View source for 1899 1923 cholera pandemic

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}
[[Image:Cholera.jpg|thumb|Drawing of [[Death (personification)|Death]] bringing the cholera, in ''[[Le Petit Journal (newspaper)|Le Petit Journal]]'' (1912).]]

The '''sixth cholera pandemic''' (1899–1923) was a major outbreak of [[cholera]] beginning in India, where it killed more than 800,000 people, and spreading to the Middle East, North Africa, Eastern Europe and Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cholera's seven pandemics |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504 |quote=At the turn of the century, the sixth pandemic killed more than 800,000 in India before moving into the Middle East, northern Africa, Russia and parts of Europe. By 1923, cholera had receded from most of the world, although many cases were still present in India. |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=December 2, 2008 |access-date=2019-01-03 }}</ref>

==History==
According to [[Leonard Rogers]], following an outbreak of cholera at the [[Haridwar Kumbh Mela]], the epidemic spread to Europe via [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]], Afghanistan, Persia, and southern Russia.<ref name="RD_time_trends">{{cite web |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/19328/7/07_chapter%203.pdf |title=Time Trends of Cholera in India : An Overview |author=R. Dasgupta |publisher=INFLIBNET |access-date=13 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>Rogers, L. (1926). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1948673/ The Conditions Influencing the Incidence and Spread of Cholera in India]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 19(Sect Epidemiol State Med), 59–93.</ref>

[[File:Marche de l’épidémie cholérique de 1902 à 1910.png|thumb|French map (published in 1911) showing the progress of the cholera epidemic from 1902 to 1910.]]

The last cholera outbreak in the United States was in 1910–1911 when the steamship ''[[SS Moltke|Moltke]]'' brought infected people to New York City from [[Naples]]. Vigilant health authorities isolated the infected on [[Swinburne Island]], built in the nineteenth century as a quarantine facility. Eleven people died, including a health care worker at the island hospital.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal |year=1911 |publisher=[[Massachusetts Medical Society]]|quote=In New York, up to July 22, there were eleven deaths from cholera, one of the victims being an employee at the hospital on [[Swinburne Island]], who had been discharged. The tenth was a lad, seventeen years of age, who had been a steerage passenger on the steamship, Moltke. The plan has been adopted of taking cultures from the intestinal tracts of all persons held under observation at Quarantine, and in this way it was discovered that five of the 500 passengers of the Moltke and Perugia, although in excellent health at the time, were harboring cholera microbes. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0NQEAAAAYAAJ&q=cholera+1910+moltke&pg=PP281 }}</ref><ref name=moltke1>{{cite news |title=Cholera Kills Boy. All Other Suspected Cases Now in Quarantine and Show No Alarming Symptoms. |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/07/18/104829895.pdf |quote=The sixth death from cholera since the arrival in this port from Naples of the steamship Moltke, thirteen days ago, occurred yesterday at [[Swinburne Island]]. The victim was Francesco Farando, 14 years old. |work=New York Times |date=July 18, 1911 |access-date=2008-07-28 }}</ref><ref name=moltke2>{{cite news |title=More Cholera in Port |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412:250061412&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=OCT+10%2C+1910&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&pqatl=google |quote=A case of cholera developed today in the steerage of the Hamburg-American liner Moltke, which has been detained at quarantine as a possible cholera carrier since Monday last. Dr. A.H. Doty, health officer of the port, reported the case tonight with the additional information that another cholera patient from the Moltke is under treatment at [[Swinburne Island]]. |work=Washington Post |date=October 10, 1910 |access-date=2008-12-11 }}</ref>

In 1913, the [[Romanian Army]], while invading [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] during the [[Second Balkan War]], suffered [[1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak|a cholera outbreak]] that provoked 1,600 deaths.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281820179|title=A novel method to combat the cholera epidemic among the Romanian Army during the Balkan War - 1913|first1=Florin|last1=Leașu|first2=Codruța|last2=Nemeț|first3=Cristina|last3=Borzan|first4=Liliana|last4=Rogozea|journal=Acta Medico-Historica Adriatica|volume=13|issue=1|pages=159–170|year=2015|pmid=26203545}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://unibuc.ro/epidemiile-in-istorie-o-epidemie-uitata-holera-romania-si-al-doilea-razboi-balcanic-din-1913-alin-ciupala/|title=Epidemiile în istorie {{!}} O epidemie uitată. Holera, România și al Doilea Război Balcanic din 1913|first=Alin|last=Ciupală|publisher=[[University of Bucharest]]|date=25 May 2020|language=ro}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|url=http://www.cnaa.md/files/theses/2012/21566/leontin_stoica_thesis.pdf|title=Serviciul Sanitar al Armatei Române în perioada 1914-1919|first=Vasile Leontin|last=Stoica|publisher=[[Ion Creangă State Pedagogical University]]|location=[[Chișinău]]|pages=1–196|year=2012|language=ro}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Cholera outbreaks and pandemics]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GyE8Qt-kS1kC&q=%22Third+Cholera+pandemic%22&pg=PA227|year=2005|last=Hays|first=J.N.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781851096589|ref=none}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Azizi|first1=Mohammad-Hossein|last2=Azizi|first2=Farzaneh|date=January 2010|title=History of Cholera Outbreaks in Iran during the 19th and 20th Centuries|journal=Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases|volume=2|issue=1|pages=51–55|issn=2008-5230|pmc=4154910|pmid=25197514}}

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[[Category:19th-century health disasters]]
[[Category:19th-century epidemics]]
[[Category:19th century in India]]
[[Category:20th-century health disasters]]
[[Category:20th-century epidemics]]
[[Category:20th century in India]]
[[Category:Cholera pandemics]]
[[Category:Epidemics in India]]
[[Category:1890s health disasters]]
[[Category:1900s health disasters]]
[[Category:1910s health disasters]]
[[Category:1920s health disasters]]
[[Category:19th century in Nepal]]
[[Category:20th century in Nepal]]