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{{Short description|Prefix indicating Angles, England}}
{{About||the Brazilian educational system widely known as Anglo|Sistema Anglo de Ensino|the Irish bank informally known as Anglo|Anglo Irish Bank}}
{{Distinguish|Angelo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2011}}

'''Anglo''' is a prefix indicating a relation to, or descent from, the [[Angles]], [[England]], [[English culture]], the [[English people]] or the [[English language]], such as in the term ''[[Anglo-Saxon language]]''.  It is often used alone, somewhat loosely, to refer to people of [[British people|British]] descent in [[North America]], the [[Caribbean]], [[South Africa]], [[Namibia]], [[Australia]], and [[New Zealand]]. It is used in [[Canada]] to differentiate between the French speakers (Francophone) of mainly [[Quebec]] and some parts of New Brunswick, and the English speakers (Anglophone) in the rest of Canada. It is also used in the [[United States]] to distinguish the growing Spanish-speaking [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] population from the English-speaking majority. It is also used, both in English-speaking and non-English-speaking countries, to refer to Anglophone people of other [[Europe]]an origins.

Anglo is a [[Late Latin]] [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] used to denote ''English-'' in conjunction with another [[toponym]] or [[demonym]].  The word is [[Etymology|derived]] from Anglia, the Latin name for England and still used in the modern name for its eastern region, [[East Anglia]].  Anglia and England both mean ''land of the [[Angles]]'', a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] people originating in the north German [[peninsula]] of [[Angeln]], that is, the region of today's Lower Saxony that joins the [[Jutland]] Peninsula. (There are various hypotheses for the origin of the name 'Angeln'.)

It is also often used to refer to ''British'' in historical and other contexts after the [[Acts of Union 1707]], for example such as in the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824]], where in later years agreement was between the British government and the Dutch, not an English government. Typical examples of this use are also shown below, where non-English people from the British Isles are described as being ''Anglo''.

''Anglo'' is not an easily defined term.  For traditionalists, there are [[natural language|linguistic]] problems with using the word as an adjective or noun on its own.  For example, the purpose of the ''-o'' ending is to enable the formation of a compound term (for example ''Anglo-Saxon'' meaning of Angle and [[Saxons|Saxon]] origin), so there is only an apparent parallelism between, for example, [[Latino (demonym)|Latino]] and Anglo.  However, a [[semantic change]] has taken place in many English-speaking regions so that in informal usage the meanings listed below are common. The definition is changed in each region which defines how it is identified.

==Specialized usage==

===Africa===
{{See also|British diaspora in Africa}}
The term ''Anglo-African'' has been used historically to [[Identity (social science)|self-identify]] by people of mixed [[British people|British]] and African ancestry born in the [[United States]] and in [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Moses|first=Wilson Jeremiah|title=The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850–1925|year=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0-19-520639-8|page=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnZQhKB5_f8C|quote=A startling feature in the rhetoric of black institutional leadership on the eve of the Civil War was the popularity of the term, 'Anglo-African.' ... By 1900, 'Anglo-African' had been replaced by 'Afro-American' and such variants as 'Euro-African', and 'Negro-Saxon'.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rogers|first=Joel Augustus|title=World's Great Men of Color |volume=2 |year=1996|publisher=Touchstone |location=New York |isbn=9780684815824 |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTiEe2g56d4C |quote=The festival was to be given at Gloucester with Coleridge-Taylor himself conducting the three choirs. As it was advertised that the conductor was an Anglo-African, the audience expected a white man. What was its surprise to see instead a dark-skinned Negro, quick-moving, slight of build, with an enormous head of high, thick, frizzly hair, broad nostrils, flashing white teeth, and a winning smile.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Mohamed Adhikari|last=Lee|first=Christopher J|title=Burdened by race : Coloured identities in southern Africa|chapter='A generous dream, but difficult to realize': the making of the Anglo-African community of Nyasaland, 1929–1940|year=2009|publisher=UCT Press|location=Cape Town|isbn=978-1-91989-514-7|page=209|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wcVFSyt7mgC|quote=Because the area had only been colonised in the 1890s, the Anglo-African community of Nyasaland during the 1930s, for the most part, consisted of first-generation persons of 'mixed' racial descent. This is reflected in their preference of the term 'Anglo-African' over 'coloured' and 'half-caste'. Although all three were used, 'Anglo-African' had the advantage of emphasising their partial descent from colonists.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Milner-Thornton|first=Juliette Bridgette|title=The Long Shadow of the British Empire: The Ongoing Legacies of Race and Class in Zambia|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0230340183|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzFbk-ZPzqEC|quote=At different historical junctures in Northern Rhodesia's racialized landscape, persons of mixed descent were categorized accordingly: 'half-caste,' 'Anglo-African,' 'Indo-African,' 'Euro-African, 'Eurafrican,' and 'Coloured.'}}</ref> ''The Anglo-African'' and ''The Weekly Anglo-African'' were the names of newspapers published by [[African American]] [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] Robert Hamilton (1819–1870) in [[New York City|New York]] during the [[American Civil War]] era.<ref>{{cite web|title=About The Anglo-African|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87055554/|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=28 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Coddington|first=Ronald S.|title=African American Faces of the Civil War: An Album|year=2012|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=9781421406251|page=274|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ke74Q57UusAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Jackson |first=Debra |title=A Black Journalist in Civil War Virginia: Robert Hamilton and the Anglo-African |journal=Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |year=2008 |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=42–72 |url=http://www.vahistorical.org/publications/abstract_jackson.htm |access-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501152449/http://vahistorical.org/publications/abstract_jackson.htm |archive-date=1 May 2013 }}</ref> ''The Anglo-African'' was also the name of a newspaper published in [[Lagos Colony|Lagos]] (now part of [[Nigeria]]) from 1863 to 1865. It was founded and edited by Robert Campbell (1829–1884), a [[Jamaica]]n born son of a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] father and [[Mulatto]] mother.<ref>{{cite book|last=Echeruo|first=Michael J. C.|editor=Dubem Okafor|title=Meditations on African Literature|chapter=The Anglo-African, the 'Woman Question', and Imperial Discourse|pages=119–132|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood|location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=0313298661|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=65Sl6W4Z5YsC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=James|first=Winston|editor=Geneviève Fabre |editor2=Klaus Benesch|chapter=The Wings of Ethiopia: The Caribbean Diaspora and Pan-African Projects from John Brown Russwurm to George Padmore|title=African Diasporas in the New and Old Worlds: Consciousness and Imagination|year=2004|publisher=Rodopi|location=Amsterdam|isbn=90-420-0870-9|pages=135–148|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btGIe0y0aWIC}}</ref> The term has also been used historically to describe people living in the [[British Empire]] in Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Australia: Public opinion in England as expressed in the leading journals of the United Kingdom|url=https://archive.org/stream/unitedaustraliap00sydnrich/unitedaustraliap00sydnrich_djvu.txt|publisher=Charles Potter, Government Printer|location=Sydney|year=1890|access-date=16 July 2013|quote='I do see a time when the South African colonies may be brought together into one great Anglo-African people.'}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Africanus|title=The adjustment of the German colonial claims – Dedicated to the American and British delegates of the peace conference|location=Bern|date=December 1918|pages=7|url=https://archive.org/stream/adjustmentofgerm00afririch#page/7/mode/1up|access-date=15 July 2013|quote=Sir Harry Johnston, the former Governor General of Central British Africa said after the conquest of German East Africa in the 'Daily News': ... Another well known Anglo-African and Colonial politician E. D. Morel in an article in the 'Labour Leader' entitled 'The Way Out' writes as follows: ...'}} [[Harry Johnston]] (1858–1927) and [[E. D. Morel]] (1873–1924) are referred to as ''Anglo-Africans'' in this publication.</ref> ''The Anglo-African Who's Who and Biographical Sketch-Book'' published in [[London]] in 1905 includes details of prominent [[British diaspora in Africa|British]] and [[Afrikaner]] people in Africa at that time.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Wills, Walter H. |editor2=Barrett, R. J.|title=The Anglo-African Who's Who and Biographical Sketch-Book|publisher=George Routledge & Sons, Ltd.|location=London|year=1905|url=https://archive.org/details/angloafricanwhos00will|access-date=26 June 2013|quote=But we may perhaps claim that, incomplete as it is, it contains many records of Anglo-Africans which are not readily available in any similar work of reference, and it is only necessary to add that we hope to remedy its sins of omission and commission in future editions.}}</ref>

===Australia===
{{Main|Anglo-Celtic Australian}}
In Australia, ''Anglo'' is used as part of the terms ''Anglo-Australian'' and ''[[Anglo-Celtic]]'', which refer to the majority of Australians, who are of English, Scottish, [[Welsh people|Welsh]] and Irish descent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument |title=1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 1995 |access-date=24 June 2008}}</ref>

===Canada===
In [[Canada]], and especially in [[Canadian French]], the terms ''[[English speaking|Anglophone]]'', ''[[English Canadian|Anglo-Canadian]]'' or simply ''Anglo'', are widely used to designate someone whose [[mother tongue]] is English, as opposed to ''[[Francophone]]'', which describes someone whose mother tongue is French, and to ''[[Allophone (Canadian usage)|Allophone]]'', which describes someone whose mother tongue is a language other than English or French. (In Quebec, the word ''[[English speaking|Anglophone]]'' or ''Anglo'' refers to [[English-speaking Quebecer]]s in both English and French.) ''[[Anglo-Metis]]'' is also sometimes used to refer to a historical ethnic group.

===Israel===
Immigrants from English-speaking countries are sometimes referred to as ''Anglos''.<ref>{{cite web  |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/LiArt.jhtml?contrassID=2&subContrassID=16&sbSubContrassID=0 |title=Israel Anglo File news, Israel diplomatic map}}</ref>

===Scotland===
In [[Scotland]] the term ''Anglo-Scot'', often shortened to ''Anglos'', is used to refer to people with mixed Scottish-English ancestry, or people with English ancestry born in Scotland.

The term Anglo-Scot is more often used to describe Scottish sports players who are based in England or playing for English teams, or vice versa. This usage is especially used in football and notably in rugby union, where the [[Scottish Exiles (rugby union)|Anglo Scots]] were a Scottish non-native select provincial District side that competed in the [[Scottish Inter-District Championship]].

===United States===
{{Main|Anglo-America}}
In many parts of the United States, especially those with high Hispanic populations, "Anglo-American" is shortened to "Anglo" and applied to white Americans who are not of [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] origin and sometimes to those who are not of French origin, but the latter criterion is based on specific linguistic considerations and limited to Louisiana and parts of Texas.<ref name=dictionary.com>{{cite web | url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Anglo | title = Anglo – Definitions from Dictionary.com; American Heritage Dictionary | access-date =29 March 2008 | publisher= Lexico Publishing Group, LLC| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080315013806/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Anglo| archive-date= 15 March 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=October 2018}}

If language is taken into consideration the term "Anglo-American" also excludes [[Franco-Americans|Franco-American]]s such as the [[Cajun]]s of [[Louisiana]], but would include them when language is excluded as a criterion.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

In the [[Southwest United States]], "Anglo", short for "Anglo American", is used as a synonym for [[non-Hispanic Whites]]; that is [[European American]]s (except people who speak Romance languages), most of whom speak the English language, even those who are not necessarily of English or British descent.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Marian Jean|last=Barber|title=How the Irish, Germans, and Czechs Became Anglo: Race and Identity in the Texas-Mexico Borderlands PhD dissertation|publisher=University of Texas|location=Austin|date=2010|oclc=876627130}}</ref> Some non-Hispanic whites in the United States who speak English but are not of English or British ancestry do not identify with the term ''Anglo'' and find the term offensive. For instance, some [[Cajuns]] in south [[Louisiana]] use the term to refer to area whites who do not have [[Francophone]] backgrounds. [[Irish American]]s, the second largest self-identified ethnic group in the United States following [[German-Americans]], also sometimes take umbrage at being called "Anglo".<ref>"The Irish-Mexican Thing" by Julie Reynolds. ''El Andar Magazine'', March 1996.[http://www.elandar.com/back/www-march96/andar/feature/feature.htm]</ref><ref>"Don't Call Me Late For Dinner, And Please Don't Call Me Anglo." Letter to the editor, ''The Arizona Republic'', 4 August 1992</ref>

==See also==
*[[Angles]]
*[[Anglo-Burmese people]]
*[[Anglo-Celtic]]
*[[Anglo-Indian]]
*[[Anglo-Irish people]]
*[[Anglo-Saxon (disambiguation)]]
*[[Anglo-Saxons]]
*[[Anglo-Scottish border]]
*[[Anglophile]]
*[[Anglophobia]]
*[[Anglosphere]]
*[[Second Boer War]]
*[[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:English culture]]
[[Category:History of England]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Australia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Canada]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]]
[[Category:English diaspora]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in New Zealand]]