Atmanirbhar Bharat

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Atmanirbhar Bharat (translation: Self-Reliant India)[1] is a Hindi phrase and a policy framework in India. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi first used the term "self-reliance" in English in 2014 in discussions of national security, poverty alleviation, and the Digital India initiative. The phrase gained prominence during the announcement of India's economic stimulus package in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.[1]

History

In 2022, Union Home Minister Amit Shah acknowledged that slogans such as "Atmanirbhar Bharat" (Template:IPA), "Make in India", and "Vocal for Local"[2] were inspired by Mahatma Gandhi's efforts during the Swadeshi movement.[3] He stated that pre-independence aspirations that had been forgotten are now being revived, adapted, and put into practice.

Defence Sector

Template:Multiple image The Indian defence sector also requires self-sufficiency in military logistics, including food supplies during emergencies.[4]

The Ministry of Defence (MoD) amended the Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) in 2020.[5]Template:Update inline Under the new rules, the private sector was allowed to form joint ventures with public sector undertakings in India by acquiring a 51% stake. The private sector was also permitted to export up to 25% of the production. The Indian Armed Forces have also stated that they would purchase the final product. The Indian Multi-Role Helicopter was the first major project to follow this process.[6]

2020 Economic Stimulus

During the coronavirus pandemic in India, amid lockdown measures and an existing economic slowdown, the government issued an adapted version of the self-reliance policy.Template:Sfn On 12 May 2020, Prime Minister Modi publicly used the Hindi phrase for the first time, stating:[7] (trans.) "The state of the world today teaches us that (Atmanirbhar Bharat) 'Self-reliant India' is the only path. It is said in our scriptures-Eshah Panthah. That is self-sufficient India."[8][9] While the speech was in Hindi, the reference by the Press Information Bureau to both "self-reliance" and "self-sufficiency" led to some confusion.[8][9] The Government of India announced an economic package known as the "Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan" (Template:Translation).Template:Sfn The initiative received a mixed response.Template:Sfnp

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According to Swaminathan Aiyar, writing for The Economic Times, "Atmanirbhar" can be translated as both self-reliance and self-sufficiency. In the 1960s and 1970s, India's drive for self-sufficiency was unsuccessful,[10] and doing the same thing again was not advisable.[10] Sadanand Dhume was sceptical of the terminology and language related to the phrase, and whether it was meant for the revival of pre-liberalization era policies.[11] "Aatmanirbharta" or Self-Reliance was the Oxford Hindi Word of the Year in 2020.[12][13]

This adapted plan for self-reliance or "Atmanirbharta" emerged with a readiness to associate with and challenge the global economy, unlike the past decades, when there had been a wish to disassociate, such as during the pre-independence Swadeshi movement and with post-independence foreign aid.Template:Sfn Swadeshi, however, has been adapted with slogans such as "vocal for local," while at the same time, global interconnectedness is being promoted.Template:Sfn The government aims to reconcile this; according to the Economist Intelligence Unit, "The policies created by Modi aim to reduce domestic market access to imports, but at the same time to open the economy and export to the rest of the world."[14]

Along with the coronavirus pandemic, Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan could be seen in the context of India-China border relations and India's economic dependence on China in some sectors.Template:Sfnp There were calls for India to boycott Chinese products and promote an Atmanirbhar Bharat. In contrast, India faces practical challenges in the near term, as it imports ₹6.4 trillion ($75 billion USD) worth of goods from China annually, and certain sectors of its economy are reliant on China.[15] Following the Galwan Valley skirmish on 15 June 2020, which resulted in many deaths, Swadeshi Jagaran Manch, an affiliate of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, said if the government was serious about making India self-reliant, Chinese companies should not be given contracts for projects such as the Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System.[16][17] A Chinese company was awarded a contract for Template:Convert of the project.[18]

While Atmanirbhar Bharat has been extensively promoted during the premiership of Narendra Modi, especially in rhetoric and speeches, this is not always apparent in government policies. Template:Sfn There has been concern that Atmanirbhar Bharat is political messaging that has no economic impact.[19] India's trade deficit restricts a reduction in dependence on imports, limiting protectionism and isolationism.Template:Sfn Protectionist tendencies such as tariff increases, however, have been seen during this phase.[20] The general trend of the Modi government has been to support domestic industries rather than global ones.Template:Sfnp Subsidies are being used as incentives to get global business leaders into India.[20] The initiative has been accused of crony capitalism and of giving false hope to small businesses that align with the messaging.Template:Sfnp On 7 December 2021, the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh said that for India to be self-reliant, states must be self-reliant.[21][22]

Use By The NDA Government

Prime Minister Modi used the phrase "self-reliance" in June 2014 about defense manufacturing for self-reliance in national security.[23] He reiterated this over the years; in 2018, he spoke of the need for India to make its weapons.[24] In August 2014, he connected self-reliance to Digital India,[25] in September 2014, about making the poor self-reliant,[26] and in March 2022, in relation to technologies.[27]

Proponents of Atmanirbhar Bharat, including Modi and his cabinet ministers for finance and law, have said this self-reliance policy does not aim to be protectionist, exclusionist, or isolationist. For India, self-reliance means being a larger and more important part of the world economy.[28][29] The concept requires policies that are efficient and resilient and encourage equity and competitiveness.[30] It means being self-sustaining and self-generating;[30] and creating "wealth and values not only for ourselves but for the larger humanity".[31] In March 2021, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said the Atmanirbhar Bharat campaign is not about bringing back socialism or import substitution; rather, the intent is to boost manufacturing.[32] The five pillars of Atmanirbhar Bharat are economy, infrastructure, technology-driven systems, vibrant demography, and demand.[33]

COVID-19 Pandemic Initiatives

File:Covaxin.jpg
A 5ml vial of Covaxin[34][35] has been conveyed as a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat.[36]

The research, development, and manufacture of COVID-19 vaccinations in India were connected in separate statements to atmanirbharta by the President,[37] Vice-president,[38] Prime Minister,[36] and other Union ministers.[39] Modi stated, "Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat".[36]

On May 12, October 12, and November 12, 2020, the government announced three Atmanirbhar Bharat packages worth Template:INRConvert in response to the COVID-19 crisis. The second and third economic stimulus packages were labelled Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan 2.0 and 3.0.[40][41][42] As part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat packages, the government decided to change the definition of Small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs),[43] boosting the scope for private participation in several sectors,[44] increasing foreign direct investment (FDI) in the defence sector;[44] and the changes found support in many sectors such as solar energy manufacturing.[45]

The growth of India's personal protective equipment (PPE) sector from limited production before March 2020 to 450,000 pieces a day by the beginning of July 2020 is considered an example of a self-reliant India.[46][47] The PPE industry in India became a Template:INRConvert industry in three months, the second largest after China.[48]

In July 2020, the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution issued a statement placing food rationing within the ambit of Atmanirbhar Bharat.[7] In August 2020, following the migrant workers crisis during the pandemic, the same ministry made a statement placing the welfare of migrants within the concept's ambit.[7]

Other initiatives

The importance of education and research for self-reliance has been recognised.[49] In an address to the students of Visva-Bharati University, the new National Education Policy of India was connected to the creation of an Atmanirbhar Bharat,[50] and Prime Minister Modi challenged the students to make the villages surrounding the university self-reliant.[51] The Indian Minister of Education has also stressed the link between education and Atmanirbhar Bharat.[52] Educationist and university administrator C. Raj Kumar said the vision of an "Atmanirbhar University" combines the vision of John Henry Newman's work "Idea of a University" with the Humboldtian model of higher education.[52] Apex public education bodies such as AICTE have asked universities to use Indian books where possible in an effort to promote Atmanirbhar Bharat.[53] The home minister acknowledged that the new policy also gives due importance to svabhasha, the Indian language.[3]

During a speech in 2017, Prime Minister Modi said his government was trying to tap human capital flight and had the aim of engaging India's diaspora.[54] To this effect, new organisations such as the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) in the space sector would aim to channel India's space talent.[55] Dependence in the pharmaceutical sector upon active pharmaceutical ingredients is being addressed; out of 53 raw materials that were imported, 35 were being produced in India by March 2022.[56]

File:Atmanirbhar Bharat Defence Industry Outreach 27 August 2020.jpg
The Defence Minister, Rajnath Singh, addressed an Atmanirbhar Bharat Defence Industry Outreach Webinar in August 2020. Government and private defence leaders are in attendance.

In August 2020, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh announced the Defence Ministry was "now ready for a big push to the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative" by imposing import prohibitions on 101 military items in a staged manner over five years.[57][58] In the following months, more positive indigenisation lists and negative import lists were released.[59][60][61] The new legislationTemplate:Efn was portrayed as an initiative towards increasing India's self-reliance.[62][63] A new category of procurement, Indian Indigenously Designed, Developed, and Manufactured (Indian-IDDM), was created.[64] Reform of the Ordnance Factory Board and giving the new defence public sector undertaking (PSU) units large-scale orders was a move towards military self-reliance.[65] Equipment manufactured under Indian-IDDM has been handed over to the military.[66][67] In the fiscal year 2022, the Ministry of Defence decided to spend 65% of its capital budget on domestic procurement.[68] Increased self-reliance is also being seen in the construction of its warships and submarines.[69]

The phrase was also connected to the 2021,[70] and 2022 Union budgets.[71][72] Targets for self-reliance in fertiliser production by 2023 have been announced.[73] Government-backed events to provide for the implementation and promotion of self-reliance and associated slogans such as "vocal for local", have materialised in the form of the country's first national toy fair, which was digitally launched in February 2021,[74] and the associated brainstorming event Toycathon.[75] In July 2020, the government launched the Atmanirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge to encourage the building of apps.[76] 6,940 entries were received, of which 24 apps were chosen as winners, including mapping apps, fact-checking apps, and a cricket video game. The challenge's success led to its continuation through another round of entry submission.[77] Government schemes also support the implementation of self-reliant initiatives.[78]

Slogans

Slogans initiated under Atmanirbhar Bharat include "Vocal for Local", "Local for Global", "Make for the World" and "Brain Drain to Brain Gain".[79][80]

Vocal for local

Products should be "Made in India" and promoted to make them competitive.[80][81] During the Independence Day speech in 2020, Prime Minister Modi said: "The mindset of free India should be 'Vocal for local" We should appreciate our local products if we don't do this, then our products will not get the opportunity to do better and will not get encouraged."[82][83] Amul managing director RS Sodhi said the phrase vocal for local, "meant that products be made competitive vis-à-vis global brands" and that "it didn't mean that one must only buy products that have a logo ,'Made in India' on it".[80] An extension of this slogan is 'local for global', meaning locally made Indian products should have global appeal and reach.[80] The slogan has been extended to sectors such as toy manufacturing: "Time to be vocal for local toys".[84][85]

Make for the world

Prime Minister Modi, during the 2020 Independence Day speech, said 'Make for the World' should go together with 'Make in India' and that the slogan 'Make for the World' should be a key slogan like 'Make in India' is.[82][86] A variation of the slogan is "Make in India for the world".[87] Arvind Panagariya, the first vice-chairperson of NITI Aayog, said in an interview with Govindraj Ethiraj that implementation of the slogan is a matter of optics and policy change.[88]

Under the Make for the World vision, India in 2025 became the top smartphone exporter to the U.S. for the first time, fueled by Apple's shift in manufacturing amid global trade realignments, overtaking China with a 240% year-on-year surge in shipments.[89]

Domestic Commentary

In June 2020, India's Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said, "At least don't buy Ganesha idols from China" after commenting on India's over-reliance on 'non-essential' Chinese imports.[90]

Atmanirbhar Bharat has been called a re-packaged version or revival of the Make in India movement, using new slogans such as "Vocal for Local".[91][92][93] Opposition members have spoken about India enacting policies and building companies since its independence to make the nation Self-reliant-Steel Authority of India (SAIL) for steel production, IIT for domestic engineers, All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) for medical science, Defence Research and Development Organisation for defence research, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for aviation, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for space research, Central Coalfields (CCL), NTPC and GAIL in the area of energy; criticising the advertising tactics.[94] Some have rephrased it as the "Fend For Yourself" campaign;[95] it has also been called "economic nationalism".[96] It has been noted that the phrase has been used so extensively that it has become "India's overarching national policy for growth and development".[7] Unfinished reforms in the Atmanirbhar Bharat agenda span from government reform to urban reform to civil service reform.[97]

Arvind Panagariya has criticised policies of self-sufficiency and protectionism as opposed to free trade in the context of India's past.[98][99][100]

International Reactions

By mid-2021, many global policy experts and those in the Indian diaspora acknowledged that Atmanirbhar Bharat is a promising initiative while also expressing concerns.[101] In June 2021, Vinai Thummalapally, former US ambassador to Belize, said India's global exports of manufacturing products remain low and that through this program, competitive, valuable products would lead to export-led growth.[101] Nisha Desai Biswal, an American businesswoman, has said the lack of clarity on the definition of Atmanirbhar Bharat has resulted in a "pause" and that the program could be counterproductive.[101] Freddy Svane, Denmark's ambassador to India, and Himanshu Gulati, a Member of Parliament in Norway, have both stated that Denmark and Norway can help India in its self-reliant mission in the area of energy-efficient technologies.[101]

In June 2021, the UK India Business Council conducted a survey that found a majority of companies thought of Atmanirbhar Bharat as an opportunity to increase business in India.[102] In January 2021, Kenneth Juster, the US ambassador to India, said Atmanirbhar Bharat and the desire to play a larger economic role in the world may not be compatible.[103] In April 2022, the United States Trade Representative wrote in a report on foreign trade barriers in India: "U.S. exporters continue to encounter significant tariff and non-tariff barriers that impede imports of U.S. goods and services into India. While the Government of India has pursued ongoing economic reform efforts, it also continues to promote programs such as 'Make in India' (2014) and 'Self-Reliant India' (Atmanirbhar Bharat – May 2020) that seek to increase India's self-sufficiency by promoting domestic industry and reducing reliance on foreign suppliers and imported goods.[104][105]

In July 2020, the Chief Executive of Lockheed Martin India stated that the company is "fully committed to supporting Prime Minister Narendra Modi's vision of self-reliance".[106]

Impact on Domestic Industries

sector Indicator Earlier data Latest Data Source
Defence Defence production ₹46,429 crore (2014-15) ₹1.54 lakh crore(2024-24) PIB
Defence Defence exports ₹686 crore(2013-14) ₹21,083 crore PIB
Electronics Electronics production value $31 billion (2014–15) $133 billion (2024–25) HANS INDIA
Electronics Mobile phone manufacturing unit 2 units (2014) 300+(2025) PIB
Electronics Electronics Exports ₹38,000 crore (2014–15) ₹3.27 lakh crore (2024–25) PIB
Solar energy Solar module manufacturing capacity ~3 GW (2018) 60+ GW capacity pipeline Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

See also

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References and notes

Notes

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Citations
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat new definitions of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi movement: Amit Shah. Udayavani(30 January 2022). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  2. ↑ NITI Aayog Launches 'Vocal for Local' Initiative Fostering Grassroots Entrepreneurship and Self- reliance. www.pib.gov.in.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Make In India, Atmanirbhar Bharat New Definitions Of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi Movement: Amit Shah. Outlook India(30 January 2022). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  4. ↑ Towards Self-Reliance{{#if:Fazalbhoy|, Fazalbhoy}. Forum of Free Enterprise(1966)
  5. ↑ Wayback Machine. www.mod.gov.in. Retrieved 2025-09-07.
  6. ↑ Defence ministry to allow private companies to develop military helicopters, Gupta, Shishir. Hindustan Times(17 July 2022). Retrieved 4 August 2022.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Rebooting Economy 45: What is AatmaNirbhar Bharat and where will it take India?, Mohanty, Prasanna. Business Today(14 November 2020). Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Atmanirbhar Bharat: A brief and not-so-affectionate history, Misra, Udit. The Indian Express(17 August 2020). Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 English Rendering of Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi's Address to the Nation on 12.5.2020. pib.gov.in (Press Information Bureau). Prime Minister's Office, Government of India(12 May 2020). Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Govt needs to understand the difference between self-sufficiency and self-reliance: Swaminathan Aiyar. The Economic Times(30 June 2020). Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  11. ↑ The false promise of self-reliance: An inward-looking India could quickly slide towards closed-mindedness, cronyism and mediocrity, Dhume, Sadanand. The Times of India Blog(1 June 2020). Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  12. ↑ 'Aatmanirbharta' chosen Oxford Hindi Word of Year 2020, Canton, Naomi. The Times of India(3 February 2021). Retrieved 3 February 2021.
  13. ↑ Oxford Hindi Word of the Year 2020. languages.oup.com(12 May 2020). Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  14. ↑ Modi's 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' has downside risks too; will India take pre-liberalisation stand again?, Sharma, Samrat. The Financial Express(23 September 2020). Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  15. ↑ 'Atmanirbharta' from China—easier said than done, HV, Harish. The Hindu @businessline(5 June 2020). Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  16. ↑ RSS affiliate wants Modi govt to cancel Chinese firm's bid for Delhi-Meerut RRTS project, Arnimesh, Shanker. ThePrint(15 June 2020). Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  17. ↑ Chinese firm bids lowest for Delhi-Meerut project, RSS affiliate asks Modi govt to scrap company's bid, Shrivastava, Rahul. India Today(16 June 2020). Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  18. ↑ Chinese firm to build stretch of Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor. The Indian Express(4 January 2021). Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  19. ↑ Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan: A true commitment or a cosmetic gimmick?, D'souza, Renita. ORF(29 June 2020). Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 View: Will India's self-reliance stance prove to be a costly mistake?. The Economic Times(17 January 2022). Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  21. ↑ States need to be 'self-reliant' for 'Atmanirbhar Bharat': MP CM. Ahmedabad Mirror(7 December 2021). Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  22. ↑ States' Policy Conclave 2021. Role of States in Making Atmanirbhar Bharat (Self-reliant India). PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry(December 2021).
  23. ↑ PM Narendra Modi dedicates largest warship INS Vikramaditya to the nation, pitches for self-reliance. The Indian Express(14 June 2014). Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  24. ↑ Indigenous defence production must for India's self-reliance: PM Narendra Modi. The Economic Times(14 July 2018). Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  25. ↑ PM Narendra Modi calls for 'Digital India' to improve governance. Business Today(15 August 2014). Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  26. ↑ Prime Minister Narendra Modi pitches schemes to make poor self-reliant. The Indian Express(17 September 2014). Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  27. ↑ PM Modi bats for self-reliance in technology sector. Livemint(2 March 2022). Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  28. ↑ 'To spur growth': Nirmala Sitharaman on PM Modi's Atamanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan. Hindustan Times(13 May 2020). Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  29. ↑ Bennett University webinar: Need to tap Artificial Intelligence to fight Covid, says IT minister Ravi Shankar Prasad. The Economic Times(26 May 2020). Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Aatmanirbhar Bharat not self-containment: PM assures global investors. Outlook India(9 July 2020). Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  31. ↑ Creating wealth, values for humanity at core of 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi. The Economic Times(11 March 2021). Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  32. ↑ Atmanirbhar Bharat not to stop imports but to boost manufacturing: FM. Business Today(22 March 2021). Retrieved 21 March 2021.
  33. ↑ Atmanirbhar Bharat: PM Modi calls for self-reliant India, lays down 5 pillars. The Times of India(12 May 2020). Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  34. ↑ Covaxin demonstrates prowess of Atmanirbhar Bharat, says ICMR chief. Hindustan Times(3 March 2021). Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  35. ↑ Humbled,' tweets Bharat Biotech after PM Modi takes Covaxin dose at AIIMS. The Financial Express(1 March 2021). Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 'Made in India vaccines are a symbol of Atmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi. Livemint(31 January 2021). Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  37. ↑ Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan will make world order more just and fair: Kovind. Livemint(9 January 2021). Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  38. ↑ India's emergency approval to 2 Covid vaccines a leap of science, says Venkaiah Naidu. ThePrint(4 January 2021). Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  39. ↑ Manufacture Of Covid-19 Vaccine, A Fulfilment Of Atmanirbhar Bharat Vision: Prakash Javedekar. Outlook India(23 January 2021). Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  40. ↑ PM Modi's self-reliant India Mission economic package: Here is the fine print. The Indian Express(13 May 2020). Retrieved 13 May 2020.
  41. ↑ PM Modi Speech LIVE Updates: To battle Covid-19, Rs 20,00,000 crore economic package. The Indian Express(12 May 2020). Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  42. ↑ Govt announces Atmanirbhar Bharat 3.0; claims COVID stimulus now worth Rs 29.8 lakh crore, Sharma, Manoj. Business Today(12 November 2020). Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  43. ↑ Atmanirbhar Bharat: Union Cabinet approves changes in definition of MSMEs. Business Standard India(1 June 2020). Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Post-COVID-19 Atma Nirbhar Bharat: Time to usher in an industrial and agricultural revolution, Mishra, Hari Hara. Business Today(1 June 2020). Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  45. ↑ Solar manufacturers extend support to govt's Atma Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan. Economic Times Energyworld(2 June 2020). Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  46. ↑ Building Atmanirbhar Bharat & Overcoming COVID-19. india.gov.in (National Portal of India). Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  47. ↑ From zero, India now produces around 4 lakh PPE kits per day. The Times of India(5 May 2020). Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  48. ↑ From PPE kits to sanitisers to ventilators, COVID-19 has sparked off an indigenous cottage industry boom, Bhushan, Ranjit. Moneycontrol(10 June 2020). Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  49. ↑ National Education Policy will help make India self-reliant: PM Modi. The Indian Express(3 March 2021). Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  50. ↑ NEP will play key role in creating 'Atmanirbhar Bharat': PM Modi. The Hindu(22 September 2020). Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  51. ↑ New education policy will pave path for Atmanirbhar Bharat: PM Modi. Hindustan Times(19 February 2021). Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Building India's Atmanirbhar Universities, Kumar, C. Raj. Education World(28 September 2020). Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  53. ↑ Use books by Indian authors to promote PM's Atmanirbhar Bharat mission — AICTE to colleges, Sharma, Kritika. ThePrint(5 February 2021). Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  54. ↑ India to tap NRIs for R&D and turn 'brain drain' into 'brain gain': Modi. Business Standard India(9 January 2017). Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  55. ↑ 'Another step towards making India self-reliant': PM Modi lauds govt's 'historic' move in space sector. Hindustan Times(24 June 2020). Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  56. ↑ Inching towards self-reliance: India now makes 35 drug raw materials that were imported before, Ghosh, Abantika. ThePrint(29 March 2022). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  57. ↑ Explained: What is the negative imports list for defence announced by Rajnath Singh?, Kaushik, Krishn. The Indian Express(10 August 2020). Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  58. ↑ Artillery guns, assault rifles, AFVs — Here's a list of 101 items MoD won't import in future, Philip, Snehesh Alex. ThePrint(9 August 2020). Retrieved 11 August 2020.
  59. ↑ India stops import of 2,851 components used in defence platforms. Business Standard India(29 December 2021). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  60. ↑ Defence ministry puts restrictions on import of 351 items under staggered timeline. The Economic Times(29 December 2021). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  61. ↑ Defence ministry's third negative import list prohibits import of another 101 items, Ray, Kalyan. Deccan Herald(7 April 2022). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  62. ↑ DAP 2020: Solid Provisions Demand Solid Implementation, Saxena, Lt Gen (Dr) (Retd.) VK. Indian Defence Review(16 October 2020). Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  63. ↑ India's defence procurement policy 2020: Old wine in a new bottle, Das, Pushan. ORF(15 April 2020). Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  64. ↑ Defence Procurement Policy. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Ministry of Defence(24 March 2017). Retrieved 24 March 2021.
  65. ↑ PM push to Atmanirbhar Bharat: Goal is to make India major military power, Kaushik, Krishn. The Indian Express(16 October 2021). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  66. ↑ PM Modi to lay foundation of defence plant in Jhansi. The Indian Express(16 November 2021). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  67. ↑ From Atmanirbhar Bharat to Women's Empowerment: A year of reforms for defence ministry, Shreya. Oneindia(31 December 2021). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  68. ↑ Ministry of Defense decided to spend 65% of FY22 capital budget on domestic procurement, Shukla, Ajai. Business Standard(20 April 2022).
  69. ↑ Navy becoming self-reliant for Atmanirbhar Bharat, says Prez at fleet review(22 February 2022). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  70. ↑ Mint Budget 2021: Atmanirbhar Bharat is govt's mantra for economic revival, Prasad, Gireesh Chandra. Livemint(16 December 2020). Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  71. ↑ Budget 2022-2023 Speech of Nirmala Sitharaman, Minister of Finance. Union Budget. Ministry of Finance, Government of India(1 February 2022).
  72. ↑ Union Budget 2022: In push for Atmanirbhar defence, procurement budget raised to 68%, Kumar, Shivani. Hindustan Times(1 February 2022). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  73. ↑ India to be self-reliant in fertilisers production by 2023: Sadananda Gowda. The Financial Express(13 September 2020). Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  74. ↑ 'The India Toy Fair, 2021' to be held virtually from 27th February 2021 to 2nd March 2021. Press Information Bureau, Government of India(11 February 2021). Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  75. ↑ First Ever India Toy Fair to be held from 27 February to 02 March, 2021; website launched today. Press Information Bureau, Government of India(11 February 2021). Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  76. ↑ MyGov Announces Winners of 'AatmaNirbhar Bharat App Innovation Challenge'; Encourages the Spirit of Self-Reliance & Innovation(7 August 2020). Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  77. ↑ Amrit Mahotsav App Innovation Challenge 2021. innovateindia.mygov.in. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  78. ↑ Making India self-reliant in health care, Mandaviya, Mansukh. Hindustan Times(25 October 2021). Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  79. ↑ PM Modi pushes for self-reliant India with 'Make for World' call. The Times of India(16 August 2020). Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 How Modi's 'vocal for local' campaign is going places. The Hindu @businessline(2 July 2020). Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  81. ↑ 'Vocal for local': PM Modi urges people to buy 'Made in India' products on Diwali. WION(22 October 2021). Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 'Vocal for local should become mantra for every Indian': PM Modi. The Times of India(15 August 2020). Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  83. ↑ 'Mindset for free India should be vocal for local': PM Modi pushes for self-reliance in Independence Day speech. Hindustan Times(15 August 2020). Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  84. ↑ PM Modi: Time to be vocal for local toys, India can be major hub. The Indian Express(31 August 2020). Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  85. ↑ Toycathon Grand Finale: PM Modi urges people to be 'vocal for local toys'. The Indian Express(24 June 2021). Retrieved 26 March 2022.
  86. ↑ New focus of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' is 'make for world': PM Modi in Independence Day speech, Jayaswal, Rajeev. Hindustan Times(15 August 2020). Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  87. ↑ L&T deal will push Make in India for the world: Schneider India chief. Business Standard India(11 September 2020). Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  88. ↑ Arvind Panagariya interview: India can't become an export powerhouse unless it's open to imports. Scroll.in(28 August 2020). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  89. ↑ India overtakes China as biggest smartphone exporter to the United States, report says | CNN Business, Cooban, Anna. CNN(2025-07-29). Retrieved 2025-07-31.
  90. ↑ 'At least don't buy Ganesha idols from China': FM Sitharaman irked over non-essential imports. The Financial Express(25 June 2020). Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  91. ↑ 'Repackaged version of Make in India': Shashi Tharoor on PM Modi's Self-reliant India Mission. Hindustan Times(13 May 2020). Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  92. ↑ Self-reliant India: The bounce of vocal for local, Bijoor, Harish. The New Indian Express(26 May 2020). Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  93. ↑ OPINION: How Modi's Atmanirbhar Bharat reminds us of Ambassador car, Joseph, M.P.. The Week(19 May 2020). Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  94. ↑ Shatrughan Sinha takes jibe at PM over 'Atma-nirbhar Bharat', Kumar, Abhay. Deccan Herald(31 May 2020). Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  95. ↑ 'Atma Nirbhar Bharat': A mantra to mask failure?, Sahay, Anand K.. Deccan Chronicle(29 May 2020). Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  96. ↑ The political success of 'Atmanirbhar Bharat'. ThePrint(27 January 2021). Retrieved 4 September 2021.
  97. ↑ Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan lays strong foundations for raising our per capita GDP, Sabharwal, Manish. The Indian Express(18 May 2020). Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  98. ↑ Why we must trade freely, Panagariya, Arvind. The Times of India(17 November 2021). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  99. ↑ Self-sufficiency held India back: Some useful economic history lessons on how we manage to handicap ourselves, Panagariya, Arvind. Times of India Blog(3 March 2021). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  100. ↑ Our love of self-reliance and the perils of autarky. Livemint(3 March 2021). Retrieved 8 February 2022.
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 Atmanirbhar Bharat. Marching to a $5 trillion Economy. Amway. Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations.(March 2021).
  102. ↑ UKIBC launch report in support of UK-India ETP and Atmanirbhar Bharat, Finnigan, Kealan. UK India Business Council(29 June 2021). Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  103. ↑ Atmanirbhar Bharat may limit trade ties: US envoy, Roche, Elizabeth. Livemint(5 January 2021). Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  104. ↑ Make in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat seek to increase India's self-sufficiency: US report. The New Indian Express(1 April 2022). Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  105. ↑ 2022 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers. Office of the United States Trade Representative.
  106. ↑ Lockheed Martin committed to strengthening India's strategic security, industrial capabilities: William L Blair, VP, Chief Executive, LM India, Siddiqui, Huma. The Financial Express(28 July 2020). Retrieved 25 April 2022.
Bibliography

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Further reading

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Speeches

Books

  • Science and agriculture: M S Swaminathan and the movement for self-reliance.{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Published on behalf of 21 Agricultural Societies of India(1980)
  • An Unkept Promise: What Derailed the Indian Economy{{#if:Mohanty|, Mohanty}. SAGE Publishing India(2021). ISBN 978-93-5479-189-5

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