Template:Historical populations
Punjab is home to 2.3% of India's population; with a density of 551 persons per km2. According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, Punjab has a population of 27,743,338, making it the 16th most populated state in India. Of which male and female are 14,639,465 and 13,103,873 respectively. 32% of Punjab's population consists of Dalits. In the state, the rate of population growth is 13.9% (2011), lower than national average. Out of total population, 37.5% people live in urban regions. The total figure of population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989 are males and while remaining 4,853,157 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by 37.5%. According to the 2011 Census of India, Punjab has a population of around 27.7 million.
Population density
The table below gives the population density (population per square kilometre) of Punjab throughout the years.[1]
| Year | Density (/Template:Km2) |
|---|---|
| 2011 | 551 |
| 2001 | 484 |
| 1991 | 403 |
| 1981 | 333 |
The table below shows the population density by district in Punjab, according to the 2011 census.[1]
| Sr. No. | District | Density (/Template:Km2) | District | Density (/Template:Km2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ludhiana | 978 | Hoshiarpur | 469 |
| 2 | Amritsar | 928 | Tarn Taran | 464 |
| 3 | SAS Nagar | 909 | Sangrur | 457 |
| 4 | Jalandhar | 836 | Moga | 444 |
| 5 | Gurdaspur | 647 | Faridkot | 424 |
| 6 | Patiala | 570 | Bathinda | 414 |
| 7 | Fatehgarh Sahib | 509 | Barnala | 402 |
| 8 | Rupnagar | 505 | Ferozepur | 382 |
| 9 | Kapurthala | 499 | Mansa | 350 |
| 10 | SBS Nagar | 478 | Sri Muktsar Sahib | 348 |
| Punjab | 551 | |||
Gender
Template:Main The table below shows the sex ratio of Punjab through the years.[2]
| 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1941 | 1951 | 1961 | 1971 | 1981 | 1991 | 2001 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 870 | 799 | 815 | 836 | 844 | 854 | 865 | 879 | 882 | 876 | 895 |
| Sr. No. | District | Sex Ratio | Urban Males | Urban Females |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hoshiarpur | 961 | 1,74,587 | 1,60,382 |
| 2 | SBS Nagar | 954 | 75,173 | 60,243 |
| 3 | Rupnagar | 915 | 93,396 | 84,411 |
| 4 | Jalandhar | 915 | 6,16,421 | 5,44,750 |
| 5 | Kapurthala | 912 | 1,50,379 | 1,32,083 |
| 6 | Gurdaspur | 907 | 1,92,590 | 1,68,563 |
| 7 | Tarn Taran | 900 | 75,047 | 66,748 |
| 8 | Sri Muktsar Sahib | 896 | 1,33,420 | 1,18,771 |
| 9 | Fazilka | 894 | 1,41,996 | 1,25,093 |
| 10 | Moga | 893 | 1,20,216 | 1,07,030 |
| 11 | Ferozepur | 893 | 1,53,433 | 1,32,034 |
| 12 | Patiala | 891 | 4,03,722 | 3,59,558 |
| 13 | Faridkot | 890 | 1,15,889 | 1,01,162 |
| 14 | Amritsar | 889 | 7,11,142 | 6,23,469 |
| 15 | Sangrur | 885 | 2,73,376 | 2,42,589 |
| 16 | Mansa | 883 | 86,548 | 77,056 |
| 17 | SAS Nagar | 879 | 2,88,269 | 2,56,342 |
| 18 | Barnala | 876 | 1,02,312 | 88,373 |
| 19 | Ludhiana | 873 | 11,14,372 | 9,55,336 |
| 20 | Fatehgarh Sahib | 871 | 1,00,745 | 84,737 |
| 21 | Pathankot | 869 | 1,64,243 | 1,33,923 |
| 22 | Bathinda | 868 | 2,68,713 | 2,30,504 |
| Punjab (Total) | 895 | 55,45,989 | 48,53,157 |
Fertility rate
|
The table below shows the birth rate per 1000 persons in Punjab through the years.[5]
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According to the National Family Health Survey of 2015–16, the percentage of women age 15-19 who have begun childbearing (teenage pregnancy) was 2.6%.[6] The table below shows the variation in fertility rate (children per woman) according to the education of a woman in Punjab, as of 2019–21.
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Family planning
According to the National Family Health Survey 2020–21, the unmet need for family planning increased from 6.2% in 2015–16 to 9.9% in 2020–21. In the same time period, the unmet need for child spacing increased from 2.4 to 3.7 percent.[8]
Mortality
Infant mortalityThe list below shows the infant mortality rate per 1000 in Punjab, through the years.[5]
|
Maternal mortalityThe table below shows the maternal mortality rate per one lakh (1,00,000) per year, through the years.[5]
|
Literacy rate
According to the 2011 census, the literacy rate of Punjab was 75.84%. The male literacy was 80.44% and the female literacy was 70.72%.[9] The median number of years of schooling completed in the state was 6.5 for females and 7.8 for males, as of 2011.[10] According to the NSC survey (2017), Punjab's literacy rate was 83.7% (88.5% for males and 78.5% for females).[11][12] As per the PLFS report (2024), Punjab's literacy rate was 83.4% (87.0% for males and 79.8% for females).[13]
Census data
District-wise
Below is a combined table showing the total, rural, and urban literacy rates for each district of Punjab according to the 2011 Census of India.[14][15][16]
| District | Total Literacy (%) | Rural Literacy (%) | Urban Literacy (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hoshiarpur | 84.59 | 74.77 | 78.77 |
| Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar (Mohali) | 83.80 | 69.68 | 77.67 |
| Jalandhar | 82.48 | 70.53 | 77.03 |
| Ludhiana | 82.20 | 70.12 | 75.28 |
| Rupnagar | 82.19 | 72.00 | 77.50 |
| Gurdaspur | 79.95 | 68.12 | 78.59 |
| Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar | 79.78 | 70.98 | 74.04 |
| Fatehgarh Sahib | 79.35 | 69.53 | 74.24 |
| Kapurthala | 79.07 | 67.73 | 76.40 |
| Amritsar | 76.27 | 59.64 | 74.58 |
| Patiala | 75.28 | 60.83 | 75.72 |
| Moga | 70.68 | 60.90 | 70.36 |
| Faridkot | 69.55 | 57.38 | 69.79 |
| Firozpur | 68.92 | 56.95 | 69.98 |
| Bathinda | 68.28 | 55.46 | 70.45 |
| Sangrur | 67.99 | 57.83 | 66.52 |
| Barnala | 67.82 | 57.90 | 65.78 |
| Tarn Taran | 67.81 | 58.30 | 67.74 |
| Muktsar | 65.81 | 54.66 | 67.29 |
| Mansa | 61.83 | 51.68 | 67.43 |
Religion
The table below shows the literacy rate by religion in Punjab, according to 2001 census.[17]
| Sr. No. | Religion | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jains | 95.9% |
| 2 | Hindus | 74.6% |
| 3 | Buddhists | 72.7% |
| 4 | Sikhs | 67.3% |
| 5 | Christians | 54.6% |
| 6 | Muslims | 51.2% |
| All religious groups | 69.7% |
Caste
The table below gives the literacy rate of Scheduled castes by district, according to the 2011 census.[18][19][20][21]
| Sr. No. | District | SC Percentage | District total |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hoshiarpur | 82.49% | 84.59% |
| 2 | Rupnagar | 78.4% | 82.19% |
| 3 | Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar | 77.72 % | 79.78% |
| 4 | SAS Nagar | 76.1% | 83.80% |
| 5 | Jalandhar | 76.68% | 82.48% |
| 6 | Gurdaspur | 72.89% | 79.95% |
| 7 | Ludhiana | 72.65% | 82.20% |
| 8 | Fatehgarh Sahib | 72.19% | 79.35% |
| 9 | Kapurthala | 71.29% | 79.07% |
| 10 | Patiala | 62.28% | 75.28% |
| 11 | Amritsar | 59.16% | 76.27% |
| 12 | Sangrur | 57.60% | 67.99% |
| 13 | Moga | 55.23% | 70.68% |
| 14 | Firozpur | 55.38% | 68.92% |
| 15 | Faridkot | 54.91% | 69.55% |
| 16 | Barnala | 54.91% | 67.82% |
| 17 | Bathinda | 53.09% | 68.28% |
| 18 | Tarn Taran | 51.37% | 67.81% |
| 19 | Muktsar | 50.46% | 65.81% |
| 20 | Mansa | 48.72% | 61.83% |
| Punjab | 64.81% | 75.84%. |
Human Development Index
According UNDP, Punjab's HDI for 2023 is 0.794.[23] The table below shows the district wise human development index of Punjab through the years.[24]
| Sr. No. | District | 2017 | 2011 | 2001 | 1991 | Percentage change 1991–2017 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ludhiana | 0.794 | 0.747 | 0.761 | 0.650 | 22.1% |
| 2 | Moga | 0.695 | 0.679 | 0.683 | -- | -- |
| 3 | Sangrur | 0.669 | 0.666 | 0.654 | 0.534 | 25.2% |
| 4 | Bathinda | 0.659 | 0.740 | 0.539 | 22.2% | |
| 5 | Tarn Taran | 0.654 | 0.646 | -- | -- | -- |
| 6 | SAS Nagar | 0.653 | 0.701 | -- | -- | -- |
| 7 | Fatehgarh Sahib | 0.648 | 0.69 | 0.74 | -- | -- |
| 8 | Kapurthala | 0.646 | 0.703 | 0.707 | 0.603 | 7.3% |
| 9 | Amritsar | 0.635 | 0.685 | 0.700 | 0.608 | 4.4% |
| 10 | Rupnagar | 0.629 | 0.675 | 0.751 | 0.623 | 0.9% |
| 11 | SBS Nagar | 0.627 | 0.707 | 0.707 | -- | -- |
| 12 | Jalandhar | 0.618 | 0.738 | 0.708 | 0.610 | 1.3% |
| 13 | Barnala | 0.617 | 0.649 | -- | -- | -- |
| 14 | Hoshiarpur | 0.615 | 0.721 | 0.718 | 0.606 | 1.4% |
| 15 | Patiala | 0.607 | 0.695 | 0.697 | 0.589 | 3.0% |
| 16 | Mansa | 0.601 | 0.595 | 0.633 | -- | -- |
| 17 | Faridkot | 0.599 | 0.642 | 0.698 | 0.573 | 4.5% |
| 18 | Muktsar | 0.572 | 0.633 | 0.651 | -- | -- |
| 19 | Firozpur | 0.563 | 0.606 | 0.689 | 0.568 | -0.8% |
| 20 | Pathankot | 0.538 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 21 | Fazilka | 0.505 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 22 | Gurdaspur | 0.503 | 0.673 | 0.723 | 0.612 | -17.6% |
| Punjab | 0.620 | 0.643 | 0.667 | 0.591 | 4.9% |
Caste population
As of September 2020, the caste population data foreach Forward caste citizen in Punjab collected in Socio Economic and Caste Census 2011 has not been released to public by Government of India.[25][26] Scheduled Castes and Other Backward Classes form 63.2% of the total population of Punjab.[27]
| Caste Population data of Punjab | ||
|---|---|---|
| Constitutional categories | Population (%) | Castes |
| General caste | 33% | includes 18% Jat Sikh,[28] 15 % Ahir(in Patiala & Sangrur), Brahmin, Khatri, Arora, Rajput (includes Sikh Rajputs), Sood, Bania, Bhatia, Mahajan |
| Other Backward Classes (OBC) | 31.3%[29][30] | includes Sainis,[31]Kamboj, Labana, Tarkhan/Ramgarhia, Kumhar/Prajapati, Arain, Gujjar, Teli, Banjara, Others |
| Scheduled Castes (Dalits not including Rai Sikh statistics[32]) | 31.9%[33] | includes Mazhabi Sikh - 10%, (Ramdasia, Ravidassia, Ad-Dharmi-Chamar castes cluster - 13.1%), Balmiki/Bhanghi - 3.5%, Bazigar - 1.05% Others castes like Sansi, chimba, nai, julaha and many more - 4%[34] |
| religious minorities | 3.8%[35] | includes Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, Jains |
Below is the list of districts according to the percentage of their SC population, according to 2011 census.[9][18][36][37]
| Sr. No. | District | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar | 42.51% |
| 2 | Muktsar | 42.31% |
| 3 | Fazilka | 42.27% |
| 4 | Firozpur | 42.07% |
| 5 | Jalandhar | 38.95% |
| 6 | Faridkot | 38.92% |
| 7 | Moga | 36.50% |
| 8 | Hoshiarpur | 35.14% |
| 9 | Kapurthala | 33.94% |
| 10 | Tarn Taran | 33.71% |
| 11 | Mansa | 33.63% |
| 12 | Bathinda | 32.44% |
| 13 | Barnala | 32.24% |
| 14 | Fatehgarh Sahib | 32.07% |
| 15 | Amritsar | 30.95% |
| 16 | Pathankot | 30.60% |
| 17 | Sangrur | 27.89% |
| 18 | Ludhiana | 26.39% |
| 19 | Rupnagar | 25.42% |
| 20 | Patiala | 24.55% |
| 21 | Gurdaspur | 23.03% |
| 22 | SAS Nagar | 21.74% |
Scheduled caste (SC) population among different religions in Punjab - Census 2011[38]
| Religion | Total Population | Scheduled Caste Population | Scheduled Caste Population % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sikh | 16,004,754 | 5,390,484 | 33.68% |
| Hindu | 10,678,138 | 3,442,305 | 32.23% |
| Buddhist | 33,237 | 27,390 | 82.40% |
| Sr. No. | District | Ravidassia/Addharmi Caste % | Mazhabi/Valmiki Caste % | Rai-Sikh Caste % | Julaha Caste % | Sansi Caste % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | SBS Nagar | 34.88% | 2.72% | 0.02% | 0.2% | 0.32% |
| 2 | Hoshiarpur | 26.34% | 3.62% | 0.02% | 0.55% | 0.17% |
| 3 | Jalandhar | 21.43% | 11.07% | 0.87% | 2.03% | 0.45% |
| 4 | Fatehgarh Sahib | 19.2% | 7.61% | 0.01% | 0.16% | 0.34% |
| 5 | Rupnagar | 16.85% | 4.36% | 0% | 0.84% | 0.06% |
| 6 | Sangrur | 15.77% | 10.51% | 0.01% | 0.04% | 0.64% |
| 7 | Barnala | 15.18% | 13.22% | 0% | 0.05% | 0.36% |
| 8 | Ludhiana | 14.94% | 6.4% | 0.52% | 0.34% | 0.32% |
| 9 | SAS Nagar | 11.65% | 5.82% | 0.02% | 0.23% | 0.16% |
| 10 | Mansa | 11.33% | 16.1% | 1.48% | 0.04% | 0.15% |
| 11 | Kapurthala | 11.04% | 17.21% | 2.53% | 0.31% | 0.25% |
| 12 | Patiala | 10.18% | 7.56% | 0.15% | 0.08% | 0.3% |
| 13 | Bathinda | 7.83% | 17.84% | 0.23% | 0.19% | 0.16% |
| 14 | Gurdaspur | 5.79% | 6.6% | 0.1% | 2.11% | 0.79% |
| 15 | Muktsar | 5.54% | 25.9% | 0.75% | 1.57% | 0.33% |
| 16 | Faridkot | 4.35% | 26.57% | 0.02% | 0.05% | 0.27% |
| 17 | Moga | 3.14% | 25.39% | 1.43% | 0.04% | 0.14% |
| 18 | Firozpur | 1.56% | 14.5% | 18.44% | 2.33% | 0.51% |
| 19 | Amritsar | 1.28% | 22.84% | 1.72% | 1.28% | 0.77% |
| 20 | Tarn Taran | 0.32% | 28.17% | 0.03% | 0.01% | 1.57 |
Crimes against SC/STs
The table below shows the number of recorded crimes against scheduled caste and scheduled tribe people from 2010 to 2018.[40]
| Year | Murder | Rape | POA Act | Hurt | Kidnapping | Miscellaneous |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 13 | 30 | 32 | 6 | 4 | 82 |
| 2017 | 7 | 17 | 31 | 3 | 2 | 58 |
| 2016 | 7 | 16 | 41 | 1 | 3 | 64 |
| 2015 | 8 | 14 | 23 | 5 | 3 | 94 |
| 2014 | 4 | 19 | 16 | 2 | 3 | 79 |
| 2013 | 7 | 22 | 13 | 37 | 8 | 39 |
| 2012 | 4 | 12 | 8 | 21 | 2 | 24 |
| 2011 | 5 | 9 | 24 | 27 | 2 | 22 |
| 2010 | 4 | 18 | 50 | 13 | 0 | 30 |
Urbanization
The table below shows the percentage of rural population in each district of Punjab in ascending order, according to the 2011 census.[41]
| Sr. No. | District | Rural percentage |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ludhiana | 40.84% |
| 2 | SAS Nagar | 45.24% |
| 3 | Amritsar | 46.42% |
| 4 | Jalandhar | 47.07% |
| 5 | Pathankot | 55.93% |
| 6 | Patiala | 59.74% |
| 7 | Bathinda | 64.05% |
| 8 | Faridkot | 64.85% |
| 9 | Kapurthala | 65.35% |
| 10 | Barnala | 67.98% |
| 11 | Sangrur | 68.83% |
| 12 | Fatehgarh Sahib | 69.02% |
| 13 | Ferozepur | 71.54% |
| 14 | Sri Muktsar Sahib | 72.04% |
| 15 | Fazilka | 73.97% |
| 16 | Rupnagar | 74.03% |
| 17 | Moga | 77.18% |
| 18 | Gurdaspur | 77.73% |
| 19 | Mansa | 78.75% |
| 20 | Hoshiarpur | 78.89% |
| 21 | SBS Nagar | 79.52% |
| 22 | Tarn Taran | 87.34% |
| Punjab (whole) | 62.52% |
Languages spoken
Template:Pie chart The Punjabi language written in the Gurmukhi script is the official language of the state.[42] Muslims form a slight majority in the Malerkotla town and use Shahmukhi for communication.[43] Punjabi is the sole official language of Punjab and is spoken by the majority of the population numbering around 24,919,067 constituting (89.82%) of the population as of 2011 census report. Hindi is the second largest language, spoken by 2,177,853 constituting 7.85% of the population. And the remaining 646,418 spoke other Indian languages, comprising 2.83% in the Others category.[44]
Religion in Punjab
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2001 and 2011 census
Sikhism is the most common faith in Punjab, numbering over 16 million people representing 57.69% of the population, making it the only Sikh-majority state in India. Around 38.49% of the population (10.68 million) follow Hinduism, while Islam is followed by 1.93% of the population (535,000) and Christianity 1.26% (350,000).[45] Other faiths include Buddhism and Jainism which are followed in smaller numbers. There were also nearly 90,000 people that did not state their religion.[46]
| Religion | 2001 Census[47] | 2011 Census[48] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | |
| Sikh File:Khanda.svg | 14,592,387 | 59.91% | 16,004,754 | 57.69% |
| Hindu File:Om.svg | 8,997,942 | 36.94% | 10,678,138 | 38.49% |
| Muslim File:Star and Crescent.svg | 382,045 | 1.57% | 535,489 | 1.93% |
| Christian File:Christian cross.svg | 292,800 | 1.20% | 348,230 | 1.26% |
| Jain File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg | 39,276 | 0.16% | 45,040 | 0.16% |
| Buddhist File:Dharma Wheel (2).svg | 41,487 | 0.17% | 33,237 | 0.12% |
| Others | 8,594 | 0.03% | 10,886 | 0.04% |
| Religion not stated | n/a | n/a | 87,564 | 0.31% |
| Total | 24,358,999 | 100.00% | 27,743,338 | 100.00% |
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Urban and rural areas
The table given below shows the religion in the urban areas of Punjab, according to 2011 census.[49]
| Religion | Urban | Rural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage | Population | Percentage | Population | |
| Hindu | Template:Percentage bar | 6,282,072 | Template:Percentage bar | 4,396,066 |
| Sikh | Template:Percentage bar | 3,656,299 | Template:Percentage bar | 12,348,455 |
| Muslim | Template:Percentage bar | 256,664 | Template:Percentage bar | 278,825 |
| Christian | Template:Percentage bar | 105,253 | Template:Percentage bar | 242,977 |
| Jain | Template:Percentage bar | 40,674 | Template:Percentage bar | 4,366 |
| Buddhist | Template:Percentage bar | 9,660 | Template:Percentage bar | 23,577 |
| Other religions and persuasions | Template:Percentage bar | 4,240 | Template:Percentage bar | 6,646 |
| Religion not stated | Template:Percentage bar | 44,284 | Template:Percentage bar | 43,280 |
| Total | 10,399,146 | 17,344,192 | ||
The table below shows the population of different religions in absolute numbers in the urban and rural areas of Punjab.
| Hindu | Sikh | Christian | Muslim | Other religions | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 | Urban | 29,81,804 | 15,42,623 | 33,503 | 60,395 | 29,432 |
| Rural | 32,18,391 | 86,56,518 | 1,51,431 | 1,07,699 | 7,119 | |
| 2001 | Urban | 49,33,743 | 30,24,950 | 81,642 | 1,66,529 | 55,649 |
| Rural | 40,64,199 | 1,15,67,437 | 2,11,160 | 2,15,518 | 38,176 | |
| 2011 | Urban | 62,82,072 | 36,56,299 | 1,05,253 | 2,56,664 | 98,858 |
| Rural | 43,96,066 | 1,23,48,455 | 2,42,977 | 2,78,825 | 77,869 | |
1971 census
Template:Pie chart Following the Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966, the borders of the East Punjab region were finalized and delineated. The states that form this region at present include Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, the Union Territory of Chandigarh.
The religious demography according to the 1971 census for the contemporary state of Punjab, India is shown below, broken down by district with an overall total.
1961 census
The 1961 Census data reflects the post-reorganization administrative boundaries. By this time, the Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) had been fully merged into Punjab on 1 November 1956 under the States Reorganisation Act. Additionally, the former princely state of Bilaspur, a Part-C state, was merged into Himachal Pradesh in 1954. Therefore, the 1961 census tables include populations from the territories of both Punjab (including the former PEPSU regions) and Himachal Pradesh (including Bilaspur), as per their reorganized state boundaries.
The religious demography of the East Punjab region including the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and the Union Territory of Chandigarh is broken down below by district with an overall total as per the 1961 census of India.[52][53][54]
Contemporary Punjab state
Template:Pie chart The religious demography according to the 1961 census for the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India is also shown below, broken down by district with an overall total.
1951 census
After Partition, East Punjab underwent significant restructuring, particularly in its Punjab States Agency. Several princely states in the region were merged in 1948 to form the Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), while a number of hill states in the north were integrated to form Himachal Pradesh. Bilaspur Princely state remained a separate entity as Bilaspur State. In the 1951 census, these regions — Punjab, PEPSU, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur, and Delhi — were grouped together in a single volume titled Census of India, 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi. Although Delhi was included in this volume, it had become a separate province in 1911 and is not considered part of East Punjab for statistical purposes.[55] Below is the religious demographics of this region broken down by district with an overall total as per the 1951 census of India.
In the following tables, 268,602 people from the Jullundur Division were not classified by religion due to missing records caused by a fire in the Jullundur Census Tabulation Office. As a result, their religious affiliation could not be included at the district level. These unclassified populations were distributed across Amritsar district (96,720 persons), Gurdaspur district (89,512 persons), Jullundur district (46,834 persons), Ferozepur district (18,283 persons), Kangra district (9,565 persons), Hoshiarpur district (6,362 persons), and Ludhiana district (1,326 persons).[56] While their district level religious details were omitted, the number was included on the overall provincial tabulation. According to consolidated data, out of the 268,602 individuals, 149,758 persons were Sikhs, 1,658 persons were Muslims and 117,186 persons were Hindus and others,[57] Therefore, the actual total population of the province/state was not 16,975,754 as shown in the tables below, but 17,244,356 after including these 268,602 individuals.
Contemporary Punjab state
Template:Pie chart The religious demography according to the 1951 census for the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India is also shown below, broken down by district with an overall total.
1941 census
East Punjab region
Template:Pie chart Prior to partition, the eastern portion of Punjab that was ultimately awarded to India following the demarcation of the Radcliffe Line was made into a new province – East Punjab. The area includes the contemporary states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Below is the religious demographics of this region broken down by district and princely state with an overall total as per the 1941 Indian census. Template:Sticky header
Contemporary Punjab state
Template:Pie chart The religious demography according to the 1941 census for the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India is also shown below, broken down by district and princely state with an overall total.
1931 census
East Punjab region
Template:Pie chart Prior to partition, the eastern portion of Punjab that was ultimately awarded to India following the demarcation of the Radcliffe Line was made into a new province – East Punjab. The area includes the contemporary states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Below is the religious demographics of this region broken down by district and princely state with an overall total as per the 1931 Indian census.
Contemporary Punjab state
Template:Pie chart The religious demography according to the 1931 census for the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India is also shown below, broken down by district and princely state with an overall total.
1921 census
East Punjab region
Template:Pie chart Prior to partition, the eastern portion of Punjab that was ultimately awarded to India following the demarcation of the Radcliffe Line was made into a new province – East Punjab. The area includes the contemporary states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Below is the religious demographics of this region broken down by district and princely state with an overall total as per the 1921 Indian census. Template:Sticky header
Contemporary Punjab state
Template:Pie chartThe religious demography according to the 1921 census for the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India is also shown below, broken down by district and princely state with an overall total.
1911 census
East Punjab region
Template:Pie chart Prior to partition, the eastern portion of Punjab that was ultimately awarded to India following the demarcation of the Radcliffe Line was made into a new province – East Punjab. The area includes the contemporary states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Below is the religious demographics of this region broken down by district and princely state with an overall total as per the 1911 Indian census. Template:Sticky header
Contemporary Punjab state
Template:Pie chart The religious demography according to the 1911 census for the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India is also shown below, broken down by district and princely state with an overall total.
1901 census
East Punjab region
Template:Pie chart Prior to partition, the eastern portion of Punjab that was ultimately awarded to India following the demarcation of the Radcliffe Line was made into a new province – East Punjab. The area includes the contemporary states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Below is the religious demographics of this region broken down by district and princely state with an overall total as per the 1901 Indian census. Template:Sticky header
Contemporary Punjab state
Template:Pie chart The religious demography according to the 1901 census for the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India is also shown below, broken down by district and princely state with an overall total.
Sikhism in Punjab
Template:Historical populations
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Sikhism was born in the Punjab area of South Asia, which now falls into the present day states of India and Pakistan. The main religions of the area at the time were Hinduism and Islam.The Sikh faith began around 1500 CE, when Guru Nanak began teaching a faith that was quite distinct from Hinduism and Islam. Nine Gurus followed Nanak and developed the Sikh faith and community over the next centuries.[65]
After the 1947 Partition of Punjab, Sikhs became the majority religious group in Indian Punjab mainly due to the immigration of 2 million Sikhs from Pakistan into Indian Punjab, which have ultimately resulted in an increase in Sikh percentage from 33.70% in 1941 to 60.62% in 1951.[66][67][68] While population that adheres to Sikh faith has increased, the percentage of Sikhs has declined from 60.62% in 1951 to 57.69% (a decline of 2.93% in last 60 years).
The Sikh population in India's Punjab have grown from 5.53 million in 1951 to 16 million in 2011 census (an increase of 10.47 million in last 60 years). Sikhs in Punjab have the lowest fertility rate of 1.6 children per women as per census 2011.[69]
Whilst Punjab, India has had a majority Sikh population for decades, recent statistics point toward a demographic decline of Sikhs in the state. School data from the Civil Registration System (CRS) shows that Sikh children are now a plurality (49%) at the foundational-level (pre-primary to Class II in the age group of 3–8-years-old). The causes for the demographic decline of Sikhs in Indian Punjab has been attributed to low fertility-rates, outbound migration of Sikhs abroad, and internal migration within India of persons from other states, oftentimes Uttar Pradesh or Bihar, settling in Indian Punjab.[70]
| Year | Percent | Increase | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 19.26%* | Template:N/a | Template:Efn |
| 1911 | 27.58%* | +8.32% | Template:Efn |
| 1921 | 28.14%* | +0.56% | Template:Efn |
| 1931 | 32.14%* | +4.00% | Template:Efn |
| 1941 | 33.63%* | +1.49% | Template:Efn |
| 1951 | 55.65%* | +22.02% | [55]Template:Efn |
| 1961 | 52.76%* | -2.89% | [52][53]Template:Efn |
| 1971 | 60.22% | +7.46% | [51] |
| 1981 | 60.75% | +0.53% | Template:Citation needed |
| 1991 | 62.95% | +2.2% | Template:Citation needed |
| 2001 | 59.91% | -3.04% | Template:Citation needed |
| 2011 | 57.69% | -2.22% | Template:Citation needed |
| Template:Small | |||
Hinduism in Punjab
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Hinduism is the second largest and fastest growing religion in the Indian state of Punjab with around 38.5% followers as of 2011 census. Hinduism is the 2nd largest religion of Punjabi peoples. It was the largest religion in Punjab before the advent of Islam from the West and birth of Sikhism in Punjab region from the east.[72] The Hindu population has increased drastically in the Indian Punjab from 1941 to 1951 mainly due to the immigration of 1 million Punjabi Hindu refugees from Pakistan's Punjab.[73]
The Hindu percentage remained stable for decades. The Hindu percentage have increased from 37.66% in 1951 to 38.49% in 2011.
The Hindu population have increased from 3.44 million in 1951 to 10.67 million in 2011 (a growth of 7.23 million in 6 decades). Hindus in Punjab have a fertility rate of 1.9 children per women as per as census 2011.[74]
| Year | Percent | Increase | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 42.69%* | Template:N/a | Template:Efn |
| 1911 | 34.90%* | -7.79% | Template:Efn |
| 1921 | 33.90%* | -1.00% | Template:Efn |
| 1931 | 28.95%* | -4.95% | Template:Efn |
| 1941 | 26.62%* | -2.33% | Template:Efn |
| 1951 | 42.27%* | +15.65% | [55]Template:Efn |
| 1961 | 44.95%* | +2.68% | [52][53]Template:Efn |
| 1971 | 37.54% | -7.41% | [51] |
| 1981 | 36.93% | -0.61% | Template:Citation needed |
| 1991 | 34.46% | -2.47% | Template:Citation needed |
| 2001 | 36.94% | +2.48% | Template:Citation needed |
| 2011 | 38.49% | +1.55% | Template:Citation needed |
| Template:Small | |||
Islam in Punjab
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.jpg)
The Muslim population in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, India reduced from approximately 38.4% according to the 1941 censusTemplate:Efn to 0.5% in 1947 as a result of Partition of Punjab riots which were caused during 1947 mainly in the various parts of East Punjab.
Prior to partition, according to the 1941 census, approximately 3.75 million Muslims resided in the region that forms the contemporary state of Punjab in India.Template:Efn At the time, Muslims formed the largest religious community in the region, comprising a narrow plurality at approximately 38.4 percent of the total population.Template:Efn Following the partition of India, the vast majority departed the region en masse, migrating westward to the Punjab region that fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line, in the contemporary state of Punjab, Pakistan.
Most native Punjabi Muslims now live in Malerkotla, and it is the only district where communal violence haven't occurred during partition because Guru Gobind Singh Ji have promised the Nawab of Malerkotla, Sher Mohammad Khan that the Muslim community in Malerkotla would never be harmed in the future times to come and as a result of Guru ji's blessing words, most of the Muslims were able to stayed back there.[75][76] Apart from Malerkotla, most of the Muslims living in other parts of Punjab are non-native and have came from neighbouring states of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir on temporary basis as immigrants workers (small scale) and students.
Muslims in Punjab have a fertility rate of 2.4 children per women as per 2011 census.[74] Islam is the fastest-growing religion in Punjab.[77]
| Year | Percent | Increase | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 37.74%* | Template:N/a | Template:Efn |
| 1911 | 36.83%* | -0.91% | Template:Efn |
| 1921 | 36.99%* | +0.16% | Template:Efn |
| 1931 | 37.83%* | +0.84% | Template:Efn |
| 1941 | 38.42%* | +0.59% | Template:Efn |
| 1947 | 0.5%* | -37.92% | Template:Citation needed |
| 1951 | 0.85%* | +0.35% | [55]Template:Efn |
| 1961 | 0.85%* | +0.00% | [52][53]Template:Efn |
| 1971 | 0.84% | -0.01% | [51] |
| 1981 | 1% | +0.07% | Template:Citation needed |
| 1991 | 1.18% | +0.18% | Template:Citation needed |
| 2001 | 1.57% | +0.39% | Template:Citation needed |
| 2011 | 1.93% | +0.36% | Template:Citation needed |
| Template:Small | |||
Religious population by districts
| # | District | Sikh | Hindu | Muslim | Christian | Jain | Buddhist | Other religions | Religion not stated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Amritsar | 1,716,935 | 690,939 | 12,502 | 54,344 | 3,152 | 876 | 5,488 | 10,864 |
| 2 | Barnala | 467,751 | 112,859 | 13,100 | 622 | 246 | 108 | 481 | 360 |
| 3 | Bathinda | 984,286 | 380,569 | 16,299 | 2,474 | 1,266 | 246 | 559 | 2,826 |
| 4 | Faridkot | 469,789 | 141,363 | 3,125 | 1,227 | 1,109 | 155 | 103 | 637 |
| 5 | Fatehgarh Sahib | 427,521 | 152,851 | 16,808 | 1,698 | 178 | 48 | 251 | 808 |
| 6 | Firozpur | 1,090,815 | 906,408 | 6,844 | 19,358 | 1,143 | 454 | 278 | 3,774 |
| 7 | Gurdaspur | 1,002,874 | 1,074,332 | 27,667 | 176,587 | 580 | 405 | 812 | 15,066 |
| 8 | Hoshiarpur | 538,208 | 1,000,743 | 23,089 | 14,968 | 2034 | 3,476 | 531 | 3,576 |
| 9 | Jalandhar | 718,363 | 1,394,329 | 30,233 | 26,016 | 4,011 | 11,385 | 805 | 8,448 |
| 10 | Kapurthala | 453,692 | 336,124 | 10,190 | 5,445 | 553 | 6,662 | 334 | 2,168 |
| 11 | Ludhiana | 1,863,408 | 1,502,403 | 77,713 | 16,517 | 19,620 | 2,007 | 1,254 | 15,817 |
| 12 | Mansa | 598,443 | 156,539 | 10,656 | 917 | 1,577 | 123 | 493 | 1,284 |
| 13 | Moga | 818,921 | 158,414 | 9,388 | 3,277 | 436 | 178 | 365 | 4,767 |
| 14 | Muktsar | 638,625 | 254,920 | 4,333 | 1,681 | 744 | 240 | 433 | 920 |
| 15 | Patiala | 1,059,944 | 783,306 | 40,043 | 5,683 | 1,914 | 245 | 1,410 | 3,141 |
| 16 | Rupnagar | 361,045 | 304,481 | 14,492 | 2,094 | 653 | 118 | 143 | 1,601 |
| 17 | Mohali | 478,908 | 476,276 | 29,488 | 5,342 | 1,257 | 257 | 239 | 2,861 |
| 18 | Sangrur | 1,077,438 | 389,410 | 179,116 | 2,406 | 3,222 | 268 | 1,038 | 2,271 |
| 19 | Nawanshehar | 192,885 | 401,368 | 6,829 | 1,479 | 695 | 5,885 | 266 | 2,903 |
| 20 | Tarn Taran | 1,044,903 | 60,504 | 3,855 | 6,095 | 650 | 101 | 47 | 3,472 |
| Template:Center | 16,004,754 | 10,678,138 | 535,489 | 348,230 | 45,040 | 33,237 | 10,886 | 87,564 | |
| # | District | Sikh | Hindu | Muslim | Christian | Jain | Buddhist | Other religions | Religion not stated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Amritsar | 68.94% | 27.74% | 0.50% | 2.18% | 0.13% | 0.04% | 0.04% | 0.44% |
| 2 | Barnala | 78.54% | 18.95% | 2.20% | 0.10% | 0.04% | 0.02% | 0.08% | 0.06% |
| 3 | Bathinda | 70.89% | 27.41% | 1.17% | 0.18% | 0.09% | 0.02% | 0.04% | 0.20% |
| 4 | Faridkot | 76.08% | 22.89% | 0.51% | 0.20% | 0.18% | 0.03% | 0.02% | 0.10% |
| 5 | Fatehgarh Sahib | 71.23% | 25.47% | 2.80% | 0.28% | 0.03% | 0.01% | 0.04% | 0.13% |
| 6 | Firozpur | 53.76% | 44.67% | 0.34% | 0.95% | 0.06% | 0.02% | 0.01% | 0.19% |
| 7 | Gurdaspur | 43.64% | 46.74% | 1.20% | 7.68% | 0.03% | 0.02% | 0.04% | 0.66% |
| 8 | Hoshiarpur | 33.92% | 63.07% | 1.46% | 0.94% | 0.13% | 0.22% | 0.03% | 0.23% |
| 9 | Jalandhar | 32.75% | 63.56% | 1.38% | 1.19% | 0.18% | 0.52% | 0.04% | 0.39% |
| 10 | Kapurthala | 55.66% | 41.23% | 1.25% | 0.67% | 0.07% | 0.82% | 0.04% | 0.27% |
| 11 | Ludhiana | 53.26% | 42.94% | 2.22% | 0.47% | 0.56% | 0.06% | 0.04% | 0.45% |
| 12 | Mansa | 77.75% | 20.34% | 1.35% | 0.12% | 0.20% | 0.02% | 0.06% | 0.17% |
| 13 | Moga | 82.24% | 15.91% | 0.94% | 0.33% | 0.04% | 0.02% | 0.04% | 0.48% |
| 14 | Muktsar | 70.81% | 28.26% | 0.48% | 0.19% | 0.08% | 0.03% | 0.05% | 0.10% |
| 15 | Patiala | 55.91% | 41.32% | 2.11% | 0.30% | 0.10% | 0.01% | 0.07% | 0.17% |
| 16 | Rupnagar | 52.74% | 44.47% | 2.12% | 0.31% | 0.10% | 0.02% | 0.02% | 0.23% |
| 17 | Mohali | 48.15% | 47.88% | 2.96% | 0.54% | 0.13% | 0.03% | 0.02% | 0.29% |
| 18 | Sangrur | 65.10% | 23.53% | 10.82% | 0.15% | 0.19% | 0.02% | 0.06% | 0.14% |
| 19 | Nawanshehar | 31.50% | 65.55% | 1.12% | 0.24% | 0.11% | 0.96% | 0.04% | 0.47% |
| 20 | Tarn Taran | 93.33% | 5.40% | 0.34% | 0.54% | 0.06% | 0.01% | 0.00% | 0.31% |
| Template:Center | 57.69% | 38.49% | 1.93% | 1.26% | 0.16% | 0.12% | 0.04% | 0.32% | |
See also
Notes
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 District-wise Population Density per sq. kilometer from 1981 to 2011 | Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India. punjab.data.gov.in(21 January 2022). Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 District-wise Decadal Sex ratio in Punjab | Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India. punjab.data.gov.in(21 January 2022). Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ↑ District-wise No. of Male (Urban) Population from 1971 to 2011 | Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India. punjab.data.gov.in(21 January 2022). Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ↑ District-wise No. of Female (Urban) Population from 1971 to 2011 | Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India. punjab.data.gov.in(21 January 2022). Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Area wise Birth Rate, Death Rate, Infant Mortality Rate and Maternal Morality Rate in Punjab from 1968 to 2017 | Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India. punjab.data.gov.in(21 January 2022). Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ↑ http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-4Reports/India.pdf Template:Webarchive Template:Bare URL PDF
- ↑ http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-5Reports/Punjab.pdf Template:Webarchive, page 8
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/NFHS-5_Phase-II_0.pdf Template:Bare URL PDF
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Literacy Rate in Punjab | Punjab Literacy Rate.
- ↑ Chapter 3 LITERACY AND EDUCATION. www.mospi.gov.in. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ↑ Template:Cite report
- ↑ Literacy rate of India according to NSC Report 2017-18. Key Indicators of Household Social Consumption on Education in India.NSS 75th Round.(July 2017 - June 2018).
- ↑ Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India(23 September 2024)
- ↑ Spatial Temporal Change in Literacy Rate of Punjab. www.ijsr.net. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ↑ Punjab Literacy Rate 2025. www.indiacensus.net.
- ↑ Literacy Rate In Punjab | Punjab Literacy Rate. www.punjabdata.com.
- ↑ LITERACY OF MAJOR RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN INDIA: A GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE. sikhinstitute.org. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India. data.gov.in(21 January 2022).
- ↑ District-wise percentage Literacy of Scheduled Castes (Male) from 1971 to 2011 | Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India. punjab.data.gov.in(21 January 2022). Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ↑ District-wise percentage Literacy of Scheduled Castes (Female) from 1971 to 2011 | Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India. punjab.data.gov.in(21 January 2022). Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ↑ District-wise no. of Literate Scheduled Castes (Total) Population from 1971 to 2011 | Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India. punjab.data.gov.in(21 January 2022). Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ↑ District-wise percentage Literacy of Scheduled Castes (Total) from 1971 to 2011 | Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India. punjab.data.gov.in(21 January 2022). Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ↑ Template:Cite report
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 How well is Punjab Progressing in Human Development? A District Wise Analysis. ResearchGate. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ↑ Raw caste data collected in 2011 given to social justice ministry, govt tells Rajya Sabha. ThePrint(2020-09-16). Retrieved 2020-09-27.
- ↑ 'Caste Census-2011 not yet released'. The Hindu(2018-06-27). Retrieved 2018-07-30.
- ↑ Eye on AAP? Congress bets big on Dalit Sikhs, bid to please Jats too, Ganesan, Rajeshwari. Times Now(2021-09-20). Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ↑ Punjab's Jat Sikhs and their political dominance. The Times of India(9 March 2022). Retrieved 19 January 2026.
- ↑ 31.3 per cent are other backward classes (OBCs), Jagga, Raakhi. The Indian Express(2021-09-20). Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ↑ Quota will have little impact in Punjab. The Tribune(2019-01-11). Retrieved 2019-12-30.
- ↑ Castes Under BC. welfarepunjab.gov.in. Retrieved 2021-07-03.
- ↑ Punjab's many Dalit Sikhs – Ramdasia, Ravidasia, Mazhabis, Ranghretas, Rai, Sansi. ThePrint(2021-09-21). Retrieved 2021-11-14.
- ↑ SCs, STs form 25% of population, says Census 2011 data. The Indian Express(1 May 2013). Retrieved 20 March 2018.
- ↑ Punjab Data Highlights: The Scheduled Castes. Office of the Registrar General, India. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
- ↑ Census Reference Tables, C-Series Population by religious communities. censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2019-08-18.
- ↑ Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India(21 January 2022).
- ↑ Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India(21 January 2022).
- ↑ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Punjab - 2011. Office of the Registrar General India. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
- ↑ A-10 Appendix: District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix), Punjab - 2011. Government of India. Retrieved 17 January 2026.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India(21 January 2022).
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India(21 January 2022).
- ↑ Punjabi fading in 'Punjabi Suba', Singh, Roopinder. The Tribune(2019-06-09). Retrieved 2019-12-08.
- ↑ Waqf Board divided over use of Punjabi in recruitment, India, Tribune. The Tribune(2020-06-17). Retrieved 2020-09-07.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedcensus2011-langreport - ↑ Although the OBC share in the country's population is about 41 per cent, in states like Punjab, the concentration of the OBC population is less than 25 per cent(3 September 2007).
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Population by religious community: Punjab.
- ↑ Total population by religious communities. Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ↑ Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Punjab. censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
- ↑ Punjab population by religion 2023 | Caste wise population(11 September 2021).
- ↑ Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India(21 January 2022).
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 Distribution of Population Religion and Scheduled Castes, Part II-C(i) and Part V-A, Series-17, Punjab - Census 1971. Census Digital Library. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 52.5 Paper No 1 of 1963, India - Census 1961. Census Digital Library. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 53.5 Social and Cultural Tables, Part II-C(i), Vol-XIII, Punjab - Census 1961. Census Digital Library. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 Cultural & Migration Tables, Part II-C, Volume-XX, Himachal Pradesh - Census 1961. Census Digital Library. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 55.5 Census of India, 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
- ↑ 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi II-A Census Book Page no. 271 - Census of India, 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi II-A Jstor.com or Internet Archive or Census India Gov
- ↑ 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi Census book In Last Page no. (XLii) - Census of India, 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi I-A Jstor.com or Census India gov.
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables.. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables.. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables.. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province.]. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 Punjab District Gazetteers Gurdaspur District Vol.21 Statistical Tables. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
- ↑ BBC - Religions - Sikhism: Origins of Sikhism. www.bbc.co.uk.
- ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedepw.in - ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedcpsindia.org - ↑ Sikh farmers who migrated twice suffered the most during Partition(15 August 2022).
- ↑ India witnesses decline in population growth rate and fertility across religious groups(4 October 2021).
- ↑ Impact of emigration in Punjab: School data shows shift in demography. Times of India(5 March 2025). Retrieved 19 October 2025.
- ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 Demographic Dynamism of Punjab, 1971-2011. Economic and Political Weekly({Template:Date).
- ↑ Sikhs Dominate Punjab : Hindus: A Forgotten Minority. Los Angeles Times(31 July 1985).
- ↑ Coochbehar Panchanan Barma University https://cbpbu.ac.in › file › HISPDF Pattern of Post 1947 Refugee Resettlement in India, Course
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 Hindu-Muslim fertility differentials in India: What do district-level estimates from Census 2011 tell us?.
- ↑ History | District Malerkotla, Government of Punjab | India.
- ↑ In Malerkotla, One Can Find the Vestiges of India's Forgotten History of Tolerance.
- ↑ Muslims are once again dotting Punjab's landscape. twocircles.net(April 1, 2019).
- ↑ Muslims are dotting Punjab Landscape once again.
- ↑ District wise Religious Composition of Population in Punjab in 1981, 1991, 2001. ENVIS Centre : Punjab.
- ↑ The Vanishing Hindus of Pakistan – a Demographic Study(9 January 2015).