints | Theropod Tracks of the ichnofamily Eubrontidae. | |
| "Hypsilophodontid"[61] |
Indeterminate |
Gorlapalli Village |
Upper Member |
Isolated Tooth |
Identified originally as a member of Hypsilophodontidae, probably represents a tooth of a basal neornithischian.[12] |
|
| Kayentapus[58] | K. hopii | Saligaon Village | Lower Member | Footprints | Theropod Tracks of the ichnofamily Grallatoridae | |
|
K. yamanpalliensis |
Yamanpalli bonebed |
Lower Member |
Disarticulated remains of at least 12 individuals[59] |
A basal sauropod |
| |
|
Indeterminate |
|
|
|
Indeterminate ornithischian material. Among the teeth, at least five distinct morphotypes have been identified. | ||
|
R.? spp. |
Paikasigudem village |
Upper Member |
Isolated Teeth |
Teeth similar to those of the problematic taxon Richardoestesia, of supposed coelurosaur affinities |
||
| Sauropoda[59] | Indeterminate | Yamanpalli bonebed |
Lower Member |
Isolated Teeth | Found in the same bonebed as Kotasaurus, resembles Amygdalodon. | |
|
Indeterminate |
Paikasigudem village |
Upper Member |
Scute and associated fragmentary limb bones. |
Indeterminate scelidosaurid material. |
_(East_Berlin_Formation,_Lower_Jurassic;_Rocky_Hill,_Connecticut,_USA).jpg){kind=link}
Megaflora
| Genus | Species | Location | Stratigraphic position | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
A. kotaense |
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
A. chandrapurensis[66] |
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
A. santacruzense[67] |
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. |
|||
|
A. santalense[65] |
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
A. spp.[65] |
|
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
A. minutus |
|
|
Branched shoots |
Affinities with Araucariaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
A. sp. |
|
|
Branched shoots |
Affinities with Araucariaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
B. expansum |
|
|
Branched shoots |
Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
E. conferta |
Near Kota village |
|
Branched shoots |
Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
E. tenerrimus[66] |
Near Kota village |
|
Branched shoots |
Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
E. jabalpurensis[66] |
Near Kota village |
|
Branched shoots |
Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
E. plana[66] |
Near Kota village |
|
Branched shoots |
Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
E. sp.[66] |
Near Kota village |
|
Branched shoots |
Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
C. denticulata |
|
|
Isolated fronds |
Affinities with Osmundaceae in the Osmundales. |
| |
|
|
Isolated fronds |
Affinities with Osmundaceae in the Osmundales | |||
|
|
Isolated fronds |
Affinities with Osmundaceae in the Osmundales | |||
|
|
Isolated fronds |
Affinities with Osmundaceae in the Osmundales | |||
|
C. kotaense |
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
C. hymenophylloides |
|
|
Isolated fronds |
Affinities with Polypodiales in the Polypodiidae. Common cosmopolitan Mesozoic fern genus. Recent research has reinterpreted it a stem group of the Polypodiales (closely related to the extant genera Dennstaedtia, Lindsaea, and Odontosoria) |
| |
|
C. sp.[68] |
|
|
Isolated fronds |
Affinities with Polypodiales in the Polypodiidae. | ||
|
C. kotaense |
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
D. falcatus |
|
|
Leaflets |
Affinities with Williamsoniaceae in the Bennettitales. |
||
|
D. kotaense[66] |
|
|
Leaflets |
Affinities with Williamsoniaceae in the Bennettitales. |
||
|
E.rajmahalensis |
|
|
Isolated Stems |
Affinities with Equisetaceae inside Equisetales. |
| |
|
G. lobata |
|
|
Leafs |
Affinities with Ginkgoaceae inside Ginkgoopsida. |
| |
|
G. dixii |
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Ginkgoaceae inside Ginkgoopsida. |
||
|
H. cf. buchii |
Near Kota village |
|
Isolated pinnae |
Affinities with Dipteridaceae in the Polypodiales. |
| |
|
O. vemavarmensis |
|
|
Leaflets |
Affinities with Williamsoniaceae in the Bennettitales. |
| |
|
P. peregrinum |
Near Kota village |
|
Branched shoots |
Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
P. cf.peregrinum |
Near Kota village |
|
Branched shoots |
Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
P. spp. |
Near Kota village |
|
Branched shoots |
Affinities with Araucariaceae or Cheirolepidiaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
P. indica |
Near Kota village |
|
Isolated pinnae |
Affinities with Umkomasiaceae in the Pteridospermatophyta. |
||
|
P. mahabalei |
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Protopinaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
P. chandrapurensis |
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
P. chiturensis[66] |
Chitur village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
P. krauselii[68] |
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
P. rajmahalense[68] |
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
P. sewardii[66] |
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
P. sp.[68] |
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Podocarpaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
P. sp. |
|
|
Leaflets |
Broad conifer leaves |
||
|
P. cf. fragilis |
|
|
Leaflets |
Affinities with Cycadales in the Cycadopsida. |
||
|
P. fissum |
|
|
Leaflets |
Affinities with Williamsoniaceae in the Bennettitales. |
||
|
P. acutifolium |
|
|
Leaflets |
Affinities with Williamsoniaceae in the Bennettitales. |
||
|
P. cutchense[66] |
|
|
Leaflets |
Affinities with Williamsoniaceae in the Bennettitales. |
||
|
P. cf.sahnii[66] |
|
|
Leaflets |
Affinities with Williamsoniaceae in the Bennettitales. |
||
|
P. cf.institacallum[66] |
|
|
Leaflets |
Affinities with Williamsoniaceae in the Bennettitales. |
||
|
P. sp. |
|
|
Leaflets |
Affinities with Williamsoniaceae in the Bennettitales. |
||
|
P. sahnii |
Chitur village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
P. liassicum[72] |
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
S. kotaensis |
Near Kota village |
|
Isolated Fronds |
Affinities with Dicksoniaceae in the Cyatheales. |
||
|
T. sahnii |
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
T. biradarii[66] |
Chitur village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
T. antiquum[66] |
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
T. sp. |
Near Kota village |
|
Fossil wood |
Affinities with Cupressaceae inside Pinales. |
||
|
T. constricte |
|
|
Branched shoots |
|
.jpg){kind=link}
See also
- Hanson Formation, Antarctica
- Mawson Formation, Antarctica
- Cañadón Asfalto Formation, Argentina
- Los Molles Formation, Argentina
- Evergreen Formation, Australia
- Cattamarra Coal Measures, Australia
- Blue Lias, England
- Charmouth Mudstone Formation, England
- Calcare di Sogno, Italy
- Marne di Monte Serrone, Italy
- Moltrasio Formation, Italy
- Rotzo Formation, Italy
- Saltrio Formation, Italy
- Kandreho Formation, Madagascar
- Budoš Limestone, Montenegro
- Aganane Formation, Morocco
- Azilal Formation, Morocco
- Tafraout Group, Morocco
- Borucice Formation, Poland
- Ciechocinek Formation, Poland
- Drzewica Formation, Poland
- Zagaje Formation, Poland
- Coimbra Formation, Portugal
- Podpeč Limestone, Slovenia
- Clarens Formation, South Africa
- Elliot Formation, South Africa
- El Pedregal Formation, Spain
Notes
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Sedimentology of the Early Jurassic limestone beds of the Kota Formation: record of carbonate wetlands in a continental rift basin of India. Journal of Paleolimnology({Template:Date).
- ↑ Gondwana sequence of the northern Pranhita-Godavari Valley: its stratigraphy and vertebrate faunas. Palaeobotanist({Template:Date).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Stratigraphy and structural framework of the Gondwana sediments in the Pranhita-Godavari Valley, Andhra Pradesh. Gondwana Nine({Template:Date).
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Evolution in basin fill style during the Mesozoic Gondwana continental break-up in the Godavari Triple junction, SE India. Gondwana Research({Template:Date).
- ↑ Gondwana sedimentation in the Pranhita–Godavari Valley: a review. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences({Template:Date).
- ↑ Palaeofloras from the Kota Formation, India: palaeodiversity and ecological implications. Volumina Jurassica({Template:Date).
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics{{#if:Chatterjee|, Chatterjee}. Springer International Publishing(2020). ISBN 978-3-030-49752-1
- ↑ Basal sauropodomorphs (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Lower Jurassic of India: their anatomy and relationships. Journal of Paleontology({Template:Year).
- ↑ Vertebrate faunal turnover during the Triassic-Jurassic transition: an Indian scenario. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin({Template:Date).
- ↑ Age of the Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India: a palynological approach. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India({Template:Date).
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Triconodont mammals from the Jurassic Kota Formation of India. Geodiversitas({Template:Date).
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Springer International Publishing(2020). ISBN 978-3-030-49752-1
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Freshwater Microbialites in Early Jurassic Fluvial Strata of the Pranhita-Godavari Gondwana Basin, India. Springer International Publishing(2021).
- ↑ Stromatolites from Jurassic freshwater limestone, India. Mesozoic Research({Template:Date).
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Origin of ferruginous coated grains in the Lower Jurassic palustrine limestones of the Pranhita Godavari Basin, India. The Depositional Record({Template:Date).
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Ostracods from Kota Formation. Proceedings of the Colloquium on Micropalaeontology and Stratigraphy. Geological Survey of India, Miscellaneous Publication({Template:Date).
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Jurassic fresh water ostracods from the Kota limestones of India. Palaeontology({Template:Date).
- ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 FOSSIL CONCHOSTRACA OF THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE AND CONTINENTAL DRIFT. Geological Society of America(1987-01-01).
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Estheriid zonation in the Gondwana. Paleobotanist({Template:Date).
- ↑ A new species of roach from the Jurassic of India (Blattaria: Mesoblattinidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society({Template:Date).
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 Fossil Insects from the Gondwana of India.. Indian Minerals({Template:Date).
- ↑ Die Fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der Rezenten Formen: Ein Handbuch für Paläontologen und Zoologen{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1906)
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 New hymenopteran insects (Insecta: Vespida) from the lower or middle Jurassic of India. Paleontological Journal({Template:Date).
- ↑ The first record of Protogryllinae from the Jurassic of India (Orthoptera: Protogryllidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society({Template:Date).
- ↑ The first brachycerous flies (Diptera: Rhagionidae) from the Lower Jurassic of Gondwana. Paleontological Journal({Template:Date).
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Indocoelacanthus robustus n. gen., n. sp. (Coelacanthidae, Lower Jurassic), the first fossil coelacanth from India. Journal of Paleontology({Template:Date).
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 Elasmobranch and actinopterygian remains from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of India. Mesozoic Fishes({Template:Date).
- ↑ On a Fossil Fish from the Table-land of the Deccan, in the Peninsula of India: With a Description of the Specimens. By Sir P. de MG Egerton. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London({Template:Date).
- ↑ The Piscean Fauna from the Kota Formation of the Pranhita-Godavari Valley, Andhra Pradesh. Geological Survey of India({Template:Date).
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 Lower Jurassic lower vertebrates from Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India({Template:Date).
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 New specimens of Lower Jurassic holostean fishes from India. Palaeontology({Template:Date).
- ↑ On the discovery of new Pholidophorus fishes from the Kota Formation, Adilabad district, Andhra Pradesh. Journal Geological Society of India({Template:Date).
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 A new docodont mammal from the Jurassic Kota Formation of India. Palaeontologia Electronica({Template:Date).
- ↑ A Jurassic australosphenidan mammal from India: Implications for mammalian evolution and distribution in former Gondwanaland. Abstract Volume XII International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Science (ISAES 2015)({Template:Date).
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 New symmetrodonts from Kota Formation (Early Jurassic), India. Journal of the Geological Society of India({Template:Date).
- ↑ Indozostrodon simpsoni, gen. et sp. nov., an Early Jurassic megazostrodontid mammal from India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology({Template:Date).
- ↑ The first multituberculate mammal from India. Naturwissenschaften({Template:Date).
- ↑ A New Eobaatarid Multituberculate (Mammalia) from the Lower Cretaceous Fuxin Formation, Fuxin-Jinzhou Basin, Liaoning, Northeastern China. Journal of Mammalian Evolution({Template:Date).
- ↑ The first Jurassic mammal from India. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society of London({Template:Date).
- ↑ An amphidontid symmetrodont from the Early Jurassic Kota Formation, India. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society({Template:Date).
- ↑ A new symmetrodont mammal from the Lower Jurassic Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, India. Geobios({Template:Date).
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Fossil lizards from the Jurassic Kota Formation of India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology({Template:Date).
- ↑ A new lizard (Squamata) was the last meal of Compsognathus (Theropoda: Dinosauria) and is a holotype in a holotype. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society({Template:Date).
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Rhynchocephalians (Diapsida: Lepidosauria) from the Jurassic Kota Formation of India. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society({Template:Date).
- ↑ The First Jurassic turtle from India. Palaeontology({Template:Date).
- ↑ A reevaluation of the basal turtle Indochelys spatulata from the Early–Middle Jurassic (Toarcian–Aalenian) of India, with descriptions of new material. PeerJ({Template:Date).
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 First record of armoured dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Valley, Andhra Pradesh. Journal of the Geological Society of India({Template:Date).
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen({Template:Date).
- ↑ Note on the crocodilian remains accompanying Dr. T.L. Bell's paper on Kotah. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London({Template:Date).
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Jurassic pterosaur from India. Journal Geological Society of India({Template:Date).
- ↑ The Early Jurassic pterosaur Campylognathoides Strand, 1928. Special Papers in Palaeontology({Template:Date).
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 52.5 52.6 52.7 52.8 On the occurrence of pterosaur from the Kota-Maleri beds, Chanda district, Maharashtra. Records of the Geological Survey of India({Template:Date).
- ↑ FIRST RECORD OF ARMOURED DINOSAUR FROM THE LOWER JURASSIC KOTA FORMATION, PRANHITA-GODAVARI VALLEY, ANDHRA PRADESH. Journal of the Geological Society of India({Template:Date).
- ↑ Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen({Template:Date).
- ↑ Evolution of the stegosaurs (Dinosauria; Ornithischia). Dinologia({Template:Date).
- ↑ Bizarre dermal armour suggests the first African ankylosaur. Nature Ecology & Evolution({Template:Date).
- ↑ Osteology of Barapasaurus tagorei (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Jurassic of India. Palaeontology({Template:Date).
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Preliminary description of the first saurischian tracksite from the Lower Jurassic Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Basin, Southern India. Historical Biology({Template:Date).
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 The osteology of Kotasaurus yamanpalliensis, a sauropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic Kota Formation of India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology({Template:Date).
- ↑ Osteological studies of a carnosaurian dinosaur from Lower Jurassic Kota Formation: Andhra Pradesh. Geological Survey of India, Report for Field Season Programme({Template:Date).
- ↑ Microvertebrate assemblage from the Kota Formation (Early Jurassic) of Gorlapalli, Adilabad District, Andhra Pradesh. Indian Society of Geoscientists Bulletin({Template:Date).
- ↑ The restless Indian plate and its epic voyage from Gondwana to Asia: Its tectonic, paleoclimatic, and paleobiogeographic evolution. Geological Society of America Special Paper({Template:Date).
- ↑ FIRST RECORD OF ARMOURED DINOSAUR FROM THE LOWER JURASSIC KOTA FORMATION, PRANHITA-GODAVARI VALLEY, ANDHRA PRADESH. Journal of the Geological Society of India({Template:Date).
- ↑ Earliest record of an ankylosaurian dinosaur (Ornithischia: Thyreophora): Dermal armor from Lower Kota Formation (Lower Jurassic) of India. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen({Template:Date).
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 65.4 Palaeofloras from the Kota Formation, India: palaeodiversity and ecological implications. Volumina Jurassica({Template:Date).
- ↑ 66.00 66.01 66.02 66.03 66.04 66.05 66.06 66.07 66.08 66.09 66.10 66.11 66.12 66.13 66.14 66.15 66.16 66.17 66.18 66.19 66.20 Studies on the fossil flora of Kota formation. Thesis Shivaji University, Department of Botany({Template:Date).
- ↑ Agathoxylon santacruzense Kloster & Gnaedinger from the Lower–Middle Jurassic Kota Formation, India and its paleoenvironmental implications. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia({Template:Date).
- ↑ 68.00 68.01 68.02 68.03 68.04 68.05 68.06 68.07 68.08 68.09 68.10 68.11 68.12 68.13 68.14 68.15 68.16 68.17 68.18 68.19 68.20 68.21 The Kota Formation: fossil flora and stratigraphy. Geophytology({Template:Date).
- ↑ A New Species of Circoporoxylon from the Kota Formation (Jurassic), Pranhita-Godavari Basin, India, and Palaeobiogeography of the Genus. Ameghiniana({Template:Date).
- ↑ Occurrence of Ginkgo like wood in east Gondwanas of India. Recent Advances in Geology({Template:Date).
- ↑ Protaxodioxylon from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Kota Formation, Pranhita-Godavari Basin, India. Paleontological Journal({Template:Date).
- ↑ On a silicified wood from the Kota formation (Liassic) of the Pranhita Godavari Basin. Journal of Swamy's Botany({Template:Date).