Karan caste

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Template:Infobox caste The Karan is a community found in the state of Odisha in India.[1] The post of Karana used to be a professional designation that was occupied by literate peoples.[2] They held Karanam posts in some parts of Andhra Pradesh, where they speak Odia and played a similar role in Odisha to that of the Kayasthas of West Bengal and Bihar.Template:Clarify[3] In the social hierarchy of Odisha they rank next to Brahmins.[4][5] They exclusively served the ruling powers as their ministers, advisors, governors, military commanders, record keepers and dewans.[6][7][8][9] They owned most Zamindaris in Odisha.[10][11][12] They have the highest literacy caste-wise and are highly prosperous.[13] Today they are a politically dominant community and have reigned over the politics of Odisha for more than 50 years.[14][15][16]

Origin

Divisions

Karanas in Odisha are divided into various divisions, out of these divisions Kshatriya Karanas are considered superior to other divisions of Karanas.[17] They are classified as Vratyas.[18] Karanas used to observe rituals like Sati and Upanayana in their community.[19]

Medieval Period

The frequent admission of land grants to princes, Brahmins and various officials gave rise to a new class of writers. However the Karanas crystallized into a distinct caste only in the 10th or 11th century AD owing to social mobility. Any mention of the term prior to that period simply denotes its functional aspect rather than a caste affiliation.[2]

Social status

Medieval Period

Karanas along with Brahmins feature in the 10th century inscriptions of Odisha and are represented as heads of the local population. Such depiction denotes their high social rank.[20] Karanas enjoyed high status in medieval period and married within the royal households. An example of this can be found in the Arasavali copper plate of the Eastern Ganga monarch Vajrahasta III.[2] They occupied high positions under the feudatory kings of Odisha, most of them were appointed as Dewans in the princely states of Odisha.[21] Karanas find mention in Bhauma-Kara records and are represented as Sadhyadhikarana or Chief Judicial Officer of a district. Similarly Srikarana featured in the temple inscription is said to have been the accountant general of Anangabhima Deva III of Eastern Ganga dynasty. A Kosthakarana was a top administrative officer of Narsimha Deva 4 of Eastern Ganga Dynasty. Terms like Deula Karana represented the rank of Temple administrator. Samanta Karanas were the aristrocratic families of Karanas from Odisha, the word Samanta was also used by the kings of Odisha, thus it can be said Karanas were associated with the royal families of Odisha.[19] The head of a Karana family was known as Samanta while his wife was known as Samantani.[22] Some Karanas also received land grants and held feudatory status in medieval Odisha.[23] They appear to be an important community in Eastern Ganga dynasty as they held high positions in the government such as the post of army general, prime minister and accountant.[24] Karanas were associated with the administration of the ruling dynasties of Odisha, a general named Srikarana Mahananda Senapati of the Karan caste was the army general and governor of Anangabhima 3 of Eastern Ganga dynasty.[25] Srikarana Mahananda Senapati was the Senadhyakshawara of the Kingdom or Commander in chief.[26] Another official named Srikarana Pattanaik Viswanatha Mahasenapati was the army general and governor of Narsimha Deva 4 of Eastern Ganga Dynasty, he governed four Dandapatas or Rajyas of Eastern Ganga Dynasty, he was also the Puro Srikarana of the Kingdom or Prime Minister.[9] Another general named Srikarana Suru Senapati under the reign of Anangabhima Dev 2 is said to have donated lands to the Jagannath Temple of Puri as evidenced from inscriptions.[27] Ramananda Ray was the governor of the southern territories in Gajapati Empire, he was also a minister of Gajapati Prataparudra Deva, Ramananda Raya belonged to Karan community. The founder of Athgarh State was Raja SriKaran Niladri Bhagirath Barman Patnaik. He was the minister of the Raja of Puri, who conferred on him the title of Raja and gave him Athgarh for his service.[28]

Modern Period

In British colonial era, Karanas owned most Zamindaris in Odisha and were extremely rich.[10][11][29] They also received large amounts of land grants in Khurda administration of Khurda Kingdom.[30]

In recent post-Independence era India, they have also played a dominant role in politics. Such is their prominence in politics that many members from the Karan community have been elected as the Chief Ministers of Odisha, hence they are also dubbed as the political caste of Odisha.[31]

Society and culture

Role in temple administration

Deula Karana and Tadhau Karana sub divisions of Karanas are the key servitors in the Jagannath Temple of Puri. They along with other key servitors manage the administration of temple.[32] Deula Karana and Tadhau Karana servitors are also the representatives of the Raja of Puri and assist him in performing the temple rituals associated with Lord Jagannath.[33]

Notable people

Chief Ministers

Freedom Fighters & Social Reformers

Vaishnav Saints

Historical Figures

Art & Literature

Education & Research

Jurists

Others

Surnames

Some titles associated with the Karan caste includes:

Patnaik, Mohanty, Choudhury, Das, Ray, Mohapatra, Samantaray, Routray, Chhotray, Kanungo, Bakshi, Raychoudhury, Bohidar, Srikarana, Dandapata, Das Mahapatra, Parija, Pruseth, Narendra, Mahasenapati, Srichandan, Harichandan, Bebarta, Mangaraj, Samantasinghar, Badajena, Behera etc.[99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Family Planning{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. APH Publishing(2008). ISBN 978-81-313-0352-8
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Jati Formation in Early Medieval Orissa: Reflection on Karana (Kayastha Caste). Proceedings of the Indian History Congress({Template:Date).
  3. ↑ Cultural and Structural Dimensions of Family: A Study of Jalari Fishermen{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Concept Publishing Company(1990). ISBN 978-81-7022-270-5
  4. ↑ Family Planning{{#if:Pati|, Pati}. APH Publishing(2008). ISBN 978-81-313-0352-8
  5. ↑ Archeological remains of Dhenkanal. Utkal University, Department of History({Template:Date).
  6. ↑ Colonialism and South Asia: Cuttack, 1803-1947{{#if:Mohanty|, Mohanty}. R.N. Bhattacharya(2007). ISBN 978-81-87661-52-8
  7. ↑ Culture, Gender and Gender Discrimination: Caste Hindu and Tribal{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Mittal Publications(2007). ISBN 978-81-8324-199-1
  8. ↑ Indian Epigraphy{{#if:Sircar|, Sircar}. Motilal Banarsidass(2017-01-01). ISBN 978-81-208-4103-1
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Cultural Heritage of [Orissa]: pts. 1-2. Katak{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad(2002). ISBN 978-81-902761-5-3
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Some Aspects of Socio-economic Changes in South Western Frontier Bengal Since Introduction of Neo-Vaiṣṇavism{{#if:Das|, Das}. Firma KLM Private Limited(1996). ISBN 978-81-7102-049-2
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ...{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. South Indian History Congress(1995)
  12. ↑ Agrarian and Political Movements: States of Orissa, 1931 to 1949{{#if:Pradhan|, Pradhan}. Inter-India Publications(1986). ISBN 978-81-210-0038-3
  13. ↑ The Two-headed Deer: Illustrations of the Rāmāyaṇa in Orissa{{#if:Williams|, Williams}. University of California Press(1996-01-01). ISBN 978-0-520-08065-2
  14. ↑ Reign of Patnaiks: 40 years and counting. The Times of India(2019-04-13). Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 How the Patnaiks, despite being 2% of Odisha's population, ruled the state for 45 years, and maybe beyond. The Economic Times(2024-05-11). Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 rediff.com: The evil that envelopes Orissa. m.rediff.com. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  17. ↑ The Orissa Historical Research Journal{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Superintendent of Research and Museum(1975)
  18. ↑ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal{{#if:Prinsep|, Prinsep}. Bishop's College Press(1905)
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Kayasthas and Karanas in Orissa—A Study on Inscriptions. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress({Template:Date).
  20. ↑ Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ...{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. South Indian History Congress(1995)
  21. ↑ Orissa District Gazetteers{{#if:Orissa (India)|, Orissa (India)}. Superintendent, Orissa Government Press(1966)
  22. ↑ History of Orissa in the 19th Century{{#if:Mukherjee|, Mukherjee}. Utkal University(1964)
  23. ↑ New Perspectives on the History and Culture of Orissa{{#if:Panda|, Panda}. Punthi Pustak(2000). ISBN 978-81-86791-23-3
  24. ↑ DDCE, Utkal, Das, Dr Manas Kumar. ddceutkal.ac.in(May 7, 2022). Retrieved May 7, 2022.
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  27. ↑ Virajā, the Capital of Ancient Orissa{{#if:Mishra|, Mishra}. Pratibha Prakashan(2007). ISBN 978-81-7702-148-6
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  30. ↑ Genealogies of the "Paika Rebellion": Heterogeneities and Linkages. International Journal of Asian Studies({Template:Date).
  31. ↑ Urban Ecology: Emerging Patterns and Social-Ecological Systems{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Elsevier Science(14 July 2020). ISBN 978-0-12-820731-4
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  33. ↑ Transfer of 'soul' during Nabakalebara | Sambad English(2015-07-16). Retrieved 2022-12-18.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Reign of Patnaiks: 40 years and counting - Times of India, Pradhan, Ashok. The Times of India(2019-04-13). Retrieved 2021-02-08.
  35. ↑ Odisha of My Times: English Translation of "Mo Samayara Odisha" by Krishna Chandra Panigrahi{{#if:Panigrahi|, Panigrahi}. Notion Press(2021-05-14). ISBN 978-1-63850-732-1
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  38. ↑ Annapurna Maharana : a philanthropist. Odisha Review({Template:Date).
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  42. ↑ Veer Surendra Sai{{#if:Sahu|, Sahu}. Department of Culture, Government of Orissa(1985)
  43. ↑ The Nationalist Movement in a Regional Setting, 1920-34: The Rise of Congress to Power in Orissa{{#if:Pradhan|, Pradhan}. Amar Prakashan(1992). ISBN 978-81-85420-32-5
  44. ↑ The Nationalist Movement in a Regional Setting, 1920-34: The Rise of Congress to Power in Orissa{{#if:Pradhan|, Pradhan}. Amar Prakashan(1992). ISBN 978-81-85420-32-5
  45. ↑ Orissa District Gazetteers: Karaput{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cuttack, Superintendent Orissa Government Press(1966)
  46. ↑ Koraputia Gandhi: The Forgotten Legend Who Served Odisha's Tribals for 77 Years, Barua, Ananya. The Better India(2019-06-05). Retrieved 2024-09-22.
  47. ↑ The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa{{#if:Mukherjee|, Mukherjee}. Asian Educational Services(1981). ISBN 978-81-206-0229-8
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  50. ↑ Bisara Mohanty, An Ardent Devotee ISSN 0970-8669. Odisha Review({Template:Date).
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  55. ↑ Children's Literature of Orissa{{#if:Mahanti|, Mahanti}. Orissa Sahitya Akademi(1993)
  56. ↑ Bande Utkala Janani is State song of Odisha. The Hindu(2020-06-07). Retrieved 2025-12-09.
  57. ↑ Radhanath Ray{{#if:Gopinath Mohanty|, Gopinath Mohanty}(1983)
  58. ↑ Adhunik Sanskrit Sahitya Pustakalaya. sanskrit.nic.in. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
  59. ↑ Orissa Society of Americas 39th Annual Convention Souvenir: For Annual Convention Held in 2008 at Toronto, Canada{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Odisha Society of the Americas
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  117. ↑ Indian History{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. ISBN 978-1-259-06323-7
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  120. ↑ History of Orissa: (HINDU PERIOD){{#if:PANIGRAHI|, PANIGRAHI}. Notion Press(2023-01-05). ISBN 978-1-68586-798-0
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  122. ↑ The Sultanate of Delhi: Including the Arab Invasion of Sindh, Hindu Rule in Afghanistan and Causes of the Defeat of the Hindus in Early Medieval Age (711 - 1526 A.D.){{#if:Srivastava|, Srivastava}. Shiva Lal Agarwala(1959)
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