First Battle of Tarain

First Battle of Tarain, also known as the First Battle of Taraori, was fought on 14 January 1191 between the Ghurid forces led by Muhammad of Ghor and the Rajput Confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan, near Tarain (modern Taraori in Haryana, India). The battle ended in a victory for the Rajputs; however, Muhammad of Ghor managed to escape and returned to Ghazni.

After the Ghurid armies were routed, they retreated to Ghazni and left garrison of 2,000 soldiers under Zia ud-Din Tulaki to secure the fort of Tabarhind (present day Bhatinda) to delay the Rajput army and was successful in keeping them at bay for thirteen months, while Muhammad of Ghor, during these months, raised a stronger army of 120,000 men, and invaded again, leading to the Second Battle of Tarain, which ended Chauhan's rule.Template:Sfn

Sources

The contemporary sources for the battle include Tajul-Ma'asir of Hasan Nizami (on the Ghurid side) and Jayanaka's Prithviraja Vijaya (on the Chahamana side).Template:Sfn

Later sources for the battle include the following Persian-language chronicles:Template:Sfn

• Minhaj-i-Siraj's Tabaqat-i Nasiri (1260 CE)
• Abdul Malik Isami's Futuh-us-Salatin (c. 1350)
• Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi's Tarikh-I-Mubarakshahi (1434 CE)
• Nizam al-Din Ahmad's Tabaqat-i Akbari (1593-1594 CE)
• `Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni's Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh (c. 1590s CE)
• Firishta's Tarikh-i Firishta (early 17th century)

These chroniclers call Prithviraj by various names including "Rae Kolah Pithorā" (Minhaj), "Pithor Rai" (Sirhindi), and "Pithow Ray" (Firishta). They call Prithviraj's commander-in-chief Govind Rai Tomar as "Gobind Rae" (Minhaj); "Gobind Rai" (Sirhindi); Khand, Khanda, or Khandi (Nizam al-Din and Bada'uni); and Chawund Ray (Firishta).Template:Sfn

The later sources written in Indic languages include Hammira Mahakavya and Prithviraj Raso.Template:Sfn

Background

Mu'izz ad-Din captured Multan in 1175, and in 1178, unsuccessfully invaded the Chaulukya (Solanki) Kingdom in present-day Gujarat and northern Rajasthan. Subsequently, the Ghurids defeated the Ghaznavids, and conquered Lahore in 1186.Template:Sfn

Mu'izz ad-Din sent his envoy - the Chief Judge Qiwam-ul Mulk Ruknud Din Hamza - to the court of Prithviraj, to persuade him to come to a peaceful agreement.Template:Sfn Tajul-Ma'asir, a chronicle by the Muslim writer Hasan Nizami, describes the envoy as a "prominent dignitary", who conveyed Mu'izz ad-Din's message to Prithviraj "in a refined and graceful manner", using "elegant language". The Chahamana-sponsored text Prithviraja Vijaya, which describes Mu'izz ad-Din as an "evil" beef-eating "demon", portrays the envoy as an extremely ugly person whose "ghastly white" complexion made him appear to be suffering from a skin disease, and whose speech was like "the cry of wild birds".Template:Sfn

Prithviraj refused to agree to the Ghurid envoy's terms, which according to Hasan Nizami, included converting to Islam and accepting the Ghurid suzerainty.Template:Sfn Mu'izz ad-Din then decided to invade the Chahamana kingdom.Template:Sfn

The Ghurid campaign that led to the first battle of Tarain may have started in late 1190, but the actual battle was definitely fought in early 1191 CE.Template:Sfn

Battle

Sometime before January 1191, Mu'izz ad-Din's army captured the Tabarhindah fort (probably present-day Bathinda), which was presumably under Chahamana control.Template:Sfn According to Sirhindi, sometime in 1191 (Hijri year 587), Prithviraj marched against the Ghurid army with infantry, cavalry, and an elephant force.Template:Sfn Mu'izz ad-Din was about to leave Tabarhindah, when he received the news of Prithviraj's approach; he then marched against Prithviraj, and the two armies met at Tarain.Template:Sfn

Prithviraj was accompanied by a number of feudatory rulers, whom Minhaj describes as "the whole of the Ranas of Hind". These rulers included Govind Rai, the ruler of Delhi. Sirhindi states that Govind Rai Tomar, seated on an elephant, was at the frontline, suggesting that he was the commander-in-chief of Prithviraj's army.Template:Sfn Sirhindi and later chroniclers, such as Nizam al-Din and Bada'uni, describe Govind Rai as a brother of Prithviraj.Template:Sfn Firishta also describes Prithviraj and Govind Rai as brothers, stating that the two men marched against the Ghurids in alliance with other Indian rulers. Firishta portrays Govind Rai as someone who was almost equally as powerful as Prithviraj, presumably because Govind Rai was the ruler of Delhi, which had become politically important by Firishta's time.Template:Sfn

The Ghurid cavalry initiated the battle by launching arrows at the enemy center. The Chahamana forces counter-attacked from three sides and dominated the battle, pressuring the Ghurid army into a withdrawal.Template:Sfn

According to Sirhindi, the Ghurid troops suffered reverses despite having fought bravely: when Mu'izz ad-Din saw this, he charged against Govind Rai.Template:Sfn Minhaj states that Mu'izz ad-Din, who was riding a horse, attacked Govind Rai with a lance, hitting his mouth and breaking two of his teeth. Govind Rai retaliated with a javelin, severely wounding Mu'izz ad-Din's upper arm.Template:Sfn According to Minhaj, Mu'izz ad-Din would have died or been captured, had a young soldier not led his horse to safety. After his departure from the battlefield, the Ghurid troops were disheartened and defeated.Template:Sfn

Mu'izz ad-Din left for Ghazni, leaving behind a garrison at Tabarhindah (Bhatinda). Prithviraj besieged the fort, and captured it sometime before the second battle of Tarain.Template:Sfn He did not pursue the Ghurid army, either not wanting to invade hostile territory or misjudging Mu'izz ad-Din's ambition.Template:Sfn

See also

• List of battles fought in Rajasthan
• Second Battle of Tarain

References

Bibliography

• The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(2015). ISBN 9781107118560
• Early Chauhān Dynasties{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass(1975). ISBN 9780842606189
• India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Orient Blackswan(2004). ISBN 978-81-7824-109-8
• Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Har-Anand(2006). ISBN 978-81-241-1064-5
• A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. ABC-CLIO(2009). ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5