The State of Malerkotla or Maler Kotla was a princely state of Afghan origin in the Punjab region established in the medieval era and lasting to the era of British India. It has been described as being a princely enclave.[1]
Its rulers belonged to a Sarwani and Lodi Pashtun dynasty from Afghanistan, and its capital was in Malerkotla.[1] In the 19th century, the Muslim-ruled state was surrounded by Sikh states.[1] The state belonged to the Punjab States Agency. During the partition of Punjab in 1947, the state was mostly spared from bloodshed from Sikh mobs owing to the role the former ruler of the polity played in attempting to safeguard the sons of Guru Gobind Singh.[1] The last Nawab of Maler Kotla signed the instrument of accession to join the Dominion of India on 20 August 1948.
History
Origins
The area, which was known as Maler, was received as a jagir in 1454 A.D. by Sheikh Sadruddin-i-Jahān, a pious man of the Sherwani tribe of Afghanistan, and was ruled by his descendants.[2]
Local tradition says that Bahlul Lodi (1451–1489), the Afghan king who had most of western India under his control, desired to rule Delhi and on his way, he was caught in a sand drift.[3] In the darkness the King spotted a dim light of a lamp still burning in the wind. It was the hut of Sheikh Sadruddin and when the king found out he came to the hut to show his respect and asked the holy man to pray for him to bear a son and have victory.[3] During 1451 and 1452, the king married off his daughter Taj Murassa to Sheikh Sadruddin after being enthroned in Delhi, and also gave him the area of Maler as a jagir.[3]
The descendants of Sheikh Sadruddin branched into two groups. One started ruling the state and were given the title of Nawab when the Mughal Empire arose.[3] The other branch lived around the Shrine of Sheikh Sadruddin, controlling the revenue from pilgrims.[3]
17th century
The State of Malerkotla was established in 1657 by Bayazid Khan. After saving the life of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in a tiger attack, Bayazid Khan was granted the privilege to build a fort, which he named Malerkotla and eventually gave its name to the state.He was First Nawab of state
18th century
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The roots of communal harmony in the area date back to 1705, when Fateh Singh and Zorawar Singh, the 9- and 7-year-old sons of 10th Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, were ordered to be bricked alive by the governor of Sirhind, Wazir Khan. His close relative, Sher Mohammed Khan, Nawab of Malerkotla, who was present in the court, lodged a vehement protest against this inhuman act and said it was against the teachings of Islam. Wazir Khan nevertheless had the boys bricked into a section of wall while still alive. At this, the Nawab of Malerkotla walked out of the court in protest. Guru Gobind Singh on learning this approach profusely thanked the Nawab of Malerkotla and blessed him with his hukamnama and kirpan. Banda Singh Bahadur's avoidance of attacking Malerkotla has been attributed to the actions of Sher Mohammed Khan, however J.S. Grewal notes that Banda's passivity towards the state was due to his prescribed route taking him elsewhere. Wars between Malerkotla state (originally siding with the Mughals, and later the forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Rohilla Afghans, both of whom repeatedly raided Punjab during the eighteenth century) and the Sikh powers in Punjab resumed shortly after. Relations between the two oscillated during this period- involving events of intermittent warring as well as interventions of mutual defense against certain extra-local Sikh invaders.
Nawab Bikhan Khan had assisted the Durranis and participated in Vadda Ghulaghara genocide of Sikhs on 5 February 1762.[4] The triump of the Sikhs after the Battle of Sirhind (1764) attracted the hostilities of the Malerkotla ruler Bhikhan Khan, whom was anxious about a similar fate for Malerkotla, as Malerkotla had assisted Zain Khan in the Vadda Ghalughara massacre.[5] Amar Singh of Patiala and Bhikhan Khan later would fight at Kakra, with Patiala prevailing and capturing the settlements of Sherpur and Bhasaur, and the Malerkotla ruler being killed.[5] Also, Amar Singh obtained an Afghan sword of the Malerkotla ruler as war-booty.[5]
In 1795, Sahib Singh Bedi, a descendant of Guru Nanak, attacked Malerkotla,[6] in part due to the issue of cow slaughter taking place in the city as well as other motivations influencing the expedition including the role of the nawab in the killing of a relative of Guru Gobind, as well as the contemporary nawab's ostensible role in the Vadda Ghallugura- a massacre in which twenty five thousand Sikhs were said to have been killed. His forces were stopped and repelled, with assistance coming from the rulers of Patiala.
The state was also under the suzeranity of Mahadaji Shinde.Template:Citation needed
19th century
In 1808, Ranjit Singh, arrived at the town and demanded an extortionate tribute of one million rupees from the state. Upon the nawab's inability to accumulate this wealth, Ranjit Singh attacked, forcing the nawab to take loans from wealthier Sikh neighbors to pay the due. The nawab subsequently appealed to the British and shortly after ceded to British suzerainty.[7][8] On 3 May 1809 Maler Kotla became a British protectorate and was made part of the Cis-Sutlej states until 1862. Malerkotla ranked 12th in the Punjab Darbar in 1890.
Partition of India
During the 1947 riots when Punjab was in flames, the State of Malerkotla did not witness a single incident of violence; through it all, it remained a lone island of peace.[2][9] The State of Malerkotla experienced relatively insignificant communal violence due to the aforementioned objections of Sher Mohammed Khan to Wazir Khan's handling of Gobind Singh's sons.[2] Many local people attribute this peaceful strain to the presence of the shrine of 'Baba Haidar Sheikh', the Sufi saint, who founded the town of Malerkotla more than 500 years ago The ruling family of Sheikh Sadr-ud-Din Sherwani migrated to Pakistan and lived mostly in Model Town, Lahore, Muzaffargarh, Khangarh.[8.[10][11]
Post-independence
Following Indian independence and the signing of the instrument of accession to the Dominion of India in 1948, Maler Kotla joined the newly established state of Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) until its merger with Punjab in 1956.
Demographics
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List of rulers
Chiefs
The chiefs were the holders of the jagir of Malerkotla.
| Name | Reign Began | Reign Ended | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sheikh Sadruddin (b. 1434 - d. 1515) | 1454 | 1508 |
| 2 | Sheikh Muhammad Isa (d. 1538) | 1508 | 1538 |
| 3 | Khan Muhammad Shah (d. 1545) | 1538 | 1545 |
| 4 | Khan Muhammad Ishaq Khan (d. 1556) | 1545 | 1556 |
| 5 | Khan Fateh Muhammad Khan (d. 1600) | 1556 | 1600 |
| 6 | Muhammad Bayazid Khan Bahadur (b. 1593 - d. 1659) | 1600 | 1657 |
Rulers
The rulers were titled 'Nawab'. They had the right to an 14 gun salute.
| Name | Reign Began | Reign Ended | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Muhammad Bayazid Khan Bahadur (b. 1593 - d. 1659) | 1657 | 1659 |
| 2 | Feroz Khan (b. 1616 - d. 1672) | 1659 | 1672 |
| 3 | Sher Muhammad Khan Bahadur (b. 1640 - d. 1710 or 1712) | 1672 | 1710 or 1712[22] |
| 4 | Ghulam Hussain Khan (d. 1734) | 1710 or 1712 | 1717 |
| 5 | Jamal Khan (d. 1762) | 1717 | 1762 |
| 6 | Bhikan Khan (d. 1763/64) | 1762 | 1763/64 |
| Khan Sahib Khan Bahadur Khan (d. 1766) - Regent | 1764 | 1766 | |
| 7 | Khan Sahib Umar Khan (d. 1780) | 1766 | 1 November 1780 |
| 8 | Khan Sahib Asadullah Khan (d. 1784) | 1 November 1780 | Apr 1784 |
| 9 | Khan Sahib Ataullah Khan (d. 1809) | Apr 1784 | 14 August 1809 |
| 10 | Muhammad Wazir Ali Khan (b. 17.. - d. 1821) | 14 August 1809 | 4 September 1821 |
| 11 | Amir Ali Khan Bahadur (d. 1846) | 4 September 1821 | 8 April 1846 |
| 12 | Mahbub Ali Khan Bahadur (d. 1857) "Sube Khan" | 8 April 1846 | 25 November 1857 |
| 13 | Sikandar Ali Khan Bahadur (d. 1871) | 25 November 1857 | 16 July 1871 |
| 14 | Muhammad Ibrahim Ali Khan (b. 1857 - d. 1908) | 16 July 1871 | 23 August 1908 |
| Sir Ahmad Ali Khan Regent | 1 February 1905 | 23 August 1908 | |
| 15 | Ahmad Ali Khan (b. 1881 - d. 1947) – Acceded to the Dominion of India | 23 August 1908 | 15 August 1947 |
Titular Rulers
| Name | Reign Began | Reign Ended | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iftikhar Ali Khan (d. 1982) | 15 August 1947 | 20 November 1982 | Retained official recognition until 1971 under the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India by Indira Gandhi's government. |
See also
- Malerkotla
- Malerkotla district
- Punjab States Agency
- List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
- Patiala and East Punjab States Union
Notes
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Sikh Nationalism{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(Nov 25, 2021). ISBN 9781009213448
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 'Malerkotla has Guru's blessings'. The Tribune(19 August 2006). Retrieved 24 March 2013.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Study of the Pathan Communities in four States of India. Khyber. Retrieved 7 June 2007.
- ↑ The Encyclopedia of Sikhism{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Punjabi University, Patiala
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Baba Ala Singh: Founder of Patiala Kingdom{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Guru Nanak Dev University(2005)
- ↑ Islam in South Asia in Practice{{#if:Bigelow|, Bigelow}. Princeton University Press(Sep 8, 2009). ISBN 9781400831388
- ↑ Religion and Human Security: A Global Perspective{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Oxford University Press(2012-08-16). ISBN 978-0-19-982773-2
- ↑ Sharing the Sacred: Practicing Pluralism in Muslim North India{{#if:Bigelow|, Bigelow}. Oxford University Press(2010-02-04). ISBN 978-0-19-536823-9
- ↑ Template:Usurped The Sikh Review, Issue No. 14, November 2003
- ↑ The Legend of Malerkotla: A Tale from the Punjab (2004) Template:Webarchive 48 min, DVD, Template:ISBN.
- ↑ Malerkotla: A heritage going to seed. The Tribune(2 December 2000). Retrieved 24 March 2013.
- ↑ Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I.. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
- ↑ Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II.. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
- ↑ Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III.. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
- ↑ The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory. Retrieved 26 December 2024.
- ↑ Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province.]. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ↑ Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables.. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ↑ Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ↑ Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables.. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ↑ Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables.. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ↑ Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ↑ Life Of Banda Singh Bahadur Based On Contemporary And Original Records{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. The Sikh History Research Dettart^pjpnt, Khalsa College, AmritsaiS(1935)
External links
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