Template:Infobox ethnic groupTemplate:Hinduism in India
Kashmiri Hindus are ethnic Kashmiris who practice Hinduism and are native to the Kashmir Valley of India.[1] With respect to their contributions to Indian philosophy, Kashmiri Hindus developed the tradition of Kashmiri Shaivism.[2] Most of Hindus are now mostly settled in Jammu and other parts of India, mainly after their exodus.
History
Ancient
During the reign of Ashoka (304–232 BCE), Kashmir became a part of the Maurya Empire and Buddhism was introduced in Kashmir. During this period, many stupas, some shrines dedicated to Shiva, and the city of Srinagari (Srinagar) were built. Kanishka (127–151 CE), an emperor of the Kushan Empire, conquered Kashmir and established the new city of Kanishkapur.[3]
Medieval
The Karkota dynasty (625–855 CE) ruled over the Kashmir and parts of northern Indian subcontinent and their rule saw political expansion, economic prosperity and emergence of Kashmir as a centre of culture and scholarship.[4][5] Lalitaditya Muktapida (724–760 CE) was a powerful ruler of the Karkota dynasty of Kashmir region in the Indian subcontinent. After the seventh century, significant developments took place in Kashmiri Hinduism. In the centuries that followed, Kashmir produced many poets, philosophers, and artists who contributed to Sanskrit literature and Hindu religion. Among notable scholars of this period was Vasugupta (Template:Circa) who wrote the Shiva Sutras which laid the foundation for a monistic Shaiva system called Kashmir Shaivism.[6]
After the dawn of the Lohara dynasty, Islam had penetrated into countries outside Kashmir and in the absence of support from Hindus, who were in the majority, Rinchana needed the support of the Kashmiri Muslims. Shah Mir's coup on Rinchana's successor secured Muslim rule and the rule of his dynasty in Kashmir.[7]
Demography
The largest community within the Kashmiri Hindus are the Kashmiri Pandits (Kashmiri Brahmins),[8][9] who are divided into several gotras,[10] such as the priests (gor or bhasha Bhatta), astrologers (Zutshi), and workers (Karkun).[11]
The Wani are historically Banias, with subcastes, such as the Kesarwani.[12] During the Mughal era, many Kesarwanis migrated to other parts of India such as Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.[13]
According to officials, 98,600 Kashmiri Hindus were issued domicile certificates of Jammu and Kashmir up to the end of June 2021. They further state, "90,430 domicile certificates were issued to displaced Kashmiri Pandits, while 2,340 families of displaced Kashmiri Pandits were registered as fresh migrants. Of these, 8,170 individuals received the domicile certificate."[14]
On 16 May 2020, Order 52 was issued by the Jammu and Kashmir Department of Disaster Management, Relief, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction (JK DMRRR) which states that: "Bonafide migrants and bonafide displaced persons who are not yet registered with the relief and rehabilitation commissioner (migrant), Jammu and Kashmir, can apply before the competent authority for registration for purpose of issuance of a domicile certificate only." This is as long as one of the necessary documents is provided. The timeframe for registration (and claiming domicile) of Kashmiri migrants and displaced persons was later extended for the final time up to 15 May 2022.[15]
Persecution
Under the rule of Sultan Sikander Butshikan in the 14th century CE, many Kashmiri Hindus were forcibly converted to Islam.[16][17] They began to leave the valley in much greater numbers in the 1990s during the eruption of militancy following large scale militarization of Valley.
Notable people
This is a list of notable Kashmiri Hindus.
- Anupam Kher, Indian actor
- Kunal Khemu, Indian actor
- R N Kao, founder and First Secretary of RAW
- Krsna (rapper), Indian rapper
- Jawaharlal Nehru, first Prime Minister of India
- Mohit Raina, Indian actor
- Samay Raina, standup comedian and chess enthusiast
- Bhasha Sumbli, Indian actress
- Tika Lal Taploo, lawyer
See also
Bibliography
- The Hindu History of Kashmir by Horace Hayman Wilson Template:ISBN
- Kashmir Hindu Religious Culture By Chaman Lal Gadoo Template:ISBN
- Hindus of Kashmir - A Genocide Forgotten by Bansi Pandit Template:ISBN
- The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and Its Influences By John Siudmak Template:ISBN
- Kashmir: Its Aborigines and Their Exodusby Colonel Tej K Tikoo Template:ISBN Template:ISBN
- Kasheer - A Diabolical Betrayal of Kashmiri Hindus By Sahana Vijayakumar Template:ISBN
- Genocide of Hindus in Kashmir[18] by Suruchi Prakashan
- The Infidel Next Door By Rajat Kanti Mitra Template:ISBN
- The Odyssey Of Kashmiri Pandits Destination-Homeland-Panun Kashmir by Dr M. L. Bhat Template:ISBN
References
- ↑ Emerging Voices: Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans{{#if:Ling|, Ling}. Rutgers University Press(2008). ISBN 9780813543420
- ↑ Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris{{#if:Snedden|, Snedden}. Hurst(15 September 2015). ISBN 9781849046220
- ↑ Indian Civilization and Culture{{#if:Chatterjee|, Chatterjee}. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.(1998). ISBN 978-81-7533-083-2
- ↑ The arts of Kashmir{{#if:Larson|, Larson}. Asia Society ; 5 Continents(2007)
- ↑ Around Abhinavagupta: Aspects of the Intellectual History of Kashmir from the Ninth to the Eleventh Century{{#if:Witzel|, Witzel}(2016). ISBN 978-3-643-90697-7
- ↑ Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. University of California Press(1986-01-01). ISBN 978-0-520-06477-5
- ↑ History of Civilizations of Central Asia{{#if:Unesco|, Unesco}. UNESCO(1998-01-01). ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1
- ↑ Kashmir in Sickness and in Health{{#if:Mufti|, Mufti}. Partridge Publishing(24 September 2013). ISBN 9781482809985
- ↑ Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh{{#if:Kachru|, Kachru}. Atlantic Publishers(1998). ISBN 9788185495514
- ↑ South Asian Language Review, Volumes 3-4{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Creative Publishers(1993)
- ↑ From Vedic Altar to Village Shrine: Towards an Interface Between Indology and Anthropology{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. National Museum of Ethnology(1993)
- ↑ View: Most Pakistanis are actually Indians. The Economic Times(28 August 2019).
- ↑ India's Communities, Volume 5{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Oxford University Press(1998). ISBN 9780195633542
- ↑ J&K: Over 98k Kashmiri Migrants Issued Domicile Certificates till End of June. News18(13 August 2021).
- ↑ Registration of bonafide Migrants or displaced persons for the purpose of issuance of domicile certificate - regarding Govt Order No:52-JK (DMRRR) of 2020. Govt of Jammu and Kashmir Department of Disaster Management, Relief, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Civil Secretariat Jammu (DMRRR). 16 May 2020.
- ↑ Kashmiri Pandits{{#if:Kaw|, Kaw}. APH Publishing(2001). ISBN 9788176482363
- ↑ The Kashmiri Mussulman{{#if:Khan|, Khan}(1973)
- ↑ Genocide of Hindus in Kashmir. Suruchi Prakashan(1991).
External links
- Kashmiri Hindus: Driven Out and Insignificant. BBC News(5 April 2016).