There are hundreds of chicken breeds in existence.Template:R Domesticated for thousands of years, distinguishable breeds of chicken have been present since the combined factors of geographical isolation and selection for desired characteristics created regional types with distinct physical and behavioral traits passed on to their offspring.
The physical traits used to distinguish chicken breeds are size, plumage color, comb type, skin color, number of toes, amount of feathering, egg color, and place of origin.Template:R They are also roughly divided by primary use, whether for eggs, meat, or ornamental purposes, and with some considered to be dual-purpose.Template:R
In the 21st century, chickens are frequently bred according to predetermined breed standards set down by governing organizations. The first of such standards was the British Poultry Standard, which is still in publication today.Template:R Other standards include the Standard of Perfection, the Australian Poultry Standard, and the standard of the American Bantam Association, which deals exclusively with bantam fowl.Template:R Only some of the known breeds are included in these publications, and only those breeds are eligible to be shown competitively. There are additionally a few hybrid strains which are common in the poultry world, especially in large poultry farms. These types are first generation crosses of true breeds. Hybrids do not reliably pass on their features to their offspring, but are highly valued for their producing abilities.Template:R
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By place of origin: Afghanistan • Albania • Australia • Austria • Belgium • Brazil • Bulgaria • Canada • Chile • China • Croatia • Cuba • Czech Republic • Egypt • Finland • France • Germany • Greece • Iceland • India • Indonesia • Iran • Italy • Japan • Korea • Kosovo • Malaysia • Myanmar • Netherlands • Norway • Pakistan • Philippines • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Russia • Serbia • Slovakia • Slovenia • South Africa • Spain • Sweden • Switzerland • Thailand • Turkey • Ukraine • United Kingdom • United States • Vietnam |
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By primary use: Eggs • Meat • Dual-purpose • Exhibition |
By place of origin
Afghanistan
Albania
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
China
Breeds listed in DAD-IS:Template:R Template:Columns-list
Croatia
- Hrvatica (Croatian Hen, Kokoš Hrvatica)[2]
- Međimurska kokoš (Međimurje Chicken, Međimurje Hen)[3]
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Egypt
Finland
France
Germany
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Large breeds
Bantam breeds
Greece
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
- Manx Rumpy (or Rumpless Game)
- OrloffTemplate:R
- Black Azerbaijan (or Marandi)
Italy
Japan
Korea
Kosovo
- Kosova Long-crowing (also called Tringjyrshet Kosov)
Malaysia
Mariana Islands
Myanmar
Netherlands
Norway
Pakistan
- Asil (or Aseel)[1]
- Sindhi[1]
- MisriTemplate:Citation needed
- Lyallpur Silver black[1]
Philippines
Poland
- Polbar[1]
- Zielononóżka Kuropatwiana (Green-legged Partridge)[1]
- Polish chicken
Portugal
Hungary
- Transylvanian Black Naked-neck
- Transylvanian White Naked-neck
- Transylvanian Hemp-spangled Naked-neck
- Yellow Hungarian chicken
- White Hungarian chicken
- Prisoner color Hungarian chicken
- Hemp-spangled Hungarian chicken
- Palóc naked-neck chicken
- Krédli chicken
- Baranya landrace chicken
- Mecseki Zengő chicken
Russia
Serbia
- Banat Naked-neck (Banatski gološijan)[10]
- Sombor Kaporka (Somborska kaporka)[1]
- Svrljig Black (Svrljiška kokoš)[1][11]
Slovakia
Slovenia
- Styrian Hen (or Altsteirer)[12][13]
- Slovenian Barred Hen[12][14]
- Slovene Late-feathered Hen[15]
- Slovenian Brown Hen[12][14]
- Slovenian Silver Hen[12][14]
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
- Appenzeller Barthuhn,[17]
- Appenzeller Spitzhauben,[17]
- Schweizer[17]
- Zwerg-Appenzeller Barthuhn[17]
- Zwerg-Schweizer,[17]
Taiwan
Thailand
- Gai Chon[19]
- Gai Puen Muang[19]
- Pradu Hang Dum[19] or Pradu Hang Dam Chiangmai[20]
- Thai GameTemplate:R
Turkey
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Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States of America
Vietnam
By primary use
All chickens lay eggs, have edible meat, and possess a unique appearance. However, distinct breeds are the result of selective breeding to emphasize certain traits. Any breed may be used for general agricultural purposes, and all breeds are shown to some degree. But each chicken breed is known for a primary use.
Eggs
Many breeds were selected and are used primarily for producing eggs, these are mostly light-weight birds whose hens do not go broody often.
Meat
Most farms and homesteads use dual-purpose breeds for meat production. Some breeds are raised mainly for meat:
- Bresse
- Cornish (a.k.a. Indian Game)
- Ixworth
- Jersey Giant
Dual-purpose
The generalist breeds used in barnyards worldwide are adaptable utility birds good at producing both meat and eggs. Though some may be slightly better for one of these purposes, they are usually called dual-purpose breeds.
Exhibition
Since the 19th century, poultry fancy, the breeding and competitive exhibition of poultry as a hobby, has grown to be a huge influence on chicken breeds. Many breeds have always been kept for ornamental purposes, and others have been shifted from their original use to become first and foremost exhibition fowl, even if they may retain some inherent utility. Since the sport of cockfighting has been outlawed in the developed world, most breeds first developed for this purpose, called game fowl, are now seen principally in the show ring rather than the cock pit as fighting cocks.
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U denotes a breed primarily used for exhibition, but which is still used for utility purposes. |
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G denotes a game breed. |
Bantams
Most large chicken breeds have a bantam counterpart, sometimes referred to as a miniature. Miniatures are usually one-fifth to one-quarter the size of the standard breed, but they are expected to exhibit all of the standard breed's characteristics. A true bantam has no large counterpart, and is naturally small. The true bantams include:
Crossbreeds
Many common strains of crossbred chickens exist, but none breed true or are recognized by poultry breed standards; thus, though they are extremely common in flocks focusing on high productivity, crossbreeds do not technically meet the definition of a breed. Most crossbreed strains are sex linked, allowing for easy chick sexing.
See also
Footnotes
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedDAD-IS - ↑ Template:Cite report
- ↑ Međimurska kokoš. agroportal.hr(4 March 2020). Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- ↑ Template:Cite conference
- ↑ Biodiversity in the Czech Republic. Enrin.grida.no. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Czech chicken breeds. ceske-slepice.eu. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Chicken breeds reported by Philippines. dad.fao.org. United Nations. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Template:Cite report
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Aves. amiba.com.pt. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
- ↑ Banatski gološijan standard. Udruzenje za zastitu i odgoj sitnih zivotinja [Association for the protection and upbringing of small animals]. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
- ↑ Svrljig Kokos. agrobiodiversity.net. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Template:Cite report
- ↑ Styrian chickens, Holcman, Antonija. afs.okstate.edu. Oklahoma State University(19 July 2021). Retrieved 2021-10-22.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Prireja in fizikalne lastnosti jajc slovenskih tradicionalnih pasem kokoši lahkega tipa. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica({Template:Year).
- ↑ Primerjava proizvodnosti piščancev ross 308 in slovensko pozno operjene kokoši v pogojih ekološke reje, Kobold, Primož. dk.um.si. University of Maribor. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 The indigenous poultry breeds of South Africa. Department of Agriculture.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedee - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedFAO-DAD-Shamo - ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedFAO-DAD-Thai - ↑ Pradu Hang Dam Chiangmai. Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Genetic Improvement, Department of Livestock Development. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
- ↑ Denizli rooster. Kultur.Gov.Tr. Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
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