Karavali

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Karavali[1]

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Settlement type
Country India
State
District
Subdivision

Kàrāvàlī, also known as Kanara or Canara in Indo-British English, is the a historically significant stretch of land situated by the southwestern coast of India, alongside the Arabian Sea in the present-day Indian state of Karnataka.[1] The region comprises three civil districts, namely: Uttara Kannada, Udupi, and Dakshina Kannada.[2]

Etymology

According to historian Severino da Silva, the ancient name for this region is Parashurama Srushti (creation of Parashurama).[3] According to him and Stephen Fuchs, the name Canara is the invention of Portuguese, Dutch, and English people who visited the area for trade from the early sixteenth century onwards. The Bednore Dynasty, under whose rule this tract was at that time, was known to them as the Kannada Dynasty, i.e., the dynasty speaking the Kannada language. "Karāvalli", the Kannada word for 'coast', is the term used by Kannada-speakers to refer to this region.[4] The letter 'd' being always pronounced like 'r' by the Europeans, the district was named by them as 'Canara' (a corruption of the word "Kannada"). This name was retained by the British after their occupation of the district in 1799, and has remained ever since. However, they also say that this issue is controversial.[4]

History

Since antiquity, much of the Canara coast (now spelled as 'Kanara') occupied a culturally distinct area known as Tulu Nadu.[5] Historically, Tulu Nadu lay between the Gangavalli River in the north and the Chandragiri River in the south.[6] Currently, Tulu Nadu consists of the Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts of Karnataka, and the Kasaragod taluka of Kerala.[7] The Uttara Kannada district in general is considered to be the southernmost part of the Konkan coast.[8] Specifically, the littoral region north of the Gangavalli River is traditionally included in the Konkan.[9]

The Portuguese occupied Kanara from 1498–1763. During this period, the geographical extent of Canara stretched from the southern banks of the Kali River in Karwar in the north to the northern banks of the Chandragiri River in Kasaragod in the south.[10]

In 1799, after the conclusion of the Fourth Mysore War, the British took over the region and established the Canara district of the Madras Presidency. The district was bifurcated into the North and South Canara districts in 1859.[11] The North Canara (also sometimes cited as 'North Kanara') district was transferred to the Bombay Presidency whereas the South Canara (also sometimes referred as 'South Kanara') district remained under the jurisdiction of the Madras Presidency. South Canara encompassed the undivided territory of the contemporary Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, and Kasaragod districts.[11]

After India's independence in 1947, the Bombay Presidency was reconstituted as the Bombay State. Following the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, the southern portion of Bombay State was added to Mysore State, which was renamed Karnataka in 1972. Kasaragod was included in Kerala.[12] Subsequently, North and South Canara were renamed Uttara Kannada and Dakshina Kannada respectively. In 1997, Udupi district was carved out of the bigger Dakshina Kannada district.[12]

Geography

The Kanara region forms the coast of Karnataka situated on the south-western portion of Peninsular India.[13] Coastal Karnataka forms the northern segment of the Malabar coast.[14] Kanara constitutes an area of about 10,000 square kilometres (4,000 square miles).[15] It is bounded by Konkan to the north, the Western Ghats to the east, the Kerala Plains to the south, and the Arabian Sea to the west.[16] It stretches from north to south for about 225 kilometres (140 miles) and has a maximum width of about 64 kilometres (40 miles) in the south.[17]

Civil administration

Contemporary Kanara extends from the village of Majali in the north to the village of Talapady in the south.[10] The three districts in the region: Uttara Kannada, Udupi, and Dakshina Kannada have their capitals in Karwar, Udupi, and Mangalore respectively.[18]

See also

Notes

Template:Note Konkan is now held to include all the land which lies between the Western Ghats and the Indian Ocean, from the latitude of Daman on the north to that of Terekhol, on the Goa frontier, on the south.[19] Although most sources generally assign Kanara (Karavali) to the Malabar Coast,[15] some other sources consider it to be a subterritory of the Konkan Coast.[20] Consequently, this segment is thought to overlap the Konkan and Malabar Coast continuum;[16] and usually corresponds to the southernmost and northernmost stretches of these locales respectively.[21][17]

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Routledge(2017). ISBN 9781351544382
  2. ↑ Know Our Karnataka: A book for Competitive Exams{{#if:K.|, K.}(2018)
  3. ↑ Template:Harvnb
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Template:Harvnb
  5. ↑ This city has six names in six languages, and the official one Mangaluru, is the least popular. The News Minute(6 November 2014). Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  6. ↑ Antiquities of South Kanara{{#if:Bhatt|, Bhatt}. Prabhakara Press(1969)
  7. ↑ Tulu Nadu Region. keralatourism.org. Government of Kerala. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  8. ↑ Peasants and Imperial Rule: Agriculture and Agrarian Society in the Bombay Presidency 1850–1935{{#if:Charlesworth|, Charlesworth}. CUP(2001). ISBN 9780521526401
  9. ↑ Memorandum on Maharashtra-Mysore border dispute to the Commission on Maharashtra-Mysore-Kerala boundary disputes. 1967. Government of Maharashtra. p. 59.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Goa-Kanara Portuguese Relations, 1498–1763{{#if:Shastry|, Shastry}. Concept Publishing Company(2000). ISBN 9788170228486
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Chapter 3 – Profile of the Study Area: Coastal Karnataka. Shodhganga. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 South Kanara, 1799–1860: A Study in Colonial Administration and Regional Response{{#if:Bhat|, Bhat}. Mittal Publications(1998). ISBN 9788170995869
  13. ↑ Template:Cite encyclopedia
  14. ↑ Template:Cite encyclopedia
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Template:Cite encyclopedia
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Template:Cite encyclopedia
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Template:Cite encyclopedia
  18. ↑ Coastal Karnataka Calling!!! Tourism and the Coastal Investors Meet – December 2003{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2003)
  19. ↑ History of the Konkan{{#if:Nairne|, Nairne}. Asian Educational Services(1988). ISBN 9788120602755
  20. ↑ The Commentaries of D. García de Silva y Figueroa on his Embassy to Shāh ʿAbbās I of Persia on Behalf of Philip III, King of Spain{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. BRILL(2017). ISBN 9789004346321
  21. ↑ Diversity of coastal plant communities in India{{#if:Banerjee|, Banerjee}. ENVIS & EMCBTAP-Botanical Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests(2002)

References

  • The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Asian Folklore Studies, Nanzan University, Japan(1965)
  • History of Christianity in Canara{{#if:Silva|, Silva}. Star of Kanara Press(1961)

Further reading

  • Kanara, a Land Apart: The Artistic Heritage of Coastal Karnataka{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Marg Foundation(2012). ISBN 9788192110639

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