Kapu caste

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Template:Infobox caste

Kapu is a Hindu caste mainly found in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. They are classified as a Forward caste.Template:Refn They are a community of land-owning agriculturists.Template:Refn Historically, they have also been warriors in Hindu armies.Template:RefnTemplate:Refn They are one of the dominant castes of Andhra Pradesh.Template:Refn Kapus commonly carry the title Naidu.Template:Refn They are primarily present in Coastal Andhra with major concentration in the Godavari-Krishna delta region.[1][2]

Telaga and Ontari are the Kapu subcastes. Traditionally, both were warrior communities known for their honour and valour.Template:Refn[3] The terms Kapu and Telaga are often used synonymously.Template:Refn The origins of Telagas have been linked to Telugu Choda dynasties like Durjayas of Velanadu (1076–1216 CE) who ruled Coastal Andhra and later came to be called Telagas over a period of time.[4][5]

Balija community of Rayalaseema are closely related to Kapus of Coastal Andhra and both are often enumerated together in government and sociological contexts.Template:Refn There also exist other distinct communities like the Munnuru Kapus in Telangana, and the Turpu Kapus in Uttarandhra.[6] Reddys, sometimes referred to as Kapu in parts of Rayalaseema and Telangana, are distinct from the Kapus of Coastal Andhra.Template:Sfn

Etymology

Kāpu literally means cultivator or protector in Telugu.Template:Sfn More specifically, Kāpu refers to landowning cultivators in the context of the Jajmani system.Template:Sfn In several places, the landowning cultivators are addressed by the agricultural labourers as Kāpu.[7]Template:Rp

History

Origins

Various subgroups of Kapus (cultivators) branched off into separate communities in the post-Kakatiya period (Velamas, Panta Kapus and Pakanati Kapus—both of whom got labelled Reddys, and Kapus of Kammanadu—eventually labelled Kammas).Template:Sfn The remaining Kapus continue to use the original label.Template:Sfn B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao while explaining the term Kapu noted, "people who are into cultivation, or farming, but who do not belong to Kammas, Reddys and Velamas are known as Kapus."Template:Sfn All the cultivator caste clusters have a common ancestry in the legends.Template:Sfn According to Cynthia Talbot, the transformation of occupational identities as caste labels occurred in the late Vijayanagara period or later.Template:Sfn

Medieval era

The earliest occupation of Kapu community was farming along with military service.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn In the medieval period, Kapus served as protectors of villages from bandits and as village headmen. They were recruited into army during periods of war and served as governors (nayaks), commanders and soldiers in various Andhra kingdoms.[8] They returned to agriculture during times of peace.Template:Sfn Kapus were one of the five major land-owning castes during the Qutub Shahi (1518–1687) rule.Template:Sfn Hanumantha Rao notes that Kapus have embraced military as well as farming till the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire.Template:Sfn

Kapu sub-castes like Telagas and Ontaris were recorded as warrior communities in the medieval era.Template:Refn Ontaris were elite warriors who engaged in hand-to-hand combat and wielded heavy weapons like maces.[9] They were great wrestlers and received rent-free lands for their military service. Inscriptions from the 15th century register gifts of lands to temples by Ontarlu.Template:Sfn[9]

During the medieval era, many Nayakas were Telagas along with Velamas and Balijas.[10][11][12] There existed Nayak (Telaga) regiments in the Vijayanagara Empire and they later joined the British army after the fall of Vijayanagara.[13] Telagas in British army held ranks such as Major, Naik, Subedar, Jemadar, Havildar etc.[3] Telagas of Bobbili served as commanders and generals in armies.Template:Sfn They formed a major part of the Bobbili army along with Velamas in the famous Battle of Bobbili in 1757.[14][15][16]

In the late medieval era, Telagas led the right-hand caste faction, which included Komatis and various other castes, in Machilipatnam and other places of Andhra.[17] At the end of the eighteenth century, Telagas, along with Niyogi Brahmins, were the leaders of the Maha-nad, a multi-caste assembly to enforce norms in the society.[17]

Colonial era

During the colonial regime, Kapu-Telaga along with other warrior castes dominated military occupations.Template:Sfn When the British reduced military recruitment from agrarian castes and opted for lower castes in order to have more control over the army, Kapus concentrated on agriculture.Template:Sfn Kapus held the village headman and munasabu (munsif) position in many villages.[18][19][20][21] In the Godavari districts, some Kapus also held the Karanam (village accountant) post, usually the preserve of Niyogi Brahmins.Template:Sfn

Raghupathi Venkataratnam Naidu is among the 34 historical icons of Telugu culture commemorated with a bronze statue on Tank Bund
Kanneganti Hanumanthu

The latter half of the 19th century saw the emergence of important social reformers, educationists and literary figures, who left an impact on the social consciousness of the people of Andhra.Template:Sfn Prominent Kapus like Raghupati Venkataratnam Naidu and Kurma Venkatareddi Naidu were at the forefront of the social reform movement.[22]Template:Sfn Raghupathi Venkataratnam Naidu (1862–1939) worked for the eradication of untouchability, promoted widow remarriages, encouraged women's education, and strived for a reformation of the Devadasi system.[23][24][25] Kurma Venkatareddi Naidu (1875–1942), a prominent leader of the Justice Party, formulated policies that promoted social equality, abolition of untouchability, social reform and established the first women's college in Andhra region in Eluru.[26][27]

Kanneganti Hanumanthu (1870–1922), a Kapu from Palnadu region, rebelled against the British rule and spearheaded the Palnadu Rebellion.Template:Sfn When the British imposed 'Pullari' tax on farmers for using the forest produce, Hanumanthu mobilised people to not pay the tax and organised a social boycott of Revenue and Forest department officials. British executed Hanumanthu by a firing squad in 1922.[28] Many Kapus participated in the Swadesi movement, civil disobedience movement and the Quit India movement.Template:Sfn[29][30]

Since Kapu was a generic term for people involved in kapudanam (farming), the British India censuses from 1871 till 1921 clubbed Kapus together with Reddys for enumeration purposes.[31] But, Reddys are distinct from the Kapu community of Coastal Andhra.[32][33]Template:Sfn

Present-day

Apart from zamindars and large landlords, many Kapus are small-and-medium landholding farmers.Template:Sfn Historically, Kapus owned most of the land in the Godavari districts.Template:Sfn They also own most of the coconut fields and affiliated agri-businesses in Konaseema region.Template:Sfn

Some Kapus also diversified their surplus economy into several entrepreneurial domains like movie theatres and hotels in cities like Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Rajahmundry.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Kapus in places like Madhavaram in West Godavari have been in military service for generations.[15] As of 2011, the percentage of graduates among Kapus is one of the highest among Telugu castes.[34]

Film industry

Kapus have historically played a prominent role in Telugu cinema. Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu, a Kapu from Machilipatnam, was the first Telugu film producer and exhibitor and is regarded as the "father of Telugu cinema".[35] Kapus figure as A-list actors, directors, producers, screenwriters, music composers and technicians in the Telugu film industry. Well-known Telugu cinema icons like S. V. Ranga Rao, Savitri, Chiranjeevi, Pawan Kalyan, Allu Arjun, Ram Charan, Dasari Narayana Rao hail from the Kapu community.[36]Template:Sfn[37]

Geographic distribution

Kapus are primarily present in the Coastal Andhra region with major concentration in the erstwhile districts of East Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur, and Visakhapatnam.[2][38] They are present in smaller numbers in the former districts of Srikakulam and Vizianagaram (where they are primarily referred to as Telagas), and in Prakasam.[38]Template:Sfn Kapus are also native to Yanam district of Puducherry and are the second largest caste there.[39][40]

A significant number of Kapu settlers are present in the Hyderabad Metropolitan Region of Telangana.[41][42][43] A small community of Telaga-Kapu also exists in Orissa.[44][45] In the 19th and early 20th century, Kapus were among the Telugu migrants to Malaysia and Burma.[46] In recent decades, Kapus have migrated to the Anglophone countries like United States.[47][46]

There also exist other distinct communities like the Munnuru Kapus in Telangana, and the Turpu Kapus in Uttarandhra who are enumerated separately from Coastal Andhra Kapus.[6] Due to Kāpu being a generic Telugu term for landowning cultivator, Reddy caste is sometimes referred to as Kapu in parts of Rayalaseema and Telangana. But, Reddys are distinct from the Kapus of Coastal Andhra.[32]Template:Sfn

Subcastes

Kapu, Telaga and Ontari are the subcastes of Kapu community. All three frequently inter-marry and are usually classed as a single unit.[48]Template:RpTemplate:Sfn Most Telagas and Ontaris have also referred to themselves as Kapus for a long time.[49][50] The terms Kapu and Telaga are often used as synonyms to collectively refer to all three sections.Template:Refn

Kapu

Mānāti Kapu (మానాటి కాపు) is a section of Kapu community along with Telaga and Ontari.[3] They are popularly known as Kapus and are classified as a Forward caste. Mānāti Kapus are distinct from Turpu Kapus. Traditionally, Manati Kapus did not recognise divorce and their women would not leave their houses.[3] They were agriculturists and were of a good social standing. Andhra Vignanamu (1939) mentions that Manati Kapus were present in large numbers in erstwhile East and West Godavari districts and in smaller numbers in Krishna, Guntur, Visakhapatnam and Ganjam districts of Madras Presidency.[3]

Telaga

Template:Main Telaga is a subcaste of Kapu and both terms are often used synonymously.Template:Refn Historians like Etukuru Balaramamurthy and Chintamani Lakshmanna note that Telagas are the descendants of Telugu Choda dynasties like Durjayas of Velanadu (1076–1216 CE) who ruled Coastal Andhra.[4][5] Telagas are classified as a Forward caste.Template:Refn They are a land-owning agrarian community.Template:Refn Historically, they were a warrior caste before taking up cultivation.Template:Refn Telaga are also referred to as Pedda Kapu.Template:Refn During the colonial era, Telagas were noted to be of a high social position.[51]Template:Rp[52][53]

Ontari

Ontari (also transliterated as Vontari, Vantari) are a section of Kapu caste.[54][55][9] Ontaris are classified as a Forward caste. They are a small community and are primarily found in Kakinada and Anakapalli districts and in smaller numbers in erstwhile West Godavari and Guntur districts.[3]Template:Sfn Currently, they are landholding agriculturists.[54] Historically, Ontaris were exclusively into military service.[56]Template:Sfn They were a clan of warriors in medieval Andhra who engaged in hand-to-hand combat and wielded heavy weapons like maces.[9] M. L. Kantha Rao calls Ontaris 'a great warrior class'.Template:Sfn Ontari literally means 'the lone one' which referred to their bravery in the context of historical warfare.[57][3]Template:Sfn

Srinatha mentions Ontarlu in his Palnati Veera Charitra and Bhimeswara Puranam, written in early 15th century.[9]Template:Sfn Inscriptions from Vellaturu (dated to 1418 CE) and Tangeda in former Guntur district register gifts of lands to temples by Ontarlu.Template:Sfn Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma notes that Ontari was the vernacular equivalent of the Sanskrit word Ekangavira Template:Em dash the hero who fights the combat alone. Analysing literary sources, he notes that Ontaris or Ekkatis took part in hand-to-hand fight called Ekkati Kayyamu, the combat of singles. He adds:

Ontari forces served as the reserve army, and each fighter in this division was probably a great wrestler and also wielded heavy weapons like maces and the like. The ekkatis of the Reddi period gradually formed into a separate military caste or community, and are now popularly called Vantarlu. These now form one of the three sections of the Telaga community, the other two being the Telaga (proper), and the Kapu.[9]Template:Sfn

As per K. S. Singh, "The title Ontari was awarded to them during the time of Sri Krishnadevaraya in the sixteenth century as a reward for their bravery in warfare. Prior to this, they were only known as Telaga."[54] They received rent-free lands for their services as warriors.[9][3][54]

During the colonial era, Ontaris were recorded as people who valued honour over their lives.[3] They were known to carry daggers on their waists at all times. Ontari women previously observed gosha. Ontaris in Parlakimidi (Orissa) and Bobbili were referred to as Dora (lord or master).[3]

Relation to Balija

Balijas are closely related to Kapus and both are often enumerated together in government and sociological contexts.Template:Refn Anthropological Survey of India notes that Balijas are ethnically similar to Kapus.[58] Various sources note the similarities between the communities of Kapu, Telaga, Balija, and Ontari. These terms are often used as synonyms and are mentioned as sections of each other.[3][9]Template:Sfn[59] Andhra Pradesh government's Kapu Welfare and Development Corporation refers to Kapu, Telaga, Balija, and Ontari communities collectively as Kapu.[60]

Status

Kapus are classified as a Forward caste both by the Central Government of India as well as the Andhra Pradesh Government. As of 2023, they do not avail any caste-based quotas or reservations.Template:Refn[61] They are a community of land-owning cultivatorsTemplate:Refn and are one of the dominant castes of Andhra Pradesh.Template:Refn

The four-tier varna system of ranking never really took hold in South Indian society. The two intermediate dvija varnas—the Kshatriyas and Vaishyas—did not exist.Template:Refn In South India, on the other hand, there existed only three distinguishable classesTemplate:Em dashthe Brahmins, the non-Brahmins and the Dalits.Template:Refn Kapus are referred to as a non-Brahmin upper-caste.Template:RefnTemplate:Sfn They are considered to be a "Sat Shudra" (also known as "upper/high-caste/clean Shudra")[62] community in the traditional Hindu ritual ranking system.Template:Refn

In 1982, Barbara D. Miller of Syracuse University remarked, "Generally the Telaga-Kapu rank fairly high in status".[63] K. C. Suri notes that non-Brahman caste groups like Kapus, whose main occupation has been cultivation, are the most important social groups in Andhra Pradesh in terms of numerical strength, land control, and access to political power.[7]Template:Rp K. Srinisavulu notes that Kapus are fairly prosperous and are dominant in the erstwhile districts of East Godavari and West Godavari.[31]

Politics

During the 1920s and 1930s, Kapus, along with other feudal landed castes, were major supporters of the Justice Party.[64][65][66] Prominent Kapu leader Kurma Venkatareddi Naidu[64] was a member of the Justice Party and formulated policies that promoted social equality, abolition of untouchability, and social reform.[67][26] In 1920, the first legislative council elections to Madras Presidency were held after the passing of the Government of India Act 1919. Naidu was one of the three ministers in the Cabinet holding the portfolios of Development and Industries.[68][26][69] In 1936, he was appointed as the Governor of Madras Presidency, one of the only two Indians in history to have held the post.[26] In 1937, he was elected as the Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency.[26] He was the only person to have held both the posts of Chief Minister and Governor of the Madras Presidency (which included all of present-day Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu along with parts of Kerala and Karnataka).[70]

After Indian independence, Andhra State was formed in 1953. Pasala Suryachandra Rao, a Kapu from West Godavari district was the first deputy speaker of Andhra State Assembly from 1953 to 1954.[71] Rokkam Lakshmi Narasimham Dora, a Telaga Kapu from Srikakulam district served as the second speaker of Andhra State Assembly from 1955 to 1956.Template:Sfn[72] In the 1955 Andhra State legislature, there were 16 Kapu legislators, the third-highest among all castes.[33] In Pondicherry, Kamisetty Parasuram Naidu, a Kapu leader from Yanam[73] served as the first deputy speaker of Pondicherry Assembly from 1963Template:En dash1964.[74][75] He also served as the speaker of Pondicherry Assembly from 1985Template:En dash1989.[74]

In 2009 Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections, Kapu community had 19 MLAs Template:Em dash the third-highest among unreserved communities. In the 2019 Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections, 24 Kapus were elected as MLAs, next only to Reddys and higher than Kammas. Together, these three upper castes accounted for nearly two-thirds of unreserved seats in the Assembly.[76][77] In the past decade, there have been three Kapu Deputy Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh Template:Em dash Nimmakayala Chinarajappa (2014Template:En dash2019),[78] Alla Nani (2019Template:En dash2022), and Kottu Satyanarayana (2022Template:En dashpresent).[79]

Kapunadu movement

Kapunadu movement was formed in the early 1980s and under the leadership of Vangaveeti Mohana Ranga they demanded quotas for Kapu, Telaga, Balija, and Ontari communities.[80][48]Template:Rp However, the N. K. Muralidhar Rao commission in 1982 did not recommend quotas for Kapus and noted as follows:

"Kapus are land owners and enjoy social status in the villages. They are already politically conscious and socially forward. On the educational side also they are not backward as the students belonging to the Kapu Community are in considerable number in the educational institutions in the state. The literacy in this community is higher than the state average. There is a good representation from Kapu Community in the employment under the state government, semi-government and local bodies. The Commission thinks that it is not necessary to disturb this."Template:Sfn

In early 2016, the Kapus of the residual Andhra Pradesh state launched an agitation demanding quotas, leading to violent protests.[81][82] Due to the support provided by Kapus in the 2014 assembly elections which helped it come to power, the Telugu Desam Party-led state government allocated 5% quota for Kapus in educational institutions and government jobs in the state. However, this was opposed by the Central Government and was found to be legally untenable.[83] In July 2019, the subsequent YSR Congress government reversed the decision.[84] As of 2023, Kapus do not avail any quotas and are classified as a Forward caste.[61]

Kapu zamindaris

Andhra Vignanamu (1939) mentions Eluru, Ganapavaram and Akividu in former West Godavari district as places ruled by Telagas. They were called Telaga-prabhuvula-seemalu (Template:Translation).[85]

In pre-independent India, many Kapu-Telaga zamindari families with extensive landholdings existed, especially in Godavari districts. Some of them were bestowed with Diwan Bahadur and Rao Bahadur titles.[86] One of the wealthiest zamindaris in former Krishna district was the Vallur Estate of Bommadevara family.[87][53][88][89] Some of the Kapu zamindaris (samsthanams) include:

Notable people

Note: The list only includes people from Kapu and sub-castes (Telaga, Ontari), not Balija, Turpu Kapu, and other castes.

Politics

Sir Kurma Venkata Reddi Naidu

Sports

C. K. Nayudu

Social Activists

Sciences

Film

Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu
File:Savitri Actress.jpg
Savitri

Arts

Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu

Literature

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SPI
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. M.D. Publications(1998). ISBN 978-81-7533-072-6
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 Andhra Vignanamu{{#if:Prasada Bhoopaludu|, Prasada Bhoopaludu}. The Razan Electric Press(1939)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Caste Dynamics in Village India. Nachiketa Publications.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 ఆంధ్రుల సంక్షిప్త చరిత్ర{{#if:ఏటుకూరు బలరామమూర్తి|, ఏటుకూరు బలరామమూర్తి}. Visalaandhra Publishing House(1953)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Gudavarthy
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Democratic Process and Electoral Politics in Andhra Pradesh, India, K. C. Suri. Overseas Development Institute(September 2002).
  8. ↑ Constitution, Reservation Policy and Dominant Castes Demand for Other Backward Classes Status in India, Dr. E. Venkatesu. International Public Policy Association (IPPA)(30 June 2017).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 History Of The Reddi Kingdoms{{#if:Sarma|, Sarma}. Andhra University(1946)
  10. ↑ R. Narasimha Rao (1967). Corporate Life in Medieval Andhradesa. University Grants Commission. p. 108.
  11. ↑ P. S. Kanaka Durga (1989). Role of Nayakas in Medieval Andhra 1000-1259. AP History Congress. p. 44.
  12. ↑ The Study of Nayakatana in the Vijayanagara Empire with Special Reference to Tuluva Dynasty, D. N. Yogeeswarappa(28 March 2014).
  13. ↑ Death and Eastern Thought: Understanding Death in Eastern Religions and Philosophies{{#if:Holck|, Holck}. Abingdon Press(1974). ISBN 978-0-687-10341-6
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  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 Template:Cite magazine
  27. ↑ భారతీయ కవితా కోకిల (ప్రపంచ తెలుగు మహాసభలు). Andhra Bhoomi(15 December 2017). Retrieved 2023-05-09.
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  30. ↑ Andhra Patrika. 6 May 1930.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Caste & Class Articulation of Andhra Pradesh{{#if:Srinivasulu|, Srinivasulu}. Overseas Development Institute(September 2002). ISBN 0-85003-612-7
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  34. ↑ India Human Development Survey-II (IHDS-II), 2011-12. ICPSR, University of Michigan. Retrieved 2023-06-04.
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  40. ↑ Once a Cong bastion in Puducherry, Yanam to witness a close contest. Hindustan Times(2021-03-18). Retrieved 2023-06-07.
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  52. ↑ Lutheran Woman's Work{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Lutheran Publication Society(1922)
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  56. ↑ History Of The Reddi Kingdoms{{#if:Sarma|, Sarma}. Andhra University(1946)
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  58. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named JASI
  59. ↑ NCBC Andhra Pradesh Bench Findings(2002).
  60. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named committed
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Andhra Pradesh high court notice to govt on Kapu reservation. The Times of India(2023-03-29). Retrieved 2023-05-01.
  62. ↑ Dalit Politics in Contemporary India{{#if:Gundimeda|, Gundimeda}. Routledge(2015-10-14). ISBN 978-1-317-38105-1
  63. ↑ Female Labor Participation and Female Seclusion in Rural India: A Regional View. Economic Development and Cultural Change({Template:Date).
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  67. ↑ Politics and Social Conflict in South India{{#if:Irschick|, Irschick}. University of California Press
  68. ↑ March to freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916-1947{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Lalitha Publications(1989)
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  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 A.P. Year Book{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Hyderabad Publications & Newspapers.(1979)
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures{{#if:Malhotra|, Malhotra}. Lok Sabha Secretariat(2004). ISBN 978-81-200-0400-9
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 The Telugus of Yanam and Masulipatnam: From French Rule to Integration with India{{#if:More|, More}(2007)
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  75. ↑ India, A Reference Annual 1964. Publications Division.
  76. ↑ Stringers and the Journalistic Field: Marginalities and Precarious News Labour in Small-Town India{{#if:Bhargav|, Bhargav}. Taylor & Francis(2023-02-28). ISBN 978-1-000-84035-3
  77. ↑ Two-third of AP MLAs belong to 3 upper castes. The Times of India(2019-05-30). Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Naidu to grapple with Cabinet composition. The Hindu(2014-06-04). Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 Kapu Ministers, MLAs to draw action plan to ensure political gain for the community. The Hindu(2022-10-31). Retrieved 2023-05-15.
  80. ↑ A Study of the Socio-Political Mobility of the Kapu Caste In Modern Andhra. University of Hyderabad(2014).
  81. ↑ 5 things to know about Kapus, their reservation demand and protests. Hindustan Times(2016-02-01). Retrieved 2023-05-30.
  82. ↑ Kapus in Andhra set 6 train bogies, 2 police stations ablaze for quota. The Times of India(2016-02-01). Retrieved 2023-05-30.
  83. ↑ After Centre's objection to quota, government tries to allay fears of Kapus. The New Indian Express(16 February 2018). Retrieved 2023-04-28.
  84. ↑ Andhra Pradesh: Jagan scraps Kapu quota, says not legally tenable, Menon, Amarnath K.. India Today(30 July 2019). Retrieved 2023-04-28.
  85. ↑ Andhra Vignanamu{{#if:Prasada Bhoopaludu|, Prasada Bhoopaludu}. The Razan Electric Press(1939)
  86. ↑ People of India: Andhra Pradesh{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Anthropological Survey of India(1992). ISBN 978-81-7671-006-0
  87. ↑ Kistna District Manual{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Life of M. Nagloo (Maidara Nagaya){{#if:Venkataswami|, Venkataswami}. Solden & Company(1929)
  89. ↑ ఆంధ్ర సంస్థానములు - సాహిత్య పోషణము{{#if:Dr. Tumati Donappa|, Dr. Tumati Donappa}. Andhra University(1969)
  90. ↑ Abhinava Saraswathi{{#if:Janapati Pattabhirama Sastry|, Janapati Pattabhirama Sastry}(April 1924)
  91. ↑ The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles & Zamindars of India{{#if:Vadivelu|, Vadivelu}. G.C. Loganadham(1915)
  92. ↑ Election promises haunt Chandrababu Naidu. Deccan Chronicle(2 February 2016). Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  93. ↑ Sriram Veerabrahmam (1918). నానారాజన్య-విఖ్యాతజన చరిత్రము [Nanarajanya-Vikhyata Jana Charitramu]. Vani Press. p. 8. "రావు సాహెబ్ కళ్లి చిట్టిఅబ్బాయినాయుడు గారు: పశ్చిమ గోదావరీ మండలమునగల యేలూరు తాలూకాలోని పూళ్ల గ్రామానివాసులును తెలగ సంఘ ప్రముఖులునునగు శ్రీయుత కళ్లి చిట్టి అబ్బాయినాయుడు గారు గొప్ప భూస్వాములును ధనాధికులునునై ....."
  94. ↑ ఆంధ్ర సంస్థానములు - సాహిత్య పోషణము{{#if:Dr. Tumati Donappa|, Dr. Tumati Donappa}. Andhra University(1969)
  95. ↑ After Series of 'Outsiders', Sasikala to be first Tamil CM in 29 Years. News18. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
  96. ↑ Social Ethos of South India{{#if:Seshadri|, Seshadri}. Arihant Publishers(1991)
  97. ↑ Buddha Prasad Set to Become Deputy Speaker of AP House. The New Indian Express(21 June 2014). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 Battle equally poised in port town Kakinada. The Hindu(2019-03-26). Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  99. ↑ A tribute to MS Sanjeevi Rao, India's father of electronics, Dey, Soumik. The Week(31 March 2018). Retrieved 2021-07-13.
  100. ↑ P.V Rangaiah Naidu book release :చురుగ్గా ఉండేందుకు రోజంతా ప్రయత్నిస్తా.... Andhra Jyothi(2022-09-08). Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  101. ↑ Ummareddy to quit TDP, join YSR Congress?. The New Indian Express(2 May 2012). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  102. ↑ Kapu community leader Jogaiah wants 'Jagan Povali, Pawan Ravali' in Andhra Pradesh. The New Indian Express(13 March 2023). Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 Andhra House of Cards: The political triangle between TDP, BJP and Kapu Padmanabham. The News Minute. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
  104. ↑ 104.00 104.01 104.02 104.03 104.04 104.05 104.06 104.07 104.08 104.09 104.10 Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. M.D. Publications(1998). ISBN 978-81-7533-072-6
  105. ↑ Once Upon a Furore: Lost Pages of Indian Cricket{{#if:Majumdar|, Majumdar}. Yoda Press(2004). ISBN 978-81-902272-0-9
  106. ↑ India's first woman commentator Chandra Nayudu no more. Mid-Day(5 April 2021).
  107. ↑ జనసేన పార్టీ తీర్థం పుచ్చుకున్న మాజీ క్రికెటర్. Zee News Telugu(2018-06-28). Retrieved 2023-06-18.
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  109. ↑ Rayudu to debut on political pitch in AP. The Times of India(2023-04-14). Retrieved 2023-05-03.
  110. ↑ Collective Violence in a Provincial City{{#if:Parthasarathy|, Parthasarathy}. Oxford University Press(1997). ISBN 978-0-19-564139-4
  111. ↑ Kanneganti Hanumanthu, Devi, T. Sui. Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  112. ↑ Obituary: Dr. Sunkara Balaparameswara Rao. Neurology India({Template:Date).
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  114. ↑ Noted agriculture scientist MV Rao passes away. Business Line(2016-03-09). Retrieved 2023-05-12.
  115. ↑ Young industrialist feted. The Hans India(2017-03-31). Retrieved 2023-04-10.
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  117. ↑ Limca Book of Records{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Bisleri Beverages(2006). ISBN 978-81-902837-2-4
  118. ↑ Womanscape{{#if:Ōlgā|, Ōlgā}. Asmita Resource Centre for Women(2001). ISBN 978-81-7525-206-6
  119. ↑ 119.0 119.1 Cong changes list; Konathala fielded against Allu Aravind. The Times of India(2009-03-29). Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  120. ↑ Kapu leaders rally behind Mudragada. The Hindu. Retrieved 2018-12-21.
  121. ↑ Snubbed Dasari to stir up Kapus. The Times of India(2008-05-04). Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 Kapu card may cast(e) Chiranjeevi in the CM's role. India Today. Retrieved 2013-12-07.
  123. ↑ Allu Arjun changes his name? Here's a viral photo, Sreeja, Addla. The Siasat Daily(2022-11-18). Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  124. ↑ Megastar: Chiranjeevi and Telugu Cinema After N. T. Rama Rao{{#if:S. V. Srinivas|, S. V. Srinivas}. Oxford University Press(2009). ISBN 978-0-19-569308-9
  125. ↑ In Guntur West, every party stands a chance hopeful optimistic confident, Md. Ilyas. Deccan Chronicle(7 April 2019). Retrieved 2 June 2023.
  126. ↑ Personalities: Dwaram Venkataswami Naidu. Andhra Cultural Portal(18 July 2019). Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  127. ↑ Thapi Dharma Rao, a doyen of colloquial language in journalism. The Hindu(2016-10-17). Retrieved 2023-06-13.
  128. ↑ The Great Indian Editor, YV Ramakotaiah. The Hans India(2015-03-08). Retrieved 2023-05-14.

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Further reading

  • Constructing the Colonial Encounter: Right and Left Hand Castes in Early Colonial South India{{#if:Brimnes|, Brimnes}. Routledge(1999). ISBN 9780700711062
  • Religion in Vijayanagara Empire{{#if:Devi|, Devi}. Sterling Publishers(May 1990)
  • The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500-1650{{#if:Subrahmanyam|, Subrahmanyam}. Cambridge University Press(2002). ISBN 9780521892261
  • The World of the Weaver in Northern Coromandel, c. 1750 - c. 1850{{#if:Swarnalatha|, Swarnalatha}. Orient Blackswan(2005). ISBN 9788125028680
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