Template:Infobox Indian Political Party
Template:Dravidian politics-col
The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK; Template:IPA; Template:Translation)Template:Sfn is an Indian secular progressive political party based in the state of Tamil Nadu, where it is currently the ruling party, and the union territory of Puducherry, where it is currently the main opposition.[1]
The DMK was founded on 17 September 1949 by C. N. Annadurai as a breakaway faction from the Dravidar Kazhagam, headed by Periyar.[2][3][4] The DMK was headed by Annadurai as the general secretary from 1949 until his death on 4 February 1969.[5] He also served as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu from 1967 to 1969. Under Annadurai, in 1967 the DMK became the first party other than the Indian National Congress to win state-level elections with a clear majority on its own in India. M. Karunanidhi followed Annadurai as the first president of the party from 1969 until his death on 7 August 2018.[6] He also served as the chief minister for five non-consecutive terms, in two of which he was dismissed by the Union government.[7] After Karunanidhi's death, his son and former deputy, M. K. Stalin, succeeded as the party president and as a chief minister of Tamil Nadu from May 2021.[8]
The DMK became the fifth-largest party in the Lok Sabha after the 2024 Indian general election.[9] It currently holds 126 seats in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, where the DMK-led Secular Progressive Alliance holds 159 out of 234 seats.[10]
History
Origins and foundation
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DMK traces its roots to the Justice Party founded by C. Natesa Mudaliar in 1916, in the presence of P. Theagaraya Chetty, P. T. Rajan, T. M. Nair, Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar and a few others in Victoria Public Hall Madras Presidency.[11] The Justice Party, whose objectives included social equality and justice, came to power in the first general elections to the Madras Presidency in 1920.Template:Sfn Communal division between Brahmins and non-Brahmins began in the presidency during the late-19th and early-20th century, mainly due to caste prejudices and disproportionate Brahminical representation in government jobs. The Justice Party's foundation marked the culmination of several efforts to establish an organization to represent the non-Brahmins in Madras and is seen as the start of the Dravidian movement.Template:Sfn[12][13] In 1935, Periyar, a popular reformist leader at that time, joined the Justice Party.
In the 1937 elections, the Justice Party lost and the Indian National Congress under C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) came to power in Madras Presidency. Rajaji's introduction of Hindi as a compulsory subject in schools led to the anti-Hindi agitations, led by Periyar and his associates.[14][15][16]
In August 1944, Periyar created the 'Dravidar Kazhagam' (DK) movement out of the Justice Party and the Self-Respect Movement at the Salem Provincial Conference.Template:Sfn The DK, conceived as a movement and not a political party, insisted on an independent nation for Dravidians called Dravida Nadu consisting of areas that were covered under the Madras Presidency.Template:Sfn
Over the years, many disagreements arose between Periyar and his followers. In 1949, C. N. Annadurai and other members decided to take part in electoral politics and Periyar had strong objection on it. Annadurai and several of his followers decided to split from the DK movement and form the DMK.[17]Template:Sfn
The Dravidian philosophy played a key role in the DMK at the helm of administration. It was described it as the earliest subaltern movement in the history of the Indian subcontinent politics to have political representation from former lower castes. This led to greater political participation, which improved representation of the emergent strata, enriched civic life, and subsequently strengthened pluralist democracy in the region.[18]
C. N. Annadurai era (1949–1969)
Template:Multiple imageTemplate:Main The DMK's initial participation in electoral politics, in the 1957 legislative assembly elections, was mixed. While it won 15 seats, many prominent leaders such as V. R. Nedunchezhiyan were defeated. It fared somewhat better in the 1962 elections, winning 50 seats and becoming the main opposition party by founder annadurai lost his seat.[19]
Anti-Hindi Imposition agitations
The DMK inherited the anti-Hindi imposition policies of its parent organization, DK. Founder C.N. Annadurai had earlier participated in the anti-Hindi imposition agitations during 1938–40 and throughout the 1940s.
In July 1953, the DMK launched an agitation against the Union government's proposed name-change of Kallakudi to Dalmiapuram. They claimed that the town's proposed new name, proposed to be named after Ramkrishna Dalmia, symbolized the exploitation of South India by the North.Template:Sfn[20] On 15 July, M. Karunanidhi and other DMK members removed the Hindi name from Dalmiapuram railway station's name board and protested on the tracks. In the altercation with the police that followed the protests, two DMK members lost their lives, and several others, including Karunanidhi and Kannadasan, were arrested.Template:Sfn
The DMK continued its anti-Hindi Imposition policies throughout the 1950s, along with the secessionist demand for Dravida Nadu, which initially adopted a more radical stance than the Dravida Kazhagam.Template:Sfn On 28 January 1956, Annadurai, along with Periyar and Rajaji, signed a resolution passed by the Academy of Tamil Culture endorsing the continuation of English as the official language.[21]Template:Sfn On 21 September 1957, the DMK convened an anti-Hindi conference to protest against the imposition of Hindi. It observed 13 October 1957 as "anti-Hindi day".[22]Template:Sfn
On 31 July 1960, another open-air anti-Hindi conference was held in Kodambakkam, Madras.Template:Sfn In November 1963, DMK dropped its secessionist demand in the wake of the Sino-Indian War and the passage of the anti-secessionist 16th Amendment to the Indian Constitution. The anti-Hindi stance remained and hardened with the passage of Official Languages Act of 1963.Template:Sfn The DMK's view on Hindi's eligibility for official language status were reflected in Annadurai's response to the "numerical superiority of Hindi" argument: "If we had to accept the principle of numerical superiority while selecting our national bird, the choice would have fallen not on the peacock but on the common crow."[23]
Formation of state government
In the 1967 assembly election, DMK came to power in the Madras State, 18 years after its formation and 10 years after it had first entered electoral politics. This began the Dravidian era in the Madras province, which later became Tamil Nadu. In 1967, the Congress lost nine states to opposition parties, but it was only in Madras that a single non-Congress Party won a majority.Template:Sfn The electoral victory of 1967 is also reputed to be an electoral fusion among the non-Congress parties to avoid a split in the opposition votes. Rajagopalachari, a former senior leader of the Congress Party, had by then left the Congress and launched the right-wing Swatantra Party. He played a vital role in bringing about the electoral fusion amongst the opposition parties to align against the Congress.[24] Following the DMK's victory in the 1967 election, Annadurai formed a cabinet that was the youngest in India at the time.[25]
Other achievements
Self-respect marriages were legalized in India during Annadurai's tenure. Such marriages did not involve priests presiding over the ceremonies, and thus a Brahmin was not needed to carry out the wedding.[26] Self-respect marriages were a brainchild of Periyar, who regarded the then conventional marriages as mere financial arrangements which led to great debt through dowry in many cases. Self-respect marriages, according to him, encouraged inter-caste marriages and caused arranged marriages to be replaced by love marriages.Template:Sfn
Annadurai's party was among the first in India to include a promise of subsidized rice in its election manifesto. He promised one rupee a measure of rice, which he initially implemented once in government, but had to withdraw later. Subsidizing rice costs are still used as an election promise in Tamil Nadu.[27]
It was Annadurai's government that renamed Madras State to Tamil Nadu, its present-day name. The name change itself was first presented in the Rajya Sabha by Bhupesh Gupta, a communist MP from West Bengal, but was then defeated.Template:Sfn With Annadurai as chief minister, the state assembly succeeded in passing the bill renaming the state.Template:Citation needed
Annadurai's government introduced a two-language policy, favoring Tamil and English over Hindi, which marked a significant shift from the previously proposed three language formula. The three-language formula, which was implemented in the neighboring states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala, mandated students to study three languages: the regional language, English, and Hindi.Template:Sfn
M. Karunanidhi era (1969–2018)
In 1969, after Annadurai's death, M. Karunanidhi was elected as his successor, defeating rival candidate V. R. Nedunchezhiyan. Karunanidhi headed the DMK until his own death in 2018.[6] He was also appointed as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu on 10 February 1969, sworn in by then Governor Sardar Ujjal Singh.[28]
In the 1970s, M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.), a popular actor and the party treasurer, had a political feud with the party president Karunanidhi. In 1972, M.G.R. called for a boycott of the party's General Council. The crisis led to a call for a corruption probe by M.G.R. leading to his suspension from the General Council by the high-power committee of DMK.Template:Citation needed M.G.R. left the DMK and created a new political party, the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK).Template:Sfn
In 1976, during the emergency period,[29] prime minister Indira Gandhi dismissed the Karunanidhi government,[30] fifty days before his tenure ended, citing failure to maintain law and order, implement emergency measures, uphold national discipline, and promote economic development.[31][32] The Sarkaria Commission later investigated the DMK government for alleged irregularities in awarding tenders related to the Veeranam drainage project.[33] However, no corruption charges were formally proven against Karunanidhi in the court.[34][35]
The interim report of the Jain Commission, which oversaw the investigation into the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, indicted Karunanidhi for abetting the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).[36] The interim report recommended that Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi and the DMK party be held responsible for abetting Rajiv Gandhi's murderers. The final report contained no such allegations.[37]
Elections under Karunanidhi's presidency
Template:More citations needed
- DMK lost the 1977 Assembly elections to the AIADMK, and stayed out of power in the state until 1989.Template:Sfn After MGR's death in December 1987, AIADMK split into two factions led by MGR's wife Janaki and Jayalalithaa. The DMK returned to power in the 1989 state assembly elections and for the third time, Karunanidhi took over as the chief minister in January 1989.
- The 1991 Lok Sabha election was held with the backdrop of DMK government having dissolved within two years of formation due to pressure from ex-Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi leading an alliance with Samajwadi Janata Party. In the same year, Rajiv Gandhi was killed by a suicide bomber during his election campaign, and due to DMK's pro-Tamil stance and the dismissal of the state government mid-campaign by Rajiv, public sentiments were against DMK and instead in favor of the AIADMK–Congress alliance, causing the DMK to not win any seats in the Parliament.
- In the 1996 state elections, DMK came to power on strength of corruption charges against Jayalalithaa and their alliance with Tamil Maanila Congress (TMC), headed by G.K. Moopanar.
- In 2001, the AIADMK, on strength of a strong alliance and anti-incumbency factor against DMK, came back to power in the state assembly elections.
- In the 2004 general election, DMK formed an alliance with Congress, the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), and the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK). The alliance won all 40 seats of the state including Puducherry. The DMK held 7 ministerial posts in the central government cabinet.
- Two years later in 2006, the same alliance won in the state assembly elections and the DMK formed a minority government in the state with help from Congress. M Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister of the state for the fifth time. The DMK-Congress alliance was also successful in the 2009 general elections.
- In the 2011 Assembly elections, held in the wake of the 2G case and allegations of nepotism, the DMK won only 23 seats, 127 seats less than earlier.
- In the 2014 general election, DMK failed to win any seats.
- In the 2016 state assembly elections, DMK won 89 seats. This was the most number for a single opposition party in the history of the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly.
Favouritism towards family members
Karunanidhi has faced accusations and criticism of favouring family members for prominent political and constitutional positions. His supporters have denied these allegations, describing the appointments as based on political trust and experience.[38] Karunanidhi's nephew, Murasoli Maran, was a Union Minister under multiple governments.[39] M. K. Stalin was elected as the Mayor of Chennai and later as the deputy chief minister of Tamil Nadu.[40] Karunanidhi's daughter Kanimozhi has been appointed as the Rajya Sabha MP twice in 2007 and 2013.[41][42] Karunanidhi's nephew's son Dayanidhi Maran had been appointed as a Union Minister in 2004.[43] Karunanidhi's grandson, M. K. Stalin's son, Udhayanidhi Stalin, has been elected as an MLA in the state assembly.[44] Karunanidhi is also accused of allowing Azhagiri to function as an extraconstitutional authority in Madurai.[45]
M. K. Stalin era (2018–present)
Template:Multiple image Karunanidhi died on 7 August 2018, leaving the party in the hands of his son, M. K. Stalin. Stalin had been appointed as the working president in January 2017 when his father's health started declining and had previously been named heir apparent by his father. Stalin thus became the second DMK president since the party's inception.[46]
On 25 March 2018, the DMK held a statewide conference in Erode and M. K. Stalin released five slogans at the conference. They were:[47][48][49]
- Let us keep an eye on the Kalaignar's command
- Let us grow and admire Tamil
- Let us crush the power pile
- Let us protect humanity from extremism
- Let us grow a prosperous Tamil Nadu
During 2025 end the DMK constituted a committee headed by Kanimozhi, to prepare the manifesto for the 2026 Tamil Nadu Assembly election.[50] MK Stalin launched the party's election manifesto portal on 3 January 2026 at the party headquarters.[51] Over 14,000 suggestions received was received from citizens across the state on the day day one.[52][51]
Elections under M.K. Stalin presidency
- In the 2019 general election,[53][54] DMK contested as part of the United Progressive Alliance led by the Indian National Congress. The alliance secured 38 out of 39 seats in Tamil Nadu with a 52% vote share.[55][56] and won in Puducherry.[57][58]
- The DMK-led Secular Progressive alliance secured a majority in the 2019 Tamil Nadu local body elections.[59][60]
- In the 2021 state assembly election, the Secular Progressive Alliance won a majority by securing 159 seats out of 234 seats with a 46% vote share.[61][62][63] Analysts partly attributed the victory to political developments within the AIADMK, including the rise and decline of V.K. Sasikala, and subsequent internal leadership challenges.[10]
- In the 2024 general election, as part of the INDIA Alliance, the DMK contested 21 constituencies. The alliance won all 40 seats in Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, resulting in a clean sweep in the region.[64]
Party ideology
Template:Social democracy sidebar Template:Socialism sidebar Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam follows the principle of Duty, Dignity, and Discipline, as instructed by C. N. Annadurai. This involves protecting democratic rights in politics, establishing a non-dominant society, and carrying out reform work based on rationality to promote the revival of Dravidian ideology. The party aims to overcome poverty in the economic sphere and provide means for the well-being of all on an equitable basis. The party also aims to develop and promote the respective state languages without allowing other languages to dominate. The party believes in promoting the decentralization of powers from the Union government and creating autonomy in the states and federalism at the center.[65]
Dravidian nationalism
The anti-Hindi Imposition agitations of 1965 forced the central government to abandon its efforts to use Hindi as the only official language of the country.
State autonomy
After The Emergency invoked by Indira Gandhi, more state powers like education and medical care were moved from state control to national control. At the state conference in Trichy after the death of Annadurai, Karunanidhi announced the adoption of the "state autonomy" principle to advocate for state self-governance. In April 1974, the DMK government brought in a resolution in the House urging the centre to accept the Rajamannar Committee recommendations on state autonomy and amend the Constitution of India to pave the way for a truly federal system.Template:Sfn
Social justice
The DMK has been involved in the protest for OBC reservation, ensuring the provision legalizing OBC reservation.[66][67] The party holds OBC welfare as a tenet of its core ideology[68] and has implemented reservation related policies in favour of OBCs [69] and SCs.[70]
The DMK reconstituted the disabled persons welfare board to Differently Abled Persons Departments and changed official terms for transgender individuals to more respectful terms like "Thirunangai" and "Thirunambi".[71]
Party symbol
The party's election symbol is the "sun rising from between two mountains", with a black and red flag pictured. The symbol was inspired by the Karunanidhi's 1950s play Udaya Suryan and is intended to signify the "rising" spirit of the Dravidian people.[72]
In the 1957 poll, the DMK was not recognized by the Election Commission. The party was grouped as independents and was not united by its rising sun symbol and was forced to contest under the rooster symbol.[73]
Electoral history
Lok Sabha Elections
Legislative Assembly elections
Template:Vertical bar chartTemplate:Vertical bar chart
| Year | Assembly | Party leader | Seats contested | Seats won | Change in seats | Percentage of votes | Vote swing | Popular vote | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1972 | 5th | M. Karunanidhi | 3 | Template:Composition bar compact | Template:Steady | 0.26% | Template:Steady | 36,466 | rowspan=2 Template:Lost |
| 1978 | 6th | 2 | Template:Composition bar compact | Template:Steady | 0.03% | Template:Decrease 0.23% | 6,547 |
| Year | Assembly | Party leader | Seats contested | Seats won | Change in seats | Percentage of votes | Vote swing | Popular vote | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1978 | 6th | M. Karunanidhi | 3 | Template:Composition bar compact | Template:Steady | 0.13% | Template:Steady | 16,437 | Template:Lost |
| Year | Assembly | Party leader | Seats contested | Seats won | Change in seats | Percentage of votes | Vote swing | Popular vote | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 4th | M. Karunanidhi | 1 | Template:Composition bar compact | Template:Steady | 0.02% | Template:Steady | 1,682 | Template:Lost |
Current office bearers and prominent members
| style="background-color:Template:Party color;color:white"|Member | style="background-color:Template:Party color;color:white"|Position in Government | style="background-color:Template:Party color;color:white"|Party Position |
|---|---|---|
| M. K. Stalin | President | |
| Duraimurugan |
|
General Secretary |
| T. R. Baalu |
|
Treasurer and Lok Sabha Leader |
| K. N. Nehru |
|
Party Principal Secretary |
| I. Periyasamy |
|
Deputy General Secretary |
| Tiruchi Siva[74][75] |
|
Deputy General Secretary |
| A. Raja |
|
Deputy General Secretary |
| Anthiyur P. Selvaraj |
|
Deputy General Secretary |
| Kanimozhi Karunanidhi | Template:Ubl | |
| R. S. Bharathi[76] |
|
Organization Secretary |
| T. K. S. Elangovan[77] |
|
Official Spokesperson |
| Udhayanidhi Stalin |
|
Youth Wing Secretary |
| T. R. B. Rajaa |
|
Information Technology Wing Secretary |
| Helena Davidson |
|
Women's Wing Secretary |
| C. V. M. P. Ezhilarasan |
|
Students' Wing Secretary |
| Dayanidhi Maran |
|
Sports Wing Secretary |
| Palanivel Thiagarajan |
|
Assets Committee Secretary |
| Ezhilan Naganathan |
|
Medical Wing Secretary |
| M M Abdulla |
|
NRI Wing Secretary |
List of party leaders
Presidents
| No. | Portrait | Name Template:Small |
Term in office | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| 1 | 
|
M. Karunanidhi (1924–2018) |
27 July 1969 | 7 August 2018 | Template:Age in years and days |
| 2 | 
|
M. K. Stalin (born in 1953) |
28 August 2018 | incumbent | Template:Age in years and days |
Working President
| No. | Portrait | Name Template:Small |
Term in office | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
|
M. K. Stalin (born in 1953) |
4 January 2017 | 27 August 2018 | Template:Age in years and days |
General Secretaries
| No. | Portrait | Name Template:Small |
Term in office | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||
| 1 | 
|
C. N. Annadurai (1909–1969) |
17 September 1949 | 24 April 1955 | 13 years, 350 days |
| 25 September 1960 | 3 February 1969 | ||||
| 2 | 
|
V. R. Nedunchezhiyan (1920–2000) |
24 April 1955 | 24 September 1960 | 13 years, 254 days |
| 4 February 1969 | 16 May 1977 | ||||
| 3 | 
|
K. Anbazhagan (1922–2020) |
17 May 1977 | 7 March 2020 | 42 years, 295 days |
| 4 |
|
Duraimurugan (born in 1938) |
9 September 2020 | Incumbent | Template:Age in years and days |
List of chief ministers
Chief Minister of Madras State
| No. | Portrait | Name Template:Small |
Term in office | [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Template:White]] Template:Small |
Elected constituency | Ministry | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
| 1 |
|
C. N. Annadurai (1909–1969) |
6 March 1967 | 13 January 1969 | 1 year, 313 days | 4th Template:Small |
Member of the Legislative Council | Annadurai |
Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu
| No. | Portrait | Name Template:Small |
Term in office | Ministry | Constituency | Assembly Template:Small | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Start | End | Duration Template:Small | ||||||
| 1 |
|
C. N. Annadurai (1909–1969) |
14 January 1969 | 3 February 1969 | 20 days | Annadurai | Tamil Nadu Legislative Council | 4th (1967) |
| Acting |
|
V. R. Nedunchezhiyan (1910–1988) |
3 February 1969 | 10 February 1969 | 7 days | Nedunchezhiyan I | Triplicane | 4th (1967) |
| 2 |
|
M. Karunanidhi (1924–2018) |
10 February 1969 | 14 March 1971 | Template:Ayd | Karunanidhi I | Saidapet | 4th (1967) |
| 15 March 1971 | 31 January 1976 | Template:Ayd | Karunanidhi II | 5th Template:Small | ||||
| 27 January 1989 | 30 January 1991 | Template:Ayd | Karunanidhi III | Harbour | 11th [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Template:Small]] | |||
| 13 May 1996 | 13 May 2001 | Template:Ayd | Karunanidhi IV | Chepauk | 11th [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Template:Small]] | |||
| 13 May 2006 | 15 May 2011 | Template:Ayd | Karunanidhi V | 13th [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Template:Small]] | ||||
| 3 |
|
M. K. Stalin[78][79] (born 1953) |
7 May 2021 | Incumbent | Template:Age in years and days | Stalin | Kolathur | 16th [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Template:Small]] |
List of deputy chief ministers
Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
| No. | Portrait | Name Template:Small |
Term in office | [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Template:White]] Template:Small |
Elected constituency | [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Template:White]] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
| 1 |
|
M. K. Stalin (1953–) |
29 May 2009 | 15 May 2011 | 1 year, 351 days | 13th Template:Small |
Thousand Lights | M. Karunanidhi |
| 2 | 
|
Udhayanidhi Stalin (1977–) |
28 September 2024 | Incumbent | Template:Age in years and days | 16th Template:Small |
Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni | M. K. Stalin |
Chief Ministers of Puducherry
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white" |No. | rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Portrait | rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"| Name
(Birth–Death) |
rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Elected constituency | colspan="3" style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Term of office | rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Template:Black]] Template:Small |
rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Appointed by [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Template:Black]] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white" |Assumed office | style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white" |Left office | style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white" |Time in office | ||||||
| 1 |
|
M. O. H. Farook (1937–2012) |
Kalapet | 17 March 1969 | 2 January 1974 | 4 years, 291 days | 3rd Template:Small |
B. D. Jatti |
| 2 |
|
M. D. R. Ramachandran (Unknown) |
Mannadipet | 16 January 1980 | 23 June 1983 | 3 years, 158 days | 6th Template:Small |
B. T. Kulkarni |
| 3 | 8 March 1990 | 2 March 1991 | 359 days | 8th Template:Small |
Chandrawati | |||
| 4 | .jpg)
|
R. V. Janakiraman (1941–2019) |
Nellithope | 26 May 1996 | 21 March 2000 | 3 years, 300 days | 10th Template:Small |
Rajendra Kumari Bajpai |
List of Leaders of the Opposition
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white" |No. | rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Portrait | rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Name
(Birth–Death) |
rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Elected constituency | colspan=3 style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Term of office | rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Template:Black Template:Black |
rowspan=2 style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Appointed by Template:Black | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Assumed office | style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Left office | style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Time in office | ||||||
| 1 |
|
M. Karunanidhi (1924–2018) |
Anna Nagar | 25 July 1977 | 17 February 1980 | 5 years, 259 days | 6th Template:Small |
Munu Adhi |
| 27 June 1980 | 18 August 1983 | 7th Template:Small |
K. Rajaram | |||||
| 2 |
|
K. Anbazhagan (1922–2020) |
Harbour | 24 May 2001 | 14 April 2006 | 4 years, 325 days | 12th Template:Small |
K. Kalimuthu |
| 3 |
|
M. K. Stalin (born 1953) |
Kolathur | 4 June 2016 | 3 May 2021 | 4 years, 333 days | 15th Template:Small |
P. Dhanapal |
Pondicherry/Puducherry Legislative Assembly
| No. | Portrait | Name
(Birth–Death) |
Elected constituency | Term of office | [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Template:Black]] Template:Small | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
| 1 |
|
R.V. Janakiraman | Nellithope | 22 March 2000 | 15 May 2001 | Template:Ayd | 10th Template:Small |
| 16 May 2001 | 11 May 2006 | Template:Ayd | 11th Template:Small | ||||
| 2 |
|
A. M. H. Nazeem | Karaikal | 29 May 2006 | May 2011 | Template:Ayd | 12th Template:Small |
| 3 |
|
R. Siva | Villianur | 8 May 2021[80] | Incumbent | Template:Ayd | 15th Template:Small |
Madras State Legislative Assembly
| Leader of the Opposition | Term Start | Term End | Duration |
|---|---|---|---|
| V. R. Nedunchezhiyan | 29 March 1962 | 28 February 1967 | Template:Ayd |
List of Speakers & Deputy Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|No. | style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Name | style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Deputy Speaker |
style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Took office |
style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Left office |
style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white"|Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pulavar K. Govindan | G. R. Edmund | 22 February 1969 |
14 March 1971 |
Template:Ayd |
| N. Ganapathy | 3 August 1973 |
3 July 1977 |
Template:Ayd | ||
| 2 | K. A. Mathiazagan | P. Seenivasan | 24 March 1971 |
2 December 1972 |
Template:Ayd |
| Acting | P. Seenivasan (Acting Speaker) |
2 December 1972 |
3 August 1973 |
Template:Ayd | |
| 3 | M. Tamilkudimagan | V. P. Duraisamy | 8 February 1989 |
30 June 1991 |
Template:Ayd |
| 4 | P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan | Parithi Ilamvazhuthi | 23 May 1996 |
21 May 2001 |
Template:Ayd |
| 5 | R. Avudaiappan | V. P. Duraisamy | 19 May 2006 |
15 May 2011 |
Template:Ayd |
| 6 | M. Appavu | K. Pitchandi | 12 May 2021 |
Incumbent | Template:Ayd |
List of union cabinet ministers
V. P. Singh ministry (1989–90)
| rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white" | # | rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white" | Portrait | rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white; width:18em" | Minister Template:Small |
colspan="3" style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white" | Term of office | rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white; width:8em" | Portfolio | rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white" | Ministry | rowspan="2" style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white; width:9em" | Prime Minister | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white; width:7em" | From | style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white; width:7em" | To | style="background-color:Template:Party color; color:white; width:6em" | Period | |||||||
| 1 | bgcolor="Template:Party color" | | 
|
Murasoli Maran Template:Small |
2 December 1989 |
10 November 1990 |
343 days | Minister of Urban Development | [[V. P. Singh ministry|Template:Black]] | V. P. Singh |
H.D Devegowda Ministry (1996Template:Ndash97)
| No. | Portrait | Portfolio | Name Template:Small |
Term in office | Constituency Template:Small |
[[Prime Minister of India|Template:White]] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| 1 |
|
Minister of Industry | Murasoli Maran (1934–2003) |
1 June 1996 |
21 April 1997 |
Template:Ayd | Chennai Central (Lok Sabha) |
H. D. Deve Gowda | rowspan=4 Template:Party color cell |
| 2 |
|
Minister of Surface Transport | T. G. Venkatraman (1931–2013) |
1 June 1996 |
21 April 1997 |
Template:Ayd | Tindivanam (Lok Sabha) | ||
| 3 |
|
Minister of Defence (Template:Abbr) |
N. V. N. Somu (–) |
6 July 1996 |
21 April 1997 |
Template:Ayd | Chennai North (Lok Sabha) | ||
| 4 | 
|
Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas (Template:Abbr) |
T. R. Baalu (born 1941) |
6 July 1996 |
21 April 1997 |
Template:Ayd | Chennai South (Lok Sabha) | ||
I.K Gujral Ministry (1997Template:Ndash98)
| No. | Portrait | Portfolio | Name Template:Small |
Term in office | Constituency Template:Small |
[[Prime Minister of India|Template:White]] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| 1 |
|
Minister of Industry | Murasoli Maran (1934–2003) |
21 April 1997 |
19 March 1998 |
Template:Ayd | Chennai Central (Lok Sabha) |
I. K. Gujral | rowspan=6 Template:Party color cell |
| 2 |
|
Minister of Surface Transport | T. G. Venkatraman (1931–2013) |
21 April 1997 |
19 March 1998 |
Template:Ayd | Tindivanam (Lok Sabha) | ||
| Minister of Urban Affairs & Employment | 14 November 1997 |
12 December 1997 |
Template:Ayd | ||||||
| 3 | Error creating thumbnail: | Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas (Template:Abbr) |
T. R. Baalu (born 1941) |
21 April 1997 |
19 March 1998 |
Template:Ayd | Chennai South (Lok Sabha) | ||
| Minister of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (Template:Abbr) |
11 January 1998 |
19 March 1998 |
Template:Ayd | ||||||
| 4 | Error creating thumbnail: | Minister of Defence (Template:Abbr) |
N. V. N. Somu (–) |
21 April 1997 |
14 November 1997 (died in office) |
Template:Ayd | Chennai North (Lok Sabha) | ||
Third Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ministry (1999Template:Ndash2004)
First Manmohan Singh Ministry (2004Template:Ndash2009)
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Second Manmohan Singh Ministry (2009Template:Ndash2014)
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List of Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha
| Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Elected constituency | Lok Sabha (Election) |
Speaker | Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | Prime Minister |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Error creating thumbnail: | G. Lakshmanan (1924–2001) |
Chennai North | 7th (1980) |
Balram Jakhar (INC) |
1 December 1980 | 31 December 1984 | 4 years, 30 days | Indira Gandhi |
Splits and offshoots
There are two major parties that have been formed as a result of splits from the DMK, which are
- All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK), founded on 17 October 1972 by the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.).
- Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), founded on 6 May 1994 by Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha Vaiko.
Political lineage and offsprings of DMK
Media
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party runs two newspapers: an English weekly named The Rising Sun and a Tamil daily named Murasoli.[88]
Kalaignar TV is a TV channel group started on 15 September 2007 and managed by Kanimozhi Karunanidhi and Dayalu Ammal, the daughter and wife of Karunanidhi. The group has multiple sister channels: Kalaignar Isai Aruvi (24×7 Tamil music channel), Kalaignar Seithigal (24×7 Tamil news channel), Kalaignar Sirippoli (24×7 Tamil comedy channel), Kalaignar Chithiram (24×7 Tamil cartoon channel), Kalaignar Murasu(24×7 Tamil movie channel) and Kalaignar Asia.[89]
See also
- Politics of Tamil Nadu
- All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
- 2G spectrum case
- Granite scam in Tamil Nadu
- Controversy of arrests in Tamil Nadu about construction of flyovers
- Dinakaran attack
- Leelavathi murder
- Kallakudi demonstration
- Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
- Politics of India
- List of political parties in India
- Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance
References
- ↑ Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). Business Standard India. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ↑ September which split Dravidians, Periyar weds Maniyammai. thenewsminute.com(14 September 2016). Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ↑ Periyar and Anna conflict over electoral politics. newsminute.com(19 September 2018). Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ↑ Karunanidhi: Administrator par excellence. downtoearth.org.in(8 August 2018). Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ↑ 3 February 1969: C. N. Annadurai, chief minister of Tamil Nadu, died. What Happened on This Day in History – Maps of India(3 February 2014). Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 M Karunanidhi passes away. @businessline(7 August 2018). Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ↑ In pictures: M. Karunanidhi, the five-term Chief Minister. The Hindu(7 August 2018). Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ↑ Karunanidhi appoints Stalin as Tamil Nadu deputy CM. Mint(29 May 2009). Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ↑ Lok Sabha(2025-02-16).
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Assembly election 2021: DMK almost swept entire Tamil Nadu; western region went with AIADMK. Deccan Herald(2021-05-03). Retrieved 2024-06-25.
- ↑ 100 years of Justice Party, a movement which defined Tamil Nadu politics(20 November 2016).
- ↑ A century of reform The Dravidian movement has left its progressive imprint on Tamil Nadu(22 November 2016). Retrieved 8 August 2018.
- ↑ The Inner Grammar Of Dissent Lives. Outlook India(12 December 2016). Retrieved 8 August 2018.
- ↑ Torch-bearer of reform. The Hindu(19 November 2015). Retrieved 10 August 2019.
- ↑ Why South Opposes Hindi{{#if:Vēṇu|, Vēṇu}. Justice Publications(1979)
- ↑ [1]. dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in. Retrieved 2025-09-02.
- ↑ Priest-less weddings in TN VIP families. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ↑ Identity Politics and Social Pluralism: Political Sociology and Political Change in Tamil Nadu. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics({Template:Date).
- ↑ 1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India. Retrieved 19 April 2009.
- ↑ Anna in the dock (1953). Sangam.org(16 September 2009). Retrieved 24 November 2009.
- ↑ Modern India rejects Hindi{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Association for the Advancement of the National Languages of India(1958)
- ↑ A script which Karuna would never imagined in TN. Business Standard(16 May 2009). Retrieved 24 November 2009.
- ↑ Tongue tied, Venkatachalapathy, A. R.. India Today(20 December 2007).
- ↑ Dravidian power. Frontline(10–23 April 2004). Retrieved 19 February 2008.
- ↑ C.N. Annadurai – Politician, 1909–1969(10 April 2008). Retrieved 20 December 2008.
- ↑ Solidarity show at wedding – ADMK's brickbats on cauvery mixes with Pranab's bonhomie. The Telegraph(7 June 2004). Retrieved 20 December 2008.
- ↑ Rice promises stir Tamil Nadu. Rediff.com(19 April 2006). Retrieved 20 December 2008.
- ↑ Milestones in a long journey. Frontline(2018-08-17). Retrieved 2025-11-17.
- ↑ EMERGENCY. Yale University Press(2025-06-10).
- ↑ An island of democracy. Frontline. Retrieved 2025-09-11.
- ↑ Mrs. Gandhi Dismisses Opposition Government of a State and Takes Over Rule (Published 1976)(1976-02-01). Retrieved 2025-09-11.
- ↑ The political journey of M Karunanidhi: A timeline - End of an era. The Economic Times. Retrieved 2025-09-11.
- ↑ What the Sarkaria Commission said. The Hindu(10 June 2001). Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ↑ Karunanidhi a visionary and a reformist pushing for social justice: Biographer Vasanthi. www.daijiworld.com. Retrieved 2025-09-11.
- ↑ Karunanidhi: Tamil Nadu politics' ultimate comeback man. The Indian Express(2018-08-09). Retrieved 2025-09-11.
- ↑ Template:Cite magazine
- ↑ No adverse comments on DMK leaders in Jain report. The Hindu(14 February 2004). Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ↑ Nepotism or survival? Why Karunanidhi chose family when it came to New Delhi, Isaac, Anna. The News Minute(2018-08-08). Retrieved 2025-11-18.
- ↑ Maran – the eyes and ears of DMK in Delhi. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ↑ Politics: Special Series; M K Stalin. India Today(1 November 1999). Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ↑ Kanimozhi, D Raja take oath as Rajya Sabha members. timesofindia(26 July 2007).
- ↑ Kanimozhi wins Rajya Sabha polls, so does Raja. indiatoday(27 June 2013). Retrieved 27 June 2013.
- ↑ Dayanidhi Maran hands over resignation to DMK chief. India Today(2008-10-19). Retrieved 2024-10-26.
- ↑ Tamil Nadu: Udhayanidhi Stalin wins big, cements claim to political legacy. timesofindia(3 May 2021).
- ↑ Charge sheet filed against Azhagiri in Kiruttinan case. The Hindu(19 August 2003). Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ↑ MK Stalin takes charge of DMK after 51 years in politics: Fighting a dynastic battle, the 65-year-old learnt it the hard way. Firstpost(28 August 2018). Retrieved 29 December 2019.
- ↑ ஐம்பெரும் முழக்கங்கள்: ஈரோடு மண்டல மாநாட்டில் ஸ்டாலின் உரை. Samayam Tamil(25 March 2018). Retrieved 11 August 2019.
- ↑ ஸ்டாலின் முன்வைத்த ஐம்பெரும் முழக்கங்கள்!. மின்னம்பலம்(17 February 2019). Retrieved 11 August 2019.
- ↑ மதவெறியை மாய்ப்போம்– அதிகார குவியலை அடித்து நொறுக்குவோம்: திமுகவின் 5 முழக்கங்களை அறிவித்த ஸ்டாலின், Lakshmi, Priya. oneindia.com(25 March 2018). Retrieved 11 August 2019.
- ↑ Kanimozhi to head DMK's 2026 Assembly election manifesto committee. The Hindu(2025-12-17). Retrieved 2026-01-05.
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Tamil Nadu elections: Stalin launches DMK manifesto portal 2026; alliance with Congress under spotlight. The Times of India(2026-01-03). Retrieved 2026-01-05.
- ↑ DMK receives 14,318 suggestions for manifesto on day one. The Hindu(2026-01-04). Retrieved 2026-01-05.
- ↑ Secular Progressive Alliance will romp home in Lok Sabha polls. Business Standard India(31 March 2019). Retrieved 29 December 2019.
- ↑ DMK-led front in TN christened "Secular Progressive Alliance". Business Standard India(15 March 2019). Retrieved 29 December 2019.
- ↑ M K Stalin wins big but gains little in Tamil Nadu, Govardan, D.. The Times of India(24 May 2019). Retrieved 29 December 2019.
- ↑ "Amazed North, United South, Astounded India": MK Stalin On DMK Poll Wins. NDTV.com.
- ↑ Final Voter turnout of Phase 1 to Phase 7 of the Lok Sabha Elections 2019. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 2025-09-11.
- ↑ Lok Sabha Elections Party Wise Result. The Times of India. Retrieved 2025-09-11.
- ↑ DMK alliance wins Tamil Nadu rural local body polls. The Times of India(3 January 2020). Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ↑ Tamil Nadu local body poll results: DMK wins 243 district panchayat wards, AIADMK 214; counting underway, Nath, Akshaya. India Today(January 4, 2020). Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ↑ Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2021. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 2025-09-02.
- ↑ IndiaVotes AC: Tamil Nadu 2021. IndiaVotes. Retrieved 2025-09-02.
- ↑ Tamil nadu Assembly Election Results 2021, Sushanth. Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 2025-09-02.
- ↑ Tamil Nadu election results 2024: DMK alliance sweeps Cuddalore, Villupuram, and Kallakurichi. The Hindu(2024-06-04). Retrieved 2024-06-04.
- ↑ Party ideology. DMK.
- ↑ THE CONSTITUTION (FIRST AMENDMENT) ACT, 1951| National Portal of India. www.india.gov.in.
- ↑ protest of Periyar and Anna.
- ↑ Stalin welcomes Supreme court order favouring OBC reservation in medical courses. The Economic Times(8 January 2022).
- ↑ source article(29 March 2021).
- ↑ Temple to honour DMK leader Karunanidhi to be built in Tamil Nadu. The Indian Express(25 August 2019).
- ↑ Self-respect weddings to transgender rights: Karunanidhi, a leader of minorities, N, Nadika. newsminute(7 August 2018). Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ↑ The story of Udaya Suriyan: How the rising sun became the symbol of DMK(14 May 2016).
- ↑ The story of Udaya Suriyan: How the rising sun became the symbol of DMK, Isaac, Anna. thenewsminute. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
- ↑ DMK MP Tiruchi Siva appointed new party deputy general secretary. DT Next(11 April 2025).
- ↑ Stalin sacks Ponmudy from party post over his 'vulgar' remarks. DT Next(11 April 2025).
- ↑ R. S. Bharathi profile.
- ↑ TKS Elangovan profile.Template:Dead link
- ↑ https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mk-stalin-dmk-chief-takes-oath-as-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-243677 Template:Bare URL inline
- ↑ M.K. Stalin appointed Tamil Nadu CM, swearing-in on May 7. The Hindu(2021-05-05). Retrieved 2024-09-11.
- ↑ Four-time MLA R Siva appointed leader of DMK legislature party in Puducherry. The New Indian Express(8 May 2021). Retrieved 11 August 2022.
- ↑ Telecom Minister A Raja resigns; PM to keep charge of Telecom ministry. The Economic Times(2010-11-15). Retrieved 2024-09-11.
- ↑ Raja resigns over 2G spectrum issue. Business Today(2010-11-15). Retrieved 2024-09-11.
- ↑ CBI arrests former Telecom Minister A. Raja. The Hindu(2011-02-02). Retrieved 2024-09-11.
- ↑ Dayanidhi Maran resigns from Cabinet. BusinessLine(2011-07-07). Retrieved 2024-09-11.
- ↑ Dayanidhi Maran resigns from Union Cabinet. The Times of India(2011-07-08). Retrieved 2024-09-11.
- ↑ Karunanidhi denies reports on Alagiri's resignation. The Hindu(2011-01-07). Retrieved 2024-09-11.
- ↑ 5 DMK ministers quit, PM accepts their resignations. The Economic Times(20 March 2013). Retrieved 2024-09-11.
- ↑ DMK homepage. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
- ↑ Kalaignar Channel. Kalaignar Channel. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
Notes
Publications
- Electoral politics and general elections in India, 1952–1998{{#if:Ahuja|, Ahuja}. Mittal Publication(1998). ISBN 978-81-7099-711-5
- Indian Politics and Society Since Independence{{#if:Chakrabarty|, Chakrabarty}. Routledge(2008). ISBN 978-0-415-40868-4
- The political career of C. Rajagopalachari, 1937–1954: a moralist in politics{{#if:Copley|, Copley}. Macmillan(1978)
- Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India{{#if:Dirks|, Dirks}. Princeton University Press(2001). ISBN 978-0-691-08895-2
- Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity:The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2): The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Oxford University Press, USA(2010). ISBN 978-0-19-539245-6
- The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis. Asian Survey({Template:Date).
- Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu: The Stars and the DMK. Asian Survey({Template:Date).
- Revolutionary family life and the Self Respect movement in Tamil south India. Contributions to Indian Sociology({Template:Year).
- India's silent revolution: the rise of the low castes in North Indian politics{{#if:Jaffrelot|, Jaffrelot}. C. Hurst & Co.(2003). ISBN 1-85065-398-4
- Rule of the Commoner: DMK and Formations of the Political in Tamil Nadu, 1949–1967{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(2022). ISBN 978-1-009-19717-5
- Confronting the body: the politics of physicality in colonial and post-colonial India{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Anthem Press(2004). ISBN 978-1-84331-033-4
- Tracing the Signs: Voter Mobilization and the Functionality of Ideas in Tamil Nadu{{#if:Murali|, Murali}. University of California, Berkeley(2007). ISBN 9780549737612
- Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction on an Indian Identity{{#if:Omvedt|, Omvedt}. Orient Longman(2006). ISBN 978-81-250-2895-6
- Polyethnicity in India and Canada: Possibilities for Exploration{{#if:Palanithurai|, Palanithurai}. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.(1997). ISBN 978-8-175-33039-9
- Encyclopaedia of Political Parties{{#if:Radhan|, Radhan}. Anmol Publications(2002). ISBN 978-81-7488-865-5
- State and nation in south Asia{{#if:Rajagopalan|, Rajagopalan}. Lynne Rienner Publishers(2001). ISBN 978-1-55587-967-9
- Pre-History and History of the DMK. Social Scientist({Template:Year).
- Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. University of California Press(20 November 1997). ISBN 978-0-520-20805-6
- India votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha elections 2001–2005{{#if:Rana|, Rana}. Sarup & Sons(2006). ISBN 978-81-7625-647-6
- General Elections, 1996: Local Issues Dominate in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Economic and Political Weekly({Template:Date).
- Identity Politics and Social Pluralism: Political Sociology and Political Change in Tamil Nadu. Commonwealth & Comparative Politics({Template:Date).
- Karunanidhi: man of destiny{{#if:Swaminathan|, Swaminathan}. Affiliated East-West Press(1974). ISBN 9780333902127
- Why South opposes Hindi{{#if:Venu|, Venu}. Justice Publications(1979)
- Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1957–62. Legislative Assembly Department(June 1962).
- Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1962–67. Legislative Assembly Department(June 1967).
- Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1967–70. Legislative Assembly Department(June 1971).
- Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1971–76. Legislative Assembly Department(June 1976).
- Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Quadrennial Review 1977–80. Legislative Assembly Department.
- Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 1984. Election Commission of India.
- Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2001. Election Commission of India.
- Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly elections 2011. Election Commission of India.
- Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1980. Election Commission of India.
- Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1989. Election Commission of India.
- Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1991. Election Commission of India.
- Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 1996. Election Commission of India.
- Statistical report on Tamil Nadu Assembly general elections 2006. Election Commission of India.*General Election Results 2024. Election Results(2024).Template:Refend
External links
Template:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Template:Dravidian politics Template:Indian political parties Template:United Progressive Alliance