Hinduism in India

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Template:Infobox religious group Template:Hinduism in India

Hinduism is the largest religion in India.[1][2] According to the 2011 Census of India, 966.3 Million people identify as Hindu,[3] representing 79.8% of the country's population. India contains 94% of the global Hindu population.[4] The Indian subcontinent is the birthplace of four of the world's major religions: namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—collectively known as Indian religions that believe Moksha is the most supreme state of the Ātman (soul).[5] The vast majority of Indian Hindus belong to Shaivite and Vaishnavite denominations.[6] India is one of the three countries in the world (Nepal and Mauritius being the other two) where Hinduism is the dominant religion.

History of Hinduism

Template:MainThe Vedic culture developed in India in Template:BCE and Template:BCE.[7] After this period, the Vedic religion merged with local traditions and the renouncer traditions, resulting in the emergence of Hinduism,[8] which has had a profound impact on India's history, culture and philosophy. The name India itself is derived from Sanskrit Sindhu, the historic local appellation for the Indus River.[9] Another popular alternative name of India is Hindustān, meaning the "land of Hindus".[10]

India saw the rule of both Hindu and Muslim rulers from Template:Circa to Template:CE.[11] The fall of Vijayanagar Empire to Muslim sultans had marked the end of Hindu dominance in the Deccan. Hinduism once again rose to political prestige, under the Maratha Empire.[12][13]

File:1946 Map of British India with areas demanded for separate Pakistan by Muslim League.jpg
The Partition of British India was based on religion. (as shown in map)

Partition of India

Template:Main The 1947 Partition of India gave rise to bloody rioting and indiscriminate inter-communal killing of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs across the Indian subcontinent. As a result, around 7.2 million Hindus and Sikhs moved to India and 7.5 million Muslims moved to Pakistan permanently, leading to demographic change of both the nations to a certain extent.[14]

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Demographics

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Hindu population by States and Territories

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File:India Hindu district map 2011.png
Percentage of Hindus in each district. Data derived from 2011 census.
Hindu population by state / UT, according to the 2011 census
Region Hindus Total % Hindus
India 966,257,353 1,210,854,977 79.80%
Himachal Pradesh 6,532,765 6,864,602 95.17%
Dadra and Nagar Haveli 322,857 343,709 93.93%
Odisha 39,300,341 41,974,218 93.63%
Chhattisgarh 23,819,789 25,545,198 93.25%
Madhya Pradesh 66,007,121 72,626,809 90.89%
Daman and Diu 220,150 243,247 90.50%
Gujarat 53,533,988 60,439,692 88.57%
Rajasthan 60,657,103 68,548,437 88.49%
Andhra Pradesh 74,824,149 84,580,777 88.46%
Tamil Nadu 63,188,168 72,147,030 87.58%
Haryana 22,171,128 25,351,462 87.46%
Puducherry 1,089,409 1,247,953 87.30%
Karnataka 51,317,472 61,095,297 84.00%
Tripura 3,063,903 3,673,917 83.40%
Uttarakhand 8,368,636 10,086,292 82.97%
Bihar 86,078,686 104,099,452 82.69%
Delhi 13,712,100 16,787,941 81.68%
Chandigarh 852,574 1,055,450 80.78%
Maharashtra 89,703,056 112,374,333 79.83%
Uttar Pradesh 159,312,654 199,812,341 79.73%
West Bengal 64,385,546 91,276,115 70.54%
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 264,296 380,581 69.45%
Jharkhand 22,376,051 32,988,134 67.83%
Goa 963,877 1,458,545 66.08%
Assam 19,180,759 31,205,576 61.47%
Sikkim 352,662 610,577 57.76%
Kerala 18,282,492 33,406,061 54.73%
Manipur 1,181,876 2,855,794 41.39%
Punjab 10,678,138 27,743,338 38.49%
Arunachal Pradesh 401,876 1,383,727 29.04%
Jammu and Kashmir 3,566,674 12,541,302 28.44%
Meghalaya 342,078 2,966,889 11.53%
Nagaland 173,054 1,978,502 8.75%
Lakshadweep 1,788 64,473 2.77%
Mizoram 30,136 1,097,206 2.75%

Hindu majority State/Union Territory in India

List of most Hindu majority states with more than 80% of population of Hindus.[15]

  1. Himachal Pradesh – (95.17%)
  2. Dadra and Nagar Haveli – (93.93%)
  3. Orissa – (93.63%)
  4. Chhattisgarh – (93.25%)
  5. Madhya Pradesh – (90.89%)
  6. Daman and Diu – (90.50%)
  7. Gujarat – (88.57%)
  8. Rajasthan – (88.49%)
  9. Andhra Pradesh – (88.46%)
  10. Tamil Nadu – (87.58%)
  11. Haryana – (87.46%)
  12. Puducherry – (87.30%)
  13. Karnataka – (84.00%)
  14. Tripura – (83.40%)
  15. Uttarakhand – (82.97%)
  16. Bihar – (82.69%)
  17. Delhi – (81.68%)
  18. Chandigarh – (80.78%)

Apart from this, there are 10 States/Union Territory of Hindu majorities. With Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal having more than 70 percent of population.[15] Template:Historical populations

The Hindu population has increased more than three times from 303,675,084 in 1951 to 966,257,353 in 2011, but the Hindu percentage share of total population has declined from 84.1% in 1951 to 79.8% in 2011.[16][17] When India achieved independence in 1947, Hindus formed 85% of the total population and pre-Partition British India had 73% of Hindus and 24% of Muslims.

Among the community, it is estimated that Forward castes comprise 26 per cent, Other Backward Classes comprise 43%, Scheduled Castes (Dalits) comprises 22% and Scheduled Tribes (Adivasis) comprise 9%.[18]

Hindu minority State/Union Territory in India

Of the 28 states in India, Hindus form majority in 22 states except for Punjab (Sikh majority), Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, and Mizoram (Christian majority). In Manipur, Hinduism is a plurality religion, where Hinduism is practised by 41.39% and Christianity is followed by 41.29%.[15] Out of the eight Union territories, Hindus form majority in five.[15][19]

Hindus are minority in six states and three union territories of India namely—[20][21]

  1. Mizoram – (2.75%),
  2. Lakshadweep – (2.77%),
  3. Nagaland – (8.74%),
  4. Meghalaya – (11.52%),
  5. Ladakh – (12.11%),
  6. Jammu and Kashmir – (28.8%),
  7. Arunachal Pradesh – (29.04%),
  8. Punjab – (38.49%) and
  9. Manipur – (41.39%)

Out of the eight states of northeast India, Tripura, Sikkim, and Assam are Hindu majority while four are Hindu minority, and one as a plurality.[22]

States with declining Hindu population in India

West Bengal

Two districts in West Bengal, Malda and North Dinajpur, had a Hindu majority in 2001 census which, by the time of the 2011 census, had become a Hindu minority or plurality.[23] The percentage of Hindu population in the state has decreased from 78.45% in 1951 to 70.54% in 2011. Another district, Murshidabad, is a Muslim majority district where the Muslim population steadily increased from 55.24% in 1951 to 66.27% in 2011.[24]

Uttar Pradesh

The proportion of Hindus in the Saharanpur district was 59.49% in 2001. This had declined to 56.74% by 2011 – a drop of 2.75%. At the same time the Muslim population increased from 39.11% in 2001 to 41.95% in 2011.[25]

Assam

A study on population composition of Assam reveals that the Hindu population in Assam has declined from 70.78% in 1951 to 61.47% in 2011. Whereas in 1891, the Muslim population in Assam was only about 5%, by the 2001 census it had risen to above 30% and by 2011 to above 34% of the total Assam population.[26] According to the 2001 census, there were six Muslim-majority districts in Assam, increasing to nine by the time of the 2011 census.[27]

Kerala

The population of Hindus in Kerala has more than doubled from 8,344,351 in 1951 to 18,282,492 in 2011 census, but the share of Hindu population has dropeed from 68.5% in 1901 to 54.7% in 2011.[28]

Hindu population of Kerala (1901–2011)[29][28]
Census

Year

Hindus Decadal Growth rate (%)
1901 4,378,305 68.5% N/A
1911 4,762,393 66.8% +8.77
1921 5,052,039 64.9% +6.08
1931 6,021,982 63.4% +19.20
1941 6,699,600 61.8% +11.25
1951 8,344,351 61.6% +24.55
1961 10,282,568 60.9% +23.23
1971 12,683,277 59.4% +23.35
1981 14,801,347 58.2% +16.70
1991 16,668,587 57.3% +12.62
2001 17,920,105 56.3% +7.51
2011 18,282,492 54.7% +2.02

Manipur

A decrease in the 1991–2001 period is observed in Manipur, from 57% to 52% population share, where there has been a resurgence of the indigenous Sanamahi religion. The Hindu Population share in Manipur decreased also in 2001–2011 from 52% to 41.4%. The religious conversion of Hindus to Christianity and migration of Christians from Nagaland are considered as the reason for this decrease in Hindu population.[30]

Law & politics

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Some right wing Hindu organisations have demanded that India should be declared a "Hindu state".[31] As of 28th July 2020, there were pleas going on Supreme Court of India to remove the words secular and socialist from the Preamble to the Constitution of India.[32]

See also

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Reference

  1. ↑ The Major Religions In India. WorldAtlas(20 September 2020). Retrieved 2021-07-28.
  2. ↑ Indian Culture – Religion. Cultural Atlas. Retrieved 2021-07-28.
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named bynumbers
  4. ↑ By 2050, India to have world's largest populations of Hindus and Muslims. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  5. ↑ Moksha | Indian religion. Encyclopedia Britannica.
  6. ↑ Major Branches of Religions. www.adherents.com. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  7. ↑ The meek and the militant: religion and power across the world{{#if:N. Siegel|, N. Siegel}. Zed Books, 1987(1986). ISBN 9780862323493
  8. ↑ Students' Britannica India{{#if:Hoiberg|, Hoiberg}. Popular Prakashan, 2000. ISBN 9780852297605
  9. ↑ "India", Oxford English Dictionary, second edition, 2100a.d. Oxford University Press.
  10. ↑ Hindustan definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary. www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  11. ↑ World Religions in America, Fourth Edition{{#if:Neusner|, Neusner}. Westminster John Knox Press(7 October 2009). ISBN 9781611640472
  12. ↑ South Asia: A Short History{{#if:Tinker|, Tinker}. University of Hawaii Press(1966). ISBN 9780824812874
  13. ↑ Ganesha on the Dashboard Template:Webarchive p. 176, V. Raghunathan, M. A. Eswaran, Penguin
  14. ↑ The Partition of India{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(2009-07-23). ISBN 978-0-521-85661-4
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 C-1 Population By Religious Community. Census of India. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  16. ↑ Key findings about the religious composition of India.
  17. ↑ Census: Hindu share dips below 80%, Muslim share grows but slower(24 January 2015).
  18. ↑ Sachar Committee Report (2004–2005), Sachar, Rajinder. Government of India. Retrieved 27 September 2008.
  19. ↑ "Religion Must Be Viewed Pan-India": Top Court On Hindus-As-Minorities Plea. The Times of India(2 August 2017). Retrieved 31 December 2019.
  20. ↑ SC quashes plea on minority status for Hindus in 8 states. Hindustan Times(2019-12-18). Retrieved 2021-06-07.
  21. ↑ 'Minority' plea on Hindus in 9 states. www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 2021-06-07.
  22. ↑ Was the Hindu State Pluralistic?. The Indian Journal of Political Science({Template:Date).
  23. ↑ Bengal beats India in Muslim growth rate. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  24. ↑ Report taking shape amid infiltration buzz. www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  25. ↑ Assembly elections: Minorities on majority route in Uttar Pradesh. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  26. ↑ Citizenship Amendment Act: BJP chasing ghosts in Assam; Census data shows number of Hindu immigrants may have been exaggerated – India News , Firstpost. Firstpost(18 December 2019). Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  27. ↑ Muslim majority districts in Assam up | India News – Times of India, Jain, Bharti. The Times of India(26 August 2015). Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Kerala population Demographics. Bitscan. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  29. ↑ Kerala: Muslims will be double the number of Christians by 2051, Raghunath, Arjun. Deccan Chronicle(2016-03-16). Retrieved 2021-07-19.
  30. ↑ Christian population on the rise in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur. Hindustan Times(9 March 2017). Retrieved 1 January 2020.
  31. ↑ Declare India a 'Hindu Rashtra': Hindu convention resolution. Hindustan Times(2017-06-17). Retrieved 2021-09-02.
  32. ↑ Plea in SC seeks to remove words 'socialist', 'secular' from Constitution's preamble-India News , Firstpost. Firstpost(2020-07-29). Retrieved 2021-09-02.

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