1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election

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Template:Infobox election

The fourth legislative assembly election of Madras State (later renamed as Tamil Nadu) was held in February 1967. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) led coalition under the leadership of C.N. Annadurai won the election defeating the Indian National Congress (Congress). Anti-Hindi agitations, the rising prices of essential commodities, and a shortage of rice were the dominant issues. K. Kamaraj's resignation as the Chief Minister in 1963, to concentrate on party affairs, along with persistent rumors of corruption had weakened the incumbent Congress Government. This was the second time after Communist Party of India winning Kerala assembly elections in 1957, for a non-Congress party to gain the majority in a state in India, and the last time that Congress held power in Tamil Nadu. It was the first time a party or pre-election alliance formed a non-Congress government with an absolute majority. It marked the beginning of Dravidian dominance in the politics of Tamil Nadu. Annadurai, who became the first non-Congress chief minister of post-independence Tamil Nadu, died in office in 1969 and V.R. Nedunchezhiyan took over as acting chief minister.

Background

The Congress party began to show weakness in the years after the 1962 election.[1] In the summer of 1962, DMK conducted demonstrations against rising prices. These demonstrations turned violent throughout the state leading to the arrest of 6500 DMK volunteers, 14 members of the assembly and four members of the Lok Sabha, including Annadurai.[1]

Kamaraj resigned the Chief Ministership in 1963 to assume the presidency of the All India Congress Committee and was replaced by M. Bakthavatsalam. Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr. (Temple Professor Emeritus in the Humanities, Government and Asian Studies from the University of Texas) wrote in an article published in the journal Pacific Affairs, that M. Bhaktavatsalam did not have the personal charisma or political acumen of Kamaraj. Persistent rumours of corruption tarnished the image of the Government. In October 1964, the food crisis brought the popularity of the Congress Government to an all-time low.[1]

Issues

Template:Main The major issues at play in the election were the official language issue, the rise in essential commodity prices and the shortage of rice. The central Government led by the Indian National Congress had implemented an act replacing English with Hindi as an official language of India while retaining a possible "associate" status to English. The switchover came into effect on 26 January 1965. In protest to the vague wording of the act, fearing a possible elimination of English and imposition of Hindi, DMK had launched an agitation opposing the switchover and that agitation turned violent. The 1967 election was held in the aftermath of this violence.[2]

The acute rice shortage prevailing in the state became an election issue with the DMK promising to supply three padis (approx. 4.5 kg) of rice for 1 Rupee in its election manifesto.[3][4] The DMK capitalised on the rice shortage as well as widespread discontent with the Bhaktavatsalam administration. Slogans like Kamarajar Annachi kadalaiparuppu vilai ennachu (Elder Brother (Annachi is a title historically been used to refer to a person of Kamaraj's caste) Kamaraj, what happened to the price of chana dal?), Bhaktavatsalam annachi arisi vilai ennachu (lit. Brother Bhatavatsalam, what happened to the price of rice?) were used effectively by the DMK to stir public anger against the Congress.[5]

This election was noted for popular actor, DMK candidate and future Chief Minister M.G. Ramachandran (MGR) being shot in the throat by actor M.R. Radha. He survived the shooting, but the incident created a huge popularity wave for MGR. This eventually helped to increase the popularity of not only MGR, but also the DMK in the election, and is attributed as one of the reasons for the victory of the DMK.[6]

Coalitions

There were two major political coalitions running in the elections. The Indian National Congress contested[7] alone, while the Dravidar Kazhagam (DK) under Periyar E. V. Ramasamy supported and campaigned for the incumbent Congress against his protege Annadurai.[8][9][10] The DMK-led front comprised the Swatantra Party, Communist Party of India (Marxist), Praja Socialist Party, Samyukta Socialist Party, Tamil Nadu Toilers Party, Republican Party of India and the Indian Union Muslim League. The Tamil Arasu Kazhagam and the We Tamils party campaigned using the DMK election symbol.[2] This opposition coalition was forged by C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) with the sole purpose of defeating the Kamaraj led Congress. Rajaji's personal hostility to Kamaraj and his opposition to the Congress party were the main reasons behind Swatantra's alliance with DMK.[11] The Communist Party of India campaigned alone without joining either of the two coalitions.[12][13]

The electoral alliance between DMK, Swatantra Party and Muslim League had emerged in the years before the 1964 civic elections throughout Madras state. During the 1964 election campaign Rajagopalachari had said, "The DMK and Muslim League are my children and I am duty bound to nurse them to strength and stature."[1]

Campaigning

Template:See also Both Congress and DMK used films and actors for campaigning. Gemini Studios produced a political film for the Congress – Vazhga Nam Thayagam starring Shivaji Ganesan and Nagesh. Sivaji and Padmini worked for the Congress party. Despite its efforts, Congress could not counter the DMK's propaganda, which had a long history of using films for political campaigns since its founding.[14]

DMK's long-term association with the Tamil Film industry was put to good use in the campaign. MGR's films were used to attack Congress policies and to popularise DMK's positions. Similar to the tactics employed in the elections of 1957 and 1962, film songs and dialogues from Kaanji Thalaivan (1963), "Deivathai (1964), "Padakotti (1964)", Aayirathil Oruvan", Enga Veettu Pillai (1965), Anbe Vaa (1966), Naan Aanaiyittal (1966), "Mugarasi (1966)", "Petralthan Pillaya (1966)",Vivasayee (1967) and Arasakattalai (1967) were used for political messaging. Lesser known film stars like Ravichandran and Jaishankar used their films for praising DMK and Annadurai. The DMK put up posters of MGR recuperating in a hospital bed with a neck cast (from his gunshot wounds) all over Tamil Nadu to garner public sympathy and support.[5][15][16]

Election

The election was held for a total of 234 constituencies, including 43 Scheduled Caste and 2 Scheduled Tribe reserved constituencies. 778 candidates, including 11 women were in the fray, of whom 231 men and 3 women were elected to the assembly. The election saw a turnout of 76.57 percent of all eligible voters, with 79.19% men and 73.99% women casting their votes. The polling for the assembly election took place along with the polling for the 1967 parliamentary elections. It took place in three phases between 5 and 21 February (5, 18 and 21 February).[17][18]

Results

DMK and its coalition allies won 179 seats (76.5%). The Indian National Congress won 51 seats (21.8%).[19] Four candidates of the Naam Thamizhar Party led by S. P. Adithanar and two candidates of Tamil Arasu Kazhagam led by M. P. Sivagnanam contested[7] under DMK's "Rising Sun" Symbol. The Indian Union Muslim League candidates contested[7] as independents.[20]

[21][22]

Alliances Party Popular Vote Vote % Seats contested Seats won Change
United Front[23]


Seats: 179
Seat Change: Template:Increase 121
Popular Vote: 8,051,433
Popular Vote %: 52.59%

Template:Full party name with color 6,230,552 40.69% 174 137 Template:Increase 87
Template:Full party name with color 811,232 5.30% 27 20 Template:Increase 12
Template:Full party name with color 623,114 4.07% 22 11 Template:Increase 11
Template:Full party name with color 136,188 0.89% 4 4 Template:Increase 4
Template:Full party name with color 95,494 0.62% 3 3 Template:Increase 3
Template:Full party name with color 84,188 0.55% 3 2 Template:Increase 2
DMK Backed Independents 70,665 0.46% 2 2 Template:Increase 2
Indian National Congress
Seats: 51
Seat Change: Template:Decrease 84
Popular Vote: 6,293,378
Popular Vote %: 41.10% 		Template:Full party name with color 6,293,378 41.10% 232 51 Template:Decrease 84
Others
Seats: 4
Seat Change: Template:Decrease 4 		Template:Full party name with color 591,214 3.86% 246 1 Template:Decrease 4
Template:Full party name with color 275,932 1.80% 32 2 Template:Nochange
Template:Full party name with color 44,714 0.29% 1 1 Template:Nochange
Template:Full party name with color 31,286 0.20% 13 0 Template:Nochange
Template:Full party name with color 22,745 0.15% 24 0 Template:Nochange
Total 11 Political Parties 15,310,702 100% — 234 Template:Increase 28

By constituency

** Muslim League Candidates contesting as independents[24]
* DMK backed Independents[25]
  • Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
Assembly Constituency Winner Runner Up Margin
#k Name Candidate Party Votes % Candidate Party Votes %
1 Washermanpet M. Vedachalam Template:Party name with color 34,571 50.7 M. Mayandi Nadar Template:Party name with color 27,329 40.08 7,242
2 Harbour H. Baig Template:Party name with color 29,360 51.69 K. S. G. Haja Shareef Template:Party name with color 25,510 44.91 3,850
3 Basin Bridge M. R. Kannan Template:Party name with color 40,109 53.81 K. Ramdas Template:Party name with color 30,757 41.26 9,352
4 Park Town H. V. Hande Template:Party name with color 29,144 51.57 T. N. Anandanayaki Template:Party name with color 26,465 46.83 2,679
5 Perambur Sathyavani Muthu Template:Party name with color 40,364 54.19 D. Sulochana Template:Party name with color 33,677 45.21 6,687
6 Purasawalkam V. S. Govindarajan Template:Party name with color 41,272 58.04 Damodaran Template:Party name with color 29,046 40.85 12,226
7 Egmore A. V. P. Asaithambi Template:Party name with color 36,133 54.2 J. Vencatachellum Template:Party name with color 29,187 43.78 6,946
8 Thousand Lights K. A. Mathiazhagan Template:Party name with color 39,518 60.27 M. Sivaraj Template:Party name with color 25,370 38.69 14,148
9 Triplicane V. R. Nedunchezhiyan Template:Party name with color 38,721 59.41 M. S. Sammandappa Template:Party name with color 26,027 39.93 12,694
10 Mylapore Arangannal Template:Party name with color 37,498 57.02 V. R. Radhakrishnan Template:Party name with color 28,270 42.98 9,228
11 Thiyagaraya Nagar M. P. Sivagnanam Template:Party name with color 37,662 57.36 K. M. Subramaniam Template:Party name with color 27,669 42.14 9,993
12 Saidapet M. Karunanidhi Template:Party name with color 53,401 60.96 S. G. Vinayagamurthi Template:Party name with color 32,919 37.58 20,482
13 Gummidipoondi K. Vezhavendan Template:Party name with color 35,887 52.57 Kamalambujammal Template:Party name with color 31,527 46.19 4,360
14 Ponneri P. Nagalingam Template:Party name with color 37,746 56.61 T. P. Elumalai Template:Party name with color 27,751 41.62 9,995
15 Thiruvottiyur A. P. Arasu Template:Party name with color 51,437 61.23 V. Venkateswaralu Template:Party name with color 32,564 38.77 18,873
16 St Thomas Mount M. G. Ramachandran Template:Party name with color 54,106 66.67 T. L. Raghupathy Template:Party name with color 26,432 32.57 27,674
17 Thiruporur M. Adhi Template:Party name with color 39,047 60.03 N. M. Manivarama Template:Party name with color 22,631 34.79 16,416
18 Chengalpattu C. G. Viswanathan Template:Party name with color 43,428 62.77 T. Naicker Template:Party name with color 19,879 28.73 23,549
19 Maduranthakam Kothandam Template:Party name with color 38,382 59.2 G. Reddy Template:Party name with color 25,200 38.87 13,182
20 Acharapakkam P. S. Ellappan Template:Party name with color 38,223 62.11 P. Saradambal Template:Party name with color 23,322 37.89 14,901
21 Uthiramerur K. M. Rajagopal Template:Party name with color 47,689 64.01 O. S. Reddiar Template:Party name with color 26,814 35.99 20,875
22 Kancheepuram N. Krishnan Template:Party name with color 45,266 56.78 V. C. S. Nayagar Template:Party name with color 33,716 42.3 11,550
23 Kunnathur M. Gopal Template:Party name with color 47,772 68.88 P. Appavoo Template:Party name with color 20,563 29.65 27,209
24 Sriperumbudur D. Rajarathinam Template:Party name with color 41,655 54.13 M. Bhaktavatsalam Template:Party name with color 32,729 42.53 8,926
25 Kadambathur C. V. M. Annamalai Template:Party name with color 43,499 66.68 C. C. Naidu Template:Party name with color 21,741 33.32 21,758
26 Thiruvallur S. M. Dorairaj Template:Party name with color 40,687 66.06 V. S. Arunachalam Template:Party name with color 19,030 30.9 21,657
27 Tiruttani K. Vinayakam Template:Party name with color 27,123 40.34 V. K. Kuppuswamy Template:Party name with color 25,337 37.68 1,786
28 Arakkonam S. J. Ramaswamy Mudali Template:Party name with color 38,478 52.78 B. Naidu Template:Party name with color 30,870 42.35 7,608
29 Sholingur Aranganathan Template:Party name with color 35,225 51.67 A. M. Ponnuranga Mudaliar Template:Party name with color 28,201 41.37 7,024
30 Ranipet A. G. Sahib Template:Party name with color 30,011 45.14 S. K. Sheriff Template:Party name with color 28,953 43.55 1,058
31 Arcot Arcot N. Veeraswami Template:Party name with color 37,514 60.13 A. G. R. Naicker Template:Party name with color 23,184 37.16 14,330
32 Katpadi G. Natarajan Template:Party name with color 32,952 53.06 P. S. R. Naidu Template:Party name with color 25,032 40.3 7,920
33 Gudiyatham V. K. Kothandaraman Template:Party name with color 38,825 61.21 B. R. Naidu Template:Party name with color 21,901 34.53 16,924
34 Pernambattu P. Jayaraman Template:Party name with color 28,868 54.75 T. Manavalan Template:Party name with color 19,957 37.85 8,911
35 Natrampalli T. C. T. Gounder Template:Party name with color 29,215 52.18 R. C. S. Gounder Template:Party name with color 26,776 47.82 2,439
36 Tirupattur (Vellore) C. Gounder Template:Party name with color 32,589 49.8 Shunmugam Template:Party name with color 30,512 46.62 2,077
37 Vaniyambadi Rajamannar Template:Party name with color 26,946 50.77 Vadivel Template:Party name with color 25,308 47.69 1,638
38 Ambur M. Panneerselvam Template:Party name with color 31,554 56.35 P. Rajagopal Template:Party name with color 20,947 37.41 10,607
39 Kaniyambadi L. Balaraman Template:Party name with color 29,512 49.62 T. Thiruvengadam Template:Party name with color 28,100 47.24 1,412
40 Vellore M. P. Sarathy Template:Party name with color 39,863 58.96 J. Mudaliar Template:Party name with color 25,449 37.64 14,414
41 Arani A. C. Narasimhan Template:Party name with color 38,038 60.74 T. B. J. Chettiar Template:Party name with color 17,320 27.66 20,718
42 Cheyyar K. Govindan Template:Party name with color 37,068 54.86 K. M. Kangan Template:Party name with color 17,395 25.74 19,673
43 Vandavasi Muthulingam Template:Party name with color 38,626 61.25 A. Adineelam Template:Party name with color 21,300 33.78 17,326
44 Pernamallur V. D. A. Mudaly Template:Party name with color 29,413 46.25 P. Ramachandran Template:Party name with color 20,225 31.8 9,188
45 Polur S. Kuppamal Template:Party name with color 33,292 56.92 S. M. Annamalai Template:Party name with color 20,224 34.58 13,068
46 Chengam P. S. Santhanam Template:Party name with color 29,828 56.84 A. Arumugham Template:Party name with color 18,773 35.77 11,055
47 Thandarambattu K. S. Kandar Template:Party name with color 29,524 50.31 R. Dharmalingam Template:Party name with color 28,185 48.03 1,339
48 Kalasapakkam S. Murugaiyan Template:Party name with color 32,697 51.37 M. Sundarasan Template:Party name with color 20,554 32.3 12,143
49 Tiruvannamalai D. Vijayaraj Template:Party name with color 38,153 49.39 P. U. Shanmugam Template:Party name with color 34,968 45.26 3,185
50 Melmalayanur R. R. Munusamy Template:Party name with color 33,115 50.68 K. G. Gounder Template:Party name with color 17,295 26.47 15,820
51 Gingee V. Munusami Template:Party name with color 39,517 55.59 G. Rajaram Template:Party name with color 27,905 39.26 11,612
52 Tindivanam K. Ramamoorthy Template:Party name with color 34,106 51.59 A. Thangavelu Template:Party name with color 32,008 48.41 2,098
53 Vanur Balakrishnan Template:Party name with color 30,023 50.06 Velayudham Template:Party name with color 29,953 49.94 70
54 Kandamangalam M. Raman Template:Party name with color 35,617 55.83 M. S. Saraswathi Template:Party name with color 28,180 44.17 7,437
55 Villupuram M. Shanmugam Template:Party name with color 37,605 53.73 V. P. S. Gounder Template:Party name with color 31,674 45.26 5,931
56 Nellikuppam C. Govindarajan Template:Party name with color 28,090 47.24 A. Lakshminarayanan Template:Party name with color 23,117 38.88 4,973
57 Cuddalore Ere. Elamvazhuthi Template:Party name with color 35,093 55.09 P. R. Seenivasa Padayachi Template:Party name with color 27,845 43.71 7,248
58 Panruti S. Ramachandaran Template:Party name with color 43,745 60.82 S. V. Vadivelu Padayachi Template:Party name with color 28,179 39.18 15,566
59 Kurinjipadi N. Rajangam Template:Party name with color 25,478 54.5 M. Jayaraman Template:Party name with color 18,226 38.99 7,252
60 Bhuvanagiri A. Govindarasan Template:Party name with color 38,795 56.28 D. Ramachandran Template:Party name with color 28,234 40.96 10,561
61 Kattumannarkoil S. Sivasubramanian Template:Party name with color 30,521 48.34 C. Govindarasu Template:Party name with color 30,387 48.13 134
62 Chidambaram R. Kanagasabai Pillai Template:Party name with color 34,911 49.18 P. Ponchockalingam Template:Party name with color 33,356 46.99 1,555
63 Vriddhachalam G. Boovaraghan Template:Party name with color 42,230 54.77 M. Selvaraj Template:Party name with color 33,363 43.27 8,867
64 Mangalur A. Krishnan Template:Party name with color 34,538 56.67 P. Vedamanickam Template:Party name with color 21,669 35.56 12,869
65 Ulundurpet M. Kandaswamy Padayachi Template:Party name with color 26,796 47.23 V. S. Padayachi Template:Party name with color 25,236 44.48 1,560
66 Tirukkoyilur E. M. Subramaniam Template:Party name with color 34,259 51.25 A. S. Kumarasamy Template:Party name with color 32,586 48.75 1,673
67 Mugaiyur A. Govindasamy Template:Party name with color 37,598 56.42 N. K Ganapathy Template:Party name with color 25,555 38.35 12,043
68 Rishivandiyam M. Anandan Template:Party name with color 26,491 49.6 L. Anandan Template:Party name with color 26,173 49 318
69 Sankarapuram S. P. Pachaiyappan Template:Party name with color 28,292 54.75 D. Muthusami Template:Party name with color 22,774 44.07 5,518
70 Kallakurichi D. K. Naidu Template:Party name with color 39,175 56.38 V. T. Elayapillai Template:Party name with color 28,642 41.22 10,533
71 Hosur B. Venkataswami Template:Party name with color 21,530 52.69 K. A. Pillai Template:Party name with color 19,329 47.31 2,201
72 Uddanapalle K. S. Kothandramiah Template:Party name with color 29,391 65.75 D. C. Vijendriah Template:Party name with color 15,313 34.25 14,078
73 Krishnagiri P. M. M. Gounder Template:Party name with color 24,220 47.31 C. Manniappan Template:Party name with color 24,035 46.95 185
74 Kaveripatnam P. Naidu Template:Party name with color 32,953 52.74 P. V. Seeramulu Template:Party name with color 29,532 47.26 3,421
75 Uttangarai T. T. Gounder Template:Party name with color 31,791 49.06 K. R. Krishnan Template:Party name with color 29,751 45.91 2,040
76 Harur N. Theerthagiri Template:Party name with color 27,565 48.09 N. Arumugam Template:Party name with color 27,017 47.14 548
77 Dharmapuri M. S. Gounter Template:Party name with color 36,258 53.02 D. N. Vadivel Template:Party name with color 29,567 43.23 6,691
78 Palacode K. Murugesan Template:Party name with color 29,186 50.05 M. B. Munusamy Template:Party name with color 26,096 44.75 3,090
79 Pennagaram P. K. C. Muthusamy Template:Party name with color 27,913 49.2 N. Manickam Template:Party name with color 26,570 46.84 1,343
80 Mettur M. Surendran Template:Party name with color 30,635 48.78 K. K. Gounder Template:Party name with color 24,597 39.17 6,038
81 Taramangalam Govindan Template:Party name with color 33,222 57.8 M. S. Krishnan Template:Party name with color 24,259 42.2 8,963
82 Omalur C. Palani Template:Party name with color 28,121 56.17 C. Govindan Template:Party name with color 17,876 35.71 10,245
83 Salem I K. Jayaraman Template:Party name with color 46,776 57.92 P. Thiagarajan Template:Party name with color 32,710 40.51 14,066
84 Salem I I E. R. Krishnan Template:Party name with color 38,781 58 A. R. Gounder Template:Party name with color 27,285 40.81 11,496
85 Yercaud V. Chinnasamy Template:Party name with color 25,124 56.25 Ponnudurai Template:Party name with color 19,537 43.75 5,587
86 Panamarathupatti Karipatti T. Ponnumalai Template:Party name with color 34,597 53.7 C. Sepperumal Template:Party name with color 26,870 41.7 7,727
87 Veerapandi Veerapandy S. Arumugam Template:Party name with color 42,681 66.11 N. S. Sundararajan Template:Party name with color 21,876 33.89 20,805
88 Edappadi A. Arumugam Template:Party name with color 36,935 54.7 K. S. S. Gounder Template:Party name with color 30,593 45.3 6,342
89 Sankari R. Nallamuthu Template:Party name with color 30,112 61.7 A. Rajendran Template:Party name with color 17,174 35.19 12,938
90 Tiruchengodu T. A. Rajavelu Template:Party name with color 42,479 64.73 T. P. Natesan Template:Party name with color 22,131 33.72 20,348
91 Kapilamalai C. V. Velappan Template:Party name with color 41,026 52.25 R. S. Gounder Template:Party name with color 32,733 41.69 8,293
92 Namakkal M. Muthuswamy Template:Party name with color 39,510 54.37 V. R. K. Gounder Template:Party name with color 31,651 43.55 7,859
93 Sendamangalam A. S. Gounder Template:Party name with color 31,308 50.62 S. T. Doraiswamy Template:Party name with color 30,537 49.38 771
94 Rasipuram P. Periasamy Template:Party name with color 38,402 52.53 K. M. Gounder Template:Party name with color 30,873 42.23 7,529
95 Attur K. N. Sivaperumal Template:Party name with color 40,456 57.22 M. P. Subramanyam Template:Party name with color 30,252 42.78 10,204
96 Talavasal Moo. Marimuthu Template:Party name with color 33,289 55.39 A. Doraisamy Template:Party name with color 24,448 40.68 8,841
97 Gudalur C. Nanjam Template:Party name with color 20,675 49.24 Bomman Template:Party name with color 20,047 47.74 628
98 Udhagamandalam K. Bojan Template:Party name with color 37,525 68.03 T. K. Gowder Template:Party name with color 17,636 31.97 19,889
99 Coonoor B. Gowder Template:Party name with color 31,855 58.74 M. K. N. Gowder Template:Party name with color 22,380 41.26 9,475
100 Mettupalayam T. T. S. Thippiah Template:Party name with color 29,709 45.42 Thooyamani Template:Party name with color 26,736 40.87 2,973
101 Avanashi R. K. Gounder Template:Party name with color 31,927 54.36 K. M. Gounder Template:Party name with color 26,808 45.64 5,119
102 Thondamuthur R. Manickavachakam Template:Party name with color 42,261 59.14 V. E. Naidu Template:Party name with color 26,842 37.56 15,419
103 Singanallur P. Velusamy Template:Party name with color 38,378 54.93 V. K. L. Gounder Template:Party name with color 25,115 35.95 13,263
104 Perur N. Marudachalam Template:Party name with color 43,740 61.49 R. Rayappan Template:Party name with color 26,548 37.32 17,192
105 Coimbatore (West) J, Govindarajulu Template:Party name with color 41,059 63.85 S. R. P. P. Chettiar Template:Party name with color 23,251 36.15 17,808
106 Coimbatore (East) M. Bhupathy Template:Party name with color 33,122 50.81 G. R. Damodaran Template:Party name with color 27,477 42.15 5,645
107 Kinathukadavu M. Kannappan Template:Party name with color 40,645 64.63 S. Gounder Template:Party name with color 20,691 32.9 19,954
108 Pollachi A. P. Shanmugasundara Goundar Template:Party name with color 37,480 58.65 E. Gounder Template:Party name with color 25,688 40.2 11,792
109 Valparai E. Ramaswamy Template:Party name with color 40,945 66.24 N. Nachimuthu Template:Party name with color 20,868 33.76 20,077
110 Udumalaipettai S. J. Sadiq Pasha Template:Party name with color 39,796 58.17 K. Ramasami Template:Party name with color 25,778 37.68 14,018
111 Dharapuram Palaniammal Template:Party name with color 42,433 65 P. Velusamy Template:Party name with color 21,800 33.39 20,633
112 Vellakoil K. N. S. Gounder Template:Party name with color 46,009 62.44 D. P. Gounder Template:Party name with color 26,578 36.07 19,431
113 Kangayam A. S. Gounder Template:Party name with color 24,800 36.41 Velusami Template:Party name with color 24,654 36.19 146
114 Pongalur P. N. P. Gounder Template:Party name with color 38,371 61.75 P. S. Rangaswamy Template:Party name with color 22,414 36.07 15,957
115 Palladam K. N. Kumarasamy Gounder Template:Party name with color 31,977 46.99 R. Sengaliappan Template:Party name with color 24,421 35.89 7,556
116 Tiruppur S. Duraisamy Template:Party name with color 35,518 50.05 K. N. P. Gounder Template:Party name with color 21,373 30.12 14,145
117 Modakkurichi K. R. Nallasivam Template:Party name with color 45,303 61.23 C. Kulandiammal Template:Party name with color 25,444 34.39 19,859
118 Perundurai S. Balasubramanian Template:Party name with color 33,164 47.41 N. N. S. Nandradiar Template:Party name with color 30,030 42.93 3,134
119 Erode M. Chinnaswamy Template:Party name with color 45,471 59.14 P. Arjunan Template:Party name with color 25,808 33.57 19,663
120 Bhavani A. M. Raja Template:Party name with color 43,353 65.16 P. K. Mudaliar Template:Party name with color 21,999 33.07 21,354
121 Anthiyur E. M. Natarajan Template:Party name with color 34,877 55.99 Gurumurthi Template:Party name with color 27,409 44.01 7,468
122 Gobichettipalayam K. M. R. Gounder Template:Party name with color 31,974 52.61 M. Gounder Template:Party name with color 27,403 45.09 4,571
123 Satyamangalam P. G. Karuthiruman Template:Party name with color 25,484 49.22 S. M. Marappan Template:Party name with color 24,278 46.89 1,206
124 Bhavanisagar Ramarasan Template:Party name with color 26,980 51.76 M. Velusamy Template:Party name with color 22,187 42.57 4,793
125 Oddanchatram N. Gounder Template:Party name with color 39,817 55.55 A. P. Palaniappan Template:Party name with color 30,953 43.18 8,864
126 Palani Krishnamoorthy Template:Party name with color 47,671 65.8 Balakrishnan Template:Party name with color 24,780 34.2 22,891
127 Periyakulam M. Metha Template:Party name with color 36,023 54.85 R. S. Subramaniam Template:Party name with color 29,648 45.15 6,375
128 Bodinayakkanur S. Srinivasan Template:Party name with color 34,671 49.83 P. V. Durairaj Template:Party name with color 33,905 48.73 766
129 Cumbum Rajangam Template:Party name with color 41,440 59.66 N. S. K. S. Pandiaraj Template:Party name with color 28,025 40.34 13,415
130 Theni P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan Template:Party name with color 42,111 58.73 M. Malaichami Template:Party name with color 29,597 41.27 12,514
131 Andipatti S. Paramasivam Template:Party name with color 35,351 54.86 A. Thiruvenkidasamy Template:Party name with color 29,091 45.14 6,260
132 Sedapatti V. T. Thevar Template:Party name with color 41,167 63.84 T. A. Nadar Template:Party name with color 21,553 33.42 19,614
133 Tirumangalam N. S. V. Chitthan Template:Party name with color 20,319 33.58 M. P. Rajan Template:Party name with color 17,062 28.2 3,257
134 Usilampatti P.K. Mookiah Thevar Template:Party name with color 44,714 72.11 A. M. N. Thevar Template:Party name with color 16,225 26.17 28,489
135 Nilakottai A. Muniyandi Template:Party name with color 37,601 57.71 V. K. L. Gounder Template:Party name with color 25,115 35.95 12,486
136 Sholavandan P. S. Maniyan Template:Party name with color 45,221 60.19 R. S. Servai Template:Party name with color 28,728 38.24 16,493
137 Thiruparankundram S. Agniraju Template:Party name with color 49,169 63.94 S. Sonaimuthu Template:Party name with color 26,792 34.84 22,377
138 Madurai West N. Sankaraiah Template:Party name with color 46,882 59.42 M. Chelliah Template:Party name with color 23,012 29.17 23,870
139 Madurai Central C. Govindarajan Template:Party name with color 39,566 62.86 V. Sankaran Template:Party name with color 22,787 36.2 16,779
140 Madurai East K. P. Janakiammal Template:Party name with color 32,173 50.32 A. G. Subburaman Template:Party name with color 23,929 37.43 8,244
141 Melur (South) O. P. Raman Template:Party name with color 50,913 63.41 P. Kakkan Template:Party name with color 29,376 36.59 21,537
142 Melur (North) P. Malaichamy Template:Party name with color 38,895 56.15 M. Andi Ambalam Template:Party name with color 30,376 43.85 8,519
143 Vadamadurai P. T. Naicker Template:Party name with color 30,507 49.11 V. S. Lakshmanan Template:Party name with color 28,651 46.13 1,856
144 Dindigul A. Balasubramanayam Template:Party name with color 42,381 58.93 O. C. Pillai Template:Party name with color 29,537 41.07 12,844
145 Athoor V. S. S. Mani Chettiyar Template:Party name with color 37,879 50.7 R. R. Reddiar Template:Party name with color 36,124 48.36 1,755
146 Vedasandur N. Varadaraj Template:Party name with color 30,063 48.16 S. N. Rao Template:Party name with color 29,372 47.05 691
147 Aravakurichi S. K. Gounder Template:Party name with color 46,614 67.46 V. P. Gounder Template:Party name with color 22,482 32.54 24,132
148 Karur T. M. Nallaswamy Template:Party name with color 33,552 44.95 S. Nallaswamy Template:Party name with color 28,677 38.42 4,875
149 Thottiyam Vadivel Template:Party name with color 39,701 53.94 T. Veerappan Template:Party name with color 29,670 40.31 10,031
150 Musiri P. S. Muthuselvan Template:Party name with color 32,615 51.48 K. V. K. Reddiar Template:Party name with color 27,750 43.8 4,865
151 Uppiliapuram T. P. Alagamuthu Template:Party name with color 43,453 56.29 A. V. Mudaliar Template:Party name with color 31,416 40.69 12,037
152 Perambalur J. S. Raju Template:Party name with color 33,657 51.03 M. Ayyakannu Template:Party name with color 28,864 43.76 4,793
153 Varahur R. Narayanan Template:Party name with color 32,846 49.64 M. V. Perumal Template:Party name with color 20,533 31.03 12,313
154 Andimadam K. N. Ramachandran Template:Party name with color 32,253 48.25 N. Manickam Template:Party name with color 26,570 46.84 5,683
155 Jayankondam K. A. A. K. Moorthy Template:Party name with color 34,751 52.57 S. Ramasami Template:Party name with color 28,791 43.56 5,960
156 Ariyalur R. Karuppiam Template:Party name with color 26,440 37.37 G. Sepperumal Template:Party name with color 25,017 35.36 1,423
157 Lalgudi D. Natarajan Template:Party name with color 37,352 50.63 D. R. Udaiyar Template:Party name with color 34,712 47.05 2,640
158 Srirangam S. Ramalingam Template:Party name with color 34,474 50.48 P. Ponchockalingam Template:Party name with color 33,356 46.99 1,118
159 Tiruchirappalli I M. S. Mani Template:Party name with color 34,504 52.07 A. S. G. L. Piliai Template:Party name with color 31,199 47.08 3,305
160 Tiruchirappalli Ii R. Nagasundaram Template:Party name with color 26,048 46.08 M. K. M. A. Salam Template:Party name with color 18,842 33.33 7,206
161 Thiruverumbur V. Swaminathan Template:Party name with color 33,513 50.15 K. Kamakshi Template:Party name with color 28,884 43.22 4,629
162 Kulithalai M. Kandaswamy Template:Party name with color 36,120 49.68 P. E. S. Reddiar Template:Party name with color 32,305 44.43 3,815
163 Krishnarayapuram P. Soundarapandiyan Template:Party name with color 28,444 48.72 T. V. Sannasi Template:Party name with color 25,903 44.37 2,541
164 Kadavur Karuraigiri Muthiah Template:Party name with color 35,102 54.94 Anbil P. Dharmalingam Template:Party name with color 28,788 45.06 6,314
165 Viralimalai S. S. Thethuvandar Template:Party name with color 30,288 49.63 P. P. Gounder Template:Party name with color 26,354 43.19 3,934
166 Thirumayam Ponnambalam Template:Party name with color 44,511 62.79 V. Ramiah Template:Party name with color 24,290 34.26 20,221
167 Alangudi K. V. Subbiah Template:Party name with color 32,984 50.64 T. A. S. Thangavelu Template:Party name with color 32,148 49.36 836
168 Pudukkottai R. V. Thondaiman Template:Party name with color 45,342 62.07 Thiagarajan Template:Party name with color 25,255 34.57 20,087
169 Thiruvaiyaru G. M. Sethurar Template:Party name with color 37,693 51.94 K. B. Palani Template:Party name with color 34,165 47.08 3,528
170 Thanjavur A. Y. S. Parisutha Nadar Template:Party name with color 33,228 53.36 S. Natarajan Template:Party name with color 28,717 46.12 4,511
171 Papanasam R. S. Mooppanar Template:Party name with color 41,323 56.57 A. M. Sali Template:Party name with color 31,077 42.54 10,246
172 Valangiman N. Somasundaram Template:Party name with color 34,436 53.1 R. Subramaniam Template:Party name with color 30,418 46.9 4,018
173 Kumbakonam N. Kasiraman Template:Party name with color 37,276 50.63 K. S. Mani Template:Party name with color 36,083 49.01 1,193
174 Aduthurai A. Marimuthu Template:Party name with color 36,537 48.52 M. G. Mani Template:Party name with color 31,965 42.45 4,572
175 Sirkazhi K. B. S. Mani Template:Party name with color 34,316 58.23 R. Thangavelu Template:Party name with color 21,502 36.48 12,814
176 Sembanarkoil S. Ganesan Template:Party name with color 40,453 65.29 S. Ramalingam Template:Party name with color 21,506 34.71 18,947
177 Mayiladuthurai N. Kittappa Template:Party name with color 33,721 51.21 G. N. Naidu Template:Party name with color 30,379 46.14 3,342
178 Kuttalam G. B. Mohan Template:Party name with color 31,548 53.99 M. Sivakadaksham Template:Party name with color 24,812 42.47 6,736
179 Kudavasal C. Krishnamoorthi Template:Party name with color 34,880 54.96 M. D. T. Pillai Template:Party name with color 28,585 45.04 6,295
180 Nannilam P. Jayaraj Template:Party name with color 26,053 46.36 T. P. Ramachandran Template:Party name with color 19,571 34.83 6,482
181 Thiruvarur P.S. Dhanushokody Template:Party name with color 30,510 48.04 Vedaiyan. V Template:Party name with color 27,956 44.02 2,554
182 Nagapattinam K. R. Gnanasambandan Template:Party name with color 36,596 56.4 R. R. V. Naidu Template:Party name with color 26,462 40.78 10,134
183 Vedaranyam P. V. Thevar Template:Party name with color 25,942 38.71 M. Meenakshisundaram Template:Party name with color 25,678 38.32 264
184 Thiruthuraipoondi N. Dharumalingam Template:Party name with color 23,728 38.04 K. C. Manali Template:Party name with color 22,226 35.63 1,502
185 Kottur A. K. Subbaih Template:Party name with color 28,156 42.47 C. M. Ambikapathy Template:Party name with color 22,627 34.13 5,529
186 Mannargudi T. S. Swaminatha Odayar Template:Party name with color 32,481 50.1 S. Narayanaswamy Template:Party name with color 31,558 48.67 923
187 Orathanadu L. Ganesan Template:Party name with color 45,232 60.82 M. D. Pillai Template:Party name with color 29,139 39.18 16,093
188 Gandharvakottai R. R. Durai Template:Party name with color 34,665 52.68 D. G. Kalingarar Template:Party name with color 30,434 46.25 4,231
189 Pattukkottai A. R. Marimuthu Template:Party name with color 35,198 54.6 N. Ramasamy Template:Party name with color 28,056 43.52 7,142
190 Peravurani M. Krishnamurthy Template:Party name with color 35,505 45.4 A. V. Servai Template:Party name with color 26,387 33.74 9,118
191 Aranthangi A. Thurairasan Template:Party name with color 42,943 53.11 K. B. Dervaikarar Template:Party name with color 36,522 45.17 6,421
192 Tiruppattur (Sivaganga) S. Madhavan Template:Party name with color 40,170 58.73 V. S. S. Chettiar Template:Party name with color 26,532 38.79 13,638
193 Karaikudi S. Meiyappan Template:Party name with color 38,310 58.73 C. V. C. V. V. Chettiar Template:Party name with color 21,992 33.71 16,318
194 Tiruvadanai K. Ambalam Template:Party name with color 37,556 52.21 M. Arunachalam Template:Party name with color 33,587 46.69 3,969
195 Ilayangudi V. Malaikannan Template:Party name with color 40,461 57.44 S. Ramachandran Template:Party name with color 29,978 42.56 10,483
196 Ramanathapuram T. Thangappan Template:Party name with color 35,880 56.82 S. R. Sethupathy Template:Party name with color 27,270 43.18 8,610
197 Kadaladi M. Alangaram Template:Party name with color 38,681 61.5 K. Paramalai Template:Party name with color 20,556 32.68 18,125
198 Mudukulathur R. R. Thevar Template:Party name with color 33,790 53.17 S. A. Servai Template:Party name with color 22,500 35.4 11,290
199 Paramakudi T. K. Siraimeetan Template:Party name with color 40,428 56.67 R. Thavasi Template:Party name with color 25,962 36.39 14,466
200 Sivaganga S. Sethuraman Template:Party name with color 41,604 59.22 R. V. Swaminathan Template:Party name with color 28,654 40.78 12,950
201 Manamadurai K. Cheemaichamy Template:Party name with color 30,752 44.42 C. B. Rena Template:Party name with color 30,299 43.77 453
202 Kariapatti A. R. Perumal Template:Party name with color 28,484 45.09 P. M. Baskaran Template:Party name with color 27,366 43.32 1,118
203 Aruppukottai S. S. Bharathi Template:Party name with color 34,153 54.68 T. K. Sundarm Template:Party name with color 25,012 40.04 9,141
204 Virudhunagar P. Seenivasan Template:Party name with color 33,421 49.9 K. Kamaraj Template:Party name with color 32,136 47.98 1,285
205 Sattur S. Ramaswamy Naidu Template:Party name with color 45,223 64.11 R. Krishnasamy Naidu Template:Party name with color 25,313 35.89 19,910
206 Sivakasi S. Alagu Thevar Template:Party name with color 38,416 55.73 R. R. Thevar Template:Party name with color 26,918 39.05 11,498
207 Srivilliputhur K. A. A. Gurusamy Template:Party name with color 36,732 53.34 S. P. Dharmaraj Template:Party name with color 27,791 40.36 8,941
208 Rajapalayam A. A. S. Raja Template:Party name with color 38,936 53.29 P. A. A. Raja Template:Party name with color 25,675 35.14 13,261
209 Vilathikulam M. Rathinasabapathy Template:Party name with color 23,905 37.47 M. P. S. Reddiar Template:Party name with color 20,350 31.9 3,555
210 Kovilpatti S. Alagarsamy Template:Party name with color 33,311 55.02 V. O. C. A. Pillai Template:Party name with color 22,885 37.8 10,426
211 Ottapidaram M. Muthiah Template:Party name with color 25,937 45.45 S. Dhanushkodi Template:Party name with color 20,814 36.47 5,123
212 Sankarankoil P. Durairaj Template:Party name with color 37,173 62.79 P. Urkavalan Template:Party name with color 19,211 32.45 17,962
213 Vasudevanallur A. Velladurai Template:Party name with color 33,865 50.24 M. P. Swamy Template:Party name with color 26,885 39.89 6,980
214 Kadayanallur A. R. Subbiah Mudaliar Template:Party name with color 36,349 49.89 S. M. A. Majid Template:Party name with color 35,903 49.28 446
215 Tenkasi I. A. Chidambaram Pillai Template:Party name with color 34,561 49.86 K. M. K. Samsudin Template:Party name with color 33,818 48.79 743
216 Alangulam Aladi Aruna Template:Party name with color 33,509 51.26 A. B. Balagan Template:Party name with color 30,938 47.32 2,571
217 Ambasamudram G. G. S. Dikshidar Template:Party name with color 30,682 46.35 A. Nallasivan Template:Party name with color 28,169 42.55 2,513
218 Cheranmahadevi D. S. Adhimoolam Template:Party name with color 36,206 53.78 S. Chellapandian Template:Party name with color 29,831 44.31 6,375
219 Gangaikondan A. Karuppiah Template:Party name with color 34,797 59.59 M. Chellappa Template:Party name with color 21,576 36.95 13,221
220 Tirunelveli A. L. Subramanian Template:Party name with color 41,589 61.74 M. S. M. Pillai Template:Party name with color 25,364 37.65 16,225
221 Melapalayam M. M. P. Mohammed Template:Party name with color 36,123 55.04 S. R. Reddiar Template:Party name with color 27,999 42.66 8,124
222 Srivaikuntam S. P. Adithanar Template:Party name with color 41,828 62.57 R. Nadar Template:Party name with color 22,767 34.06 19,061
223 Thoothukkudi M. S. Sivasami Template:Party name with color 41,851 60.61 S. P. Nadar Template:Party name with color 27,193 39.39 14,658
224 Tiruchendur E. Fernando Template:Party name with color 39,619 56.06 S. Nadar Template:Party name with color 28,971 40.99 10,648
225 Sattangulam Martin Template:Party name with color 31,143 52.51 Adithan Template:Party name with color 26,846 45.27 4,297
226 Nanguneri N. Duraipandian Template:Party name with color 33,269 53.34 T. G. Nadar Template:Party name with color 29,097 46.66 4,172
227 Radhapuram N. Soundarapandian Template:Party name with color 31,588 50.44 V. Karthesan Template:Party name with color 31,040 49.56 548
228 Kanniyakumari B. M. Pillai Template:Party name with color 37,998 56.89 S. M. Pillai Template:Party name with color 28,260 42.31 9,738
229 Nagercoil M. C. Balan Template:Party name with color 36,502 55.05 T. Nadar Template:Party name with color 29,810 44.95 6,692
230 Colachel A. Chidambaranatha Nadar Template:Party name with color 29,325 48.37 S. Retnaraj Template:Party name with color 27,879 45.99 1,446
231 Padmanabhapuram V. George Template:Party name with color 24,661 46.06 M. M. Ali Template:Party name with color 17,738 33.13 6,923
232 Thiruvattar J. James Template:Party name with color 29,345 54.47 D. Gnanasingamoni Template:Party name with color 21,253 39.45 8,092
233 Vilavancode R. Ponnappan Nadar Template:Party name with color 27,511 56.19 P. M. N. Pillai Template:Party name with color 16,184 33.05 11,327
234 Killiyoor William Template:Party name with color 21,423 42.4 Paniadimai Template:Party name with color 15,767 31.2 5,656

Analysis

The effective grass roots campaigning by the DMK and the political acumen of Annadurai, defeated the Congress and its leader M. Bhaktavatsalam. The popularity of the United Front was so large that they were able to win an absolute majority in ten out of the 14 districts in the state, while Congress could not accomplish that in a single district. This was largely due to the fact that the United Front was able to capitalize on its growing support in large towns and cities, combined with the decline in Congress support in its traditional Schedule Caste constituencies.[23]

Margin of Victory

The following table shows the number of seats won by corresponding parties, by the margin of votes.[23]

Party Less than 500 500-1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 5000-10000 10000-20000 20000+
Template:Party name with color 3 1 10 9 42 56 17
Template:Party name with color — — 5 1 5 8 1
Template:Party name with color 5 5 20 10 5 3 1
Template:Party name with color — — 1 1 4 4 1

Notable losses

The former chief minister and popular leader of the Indian National Congress, K. Kamaraj lost his seat in Virudunagar by 1285 votes to the student leader P. Seenivasan from the DMK. A few days before the election, Kamaraj had an accident and could not campaign. This led to his famous declaration that he would win lying down (Template:Lang-ta).[5] He lost the election along with the incumbent Chief Minister M. Bakthavatsalam, who lost his seat in Sriperumbudur to D. Rajarathinam from the DMK by 8926 votes. Except for G. Bhuvaraghan (the minister for Information and Publicity), all ministers of the outgoing Bakthavatsalam cabinet were defeated in this election.[26][27]

There was a post-result wall-painting in Virudhunagar by DMK which said "படிக்காத காமராஜரை படித்த இளைஞன் சீனிவாசன் தோற்கடித்தார்!" ( The illiterate Kamaraj was defeated by Graduate Youth Sreenivasan!). The Congress replied with "படிக்காத முதல்வர் காமராஜர் அன்று கட்டிய அரசு கல்விக்கூடங்களில் படித்து பட்டம் வாங்கிய இளைஞன் சீனிவாசன், இப்போது அதே காமராஜரை தோற்கடித்தான்" ( The Seenivasan who studied and graduated in Education Institutes built under orders of then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu illiterate Kamaraj, has now defeated the same Kamaraj)

Government formation

The election results were announced on 23 February 1967 and the DMK won an absolute majority on its own. It had increased its vote share to 40.6% from 27.1% in 1962 election. Annadurai resigned as the Member of Parliament from the Rajya sabha. Annadurai was nominated as Chief Minister of Madras State and staked a claim to form a Government on 2 March 1967. He was sworn in by Governor Ujjal Singh on 6 March 1967 in Rajaji Hall.Template:Citation needed He was later elected to the Madras Legislative Council on 22 April 1967.[28][29]

Annadurai's Cabinet

The council of ministers in C. N. Annadurai's cabinet (6 March 1967 – 10 February 1969) were all from the DMK and they are listed in the following table.[30]

Minister Portfolios
C.N. Annadurai Chief Minister, General Administration, Finance, Civil services, Planning, Police, Prohibition, Overseas Indians, Refugees and Evacuees
V. R. Nedunchezhiyan Education, Industries, Official Language, Textiles, Yarn, Handlooms, Mines and Minerals, Electricity, Iron and Steel, Companies and Religious Endowments
M. Karunanidhi Public Works, Highways, Transport, Ports and Minor Irrigation
K. A. Mathialagan Food, Revenue and Commercial Taxes
A. Govindasamy Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Fisheries, Forests and Chinchona
S. J. Sadiq Pasha Public Health
Satyavani Muthu Harijan Welfare and Information
M. Muthuswamy Local Administration, Community Development, Khadi and Village Industries, Bhoodan and Gramdhan, Ex-servicemen
S. Madhavan Law, Co-operation and Housing
N. V. Natarajan Labour

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 The DMK and the Politics of Tamil Nationalism. Pacific Affairs({Template:Date).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India{{#if:Chandra|, Chandra}. Cambridge University Press(2007-02-15). ISBN 978-0-521-89141-7
  3. ↑ The competitive politics of rice(9 April 2009).
  4. ↑ The politics of rice(12 May 2006).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 The politics of Bioscope - Part 12, Thinnai.com (in Tamil). Retrieved 16 November 2009.
  6. ↑ Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Routledge(2001). ISBN 0-415-39680-8
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 In India the term "Contest" is used to denote participation in an election. The Representation of People Act of 1951, the legislation which governs elections in India uses the term and so does the Election Commission of India.FAQs - Contesting for Elections. Retrieved 18 February 2010.
  8. ↑ Periyar Movement. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
  9. ↑ E.V. Ramaswami Naicker and C.N. Annadurai - Cho Ramaswamy, India Today. Retrieved 16 November 2009.
  10. ↑ Ariyapadavendiya Anna, Kalachuvadu Magazine (in Tamil). Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  11. ↑ Leadership in South Asia{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(1977)
  12. ↑ [{{{url}}} How the Communists Fared](18 March 1989).
  13. ↑ A Literary Man's Political Experiences{{#if:Jayakanthan|, Jayakanthan}. Vikas Publishing House(2006). ISBN 978-1-4067-3569-7
  14. ↑ Tamil cinema: the cultural politics of India's other film industry{{#if:Selvaraj Velayudham|, Selvaraj Velayudham}. Routledge(2008). ISBN 9780415396806
  15. ↑ The politics of Bioscope - Part 11, Thinnai.com (in Tamil). Retrieved 18 November 2009.
  16. ↑ The politics of Bioscope - Part 20, Thinnai.com (in Tamil). Retrieved 18 November 2009.
  17. ↑ DETAILS OF TERMS OF SUCCESSIVE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES CONSTITUTED UNDER THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA. Retrieved 11 February 2010.
  18. ↑ Madras State administration report{{#if:Madras|, Madras}(1968)
  19. ↑ 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India(19 April 2009).
  20. ↑ Coalition governments in India: problems and prospects{{#if:Karunakaran|, Karunakaran}. Indian Institute of Advanced Study(1975)
  21. ↑ http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/3rd_1962/Review%203_62-67.pdf Template:Bare URL PDF
  22. ↑ Tamil Nadu 1967.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Voting Pattern in the Fourth General Election. I: D M K Success in Madras. Economic and Political Weekly({Template:Date).
  24. ↑ India, a reference annual{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting(1967)
  25. ↑ Electoral politics in the Indian states: party systems and cleavages{{#if:Ross Barnett|, Ross Barnett}. Manohar Book Service(1975)
  26. ↑ The political Career of K. Kamaraj{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Concept Publishing Company(2008)
  27. ↑ Election rewind (in Tamil)Template:Dead link
  28. ↑ Where The Family Heirs Loom.
  29. ↑ Land and people of Indian states and union territories. 25. Tamil Nadu{{#if:Gopal K. Bharghava|, Gopal K. Bharghava}. Kalpaz Publications(2005). ISBN 81-7835-356-3
  30. ↑ India, a reference annual{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting(1968)

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