Kashmiris in Punjab

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The Kashmiris in Punjab are ethnic Kashmiris who have historically migrated from the Kashmir Valley and settled in the Punjab region. Many ethnic Kashmiri Muslims from the Kashmir Valley had migrated to the Punjab region during Dogra and Sikh rule.[1]

History

Pre-independence

Heavy commodifications taxation under the Sikh rule caused many Kashmiri peasants to migrate to the plains of Punjab.[2][3] These claims, made in Kashmiri histories, were corroborated by European travelers.[2] When one such European traveller, Moorcroft, left the Valley in 1823, about 500 emigrants accompanied him across the Pir Panjal Pass.[4] The 1833 famine resulted in many people leaving the Kashmir Valley and migrating to the Punjab, with the majority of weavers leaving Kashmir. Weavers settled down for generations in the cities of Punjab such as Jammu and Nurpur.[5] The 1833 famine led to a large influx of Kashmiris into Amritsar.Template:Citation needed Kashmir's Muslims in particular suffered and had to leave Kashmir in large numbers, while Hindus were not much affected.[6] The emigration during the Sikh rule resulted in Kashmiris enriching the culture and cuisines of Amritsar, Lahore and Rawalpindi.[7] Sikh rule in Kashmir ended in 1846 and was followed by the rule of Dogra Hindu maharajahs who ruled Kashmir as part of their princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.[8] Muslims faced severe oppression under Hindu rule.[9]

A large number of Muslim Kashmiris migrated from the Kashmir Valley[10] to the Punjab due to conditions in the princely state[10] such as famine, extreme poverty[11] and harsh treatment of Kashmiri Muslims by the Dogra Hindu regime.[12] According to the 1911 Census there were 177,549 Kashmiri Muslims in the Punjab. With the inclusion of Kashmiri settlements in NWFP this figure rose to 206,180.[13]

Scholar Ayesha Jalal states that Kashmiris faced discrimination in the Punjab as well.[14] Kashmiris settled for generations in the Punjab were unable to own land,[14] including the family of Muhammad Iqbal.[15] Scholar Chitralekha Zutshi states that Kashmiri Muslims settled in the Punjab retained emotional and familial links to Kashmir and felt obliged to struggle for the freedom of their brethren in the Valley.[16]

Common krams (surnames) found amongst the Kashmiri Muslims who migrated from the Valley[10] to the Punjab include Butt,[17][18][19] Dar,[17] Lone , Wain (Wani), Mir, Rathore, Khawaja.

Post-independence

Kashmiri Muslims constituted an important segment of several Punjabi cities such as Sialkot, Lahore, Amritsar and Ludhiana.[20] Following the partition of India in 1947 and the subsequent communal unrest across Punjab, Muslim Kashmiris living in East Punjab migrated en masse to West Punjab. Kashmiri migrants from Amritsar have had a big influence on Lahore's contemporary cuisine and culture.[21] The Kashmiris of Amritsar were more steeped in their Kashmiri culture than the Kashmiris of Lahore.[22] Ethnic Kashmiris from Amritsar also migrated in large numbers to Rawalpindi,[23] where Kashmiris had already introduced their culinary traditions during the British Raj.[24]

An exclusive research conducted by the "Jang Group and Geo Television Network" showed that the Kashmiri community had been involved in spearheading the power politics of Lahore district since 1947.[25] The Kashmiri diaspora in Punjab also influences politics in the Gujranwala, Gujrat and Sialkot districts.[26]

Notable Kashmiris of Punjab

Template:See also One of the most highly educated and prominent Kashmiris in Punjab was Muhammad Iqbal, whose poetry displayed a keen sense of belonging to Kashmir Valley.[27] Another member of the Kashmiri diaspora in Punjab was the famous storywriter Saadat Hasan Manto who was proud of his Kashmiri ancestry.[28][29] Notable members of the Kashmiri diaspora in Pakistan also include the former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif (paternal ancestry from Anantnag), Finance Minister Ishaq Dar, and politician Khawaja Asif.[30] The following is a list of notable Kashmiris in Punjab, Pakistan:

See also

References

  1. ↑ British Muslim Politics: Examining Pakistani Biraderi Networks{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Palgrave Macmillan UK(9 October 2013). ISBN 978-1-137-27516-5
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir{{#if:Zutshi|, Zutshi}. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers(2004). ISBN 9781850656944
  3. ↑ Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War{{#if:Schofield|, Schofield}. I.B.Tauris(2010). ISBN 9780857730787
  4. ↑ Kashmir The Paradise Of Asia{{#if:Parashar|, Parashar}. Sarup & Sons(2004). ISBN 9788176255189
  5. ↑ Kashmir Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Atlantic Publishers & Dist(1984). ISBN 9788171560943
  6. ↑ Kashmir The Paradise Of Asia{{#if:Parashar|, Parashar}. Sarup & Sons(2004). ISBN 9788176255189
  7. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ali2011
  8. ↑ Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris{{#if:Snedden|, Snedden}. Oxford University Press(2015). ISBN 9781849046220
  9. ↑ Kashmir{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Transforming India{{#if:Bose|, Bose}. Harvard University Press(2013). ISBN 9780674728202
  11. ↑ Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850{{#if:Jalal|, Jalal}. Routledge(2002). ISBN 9781134599387
  12. ↑ Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism{{#if:Chowdhary|, Chowdhary}. Routledge(2015). ISBN 9781317414056
  13. ↑ Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850{{#if:Jalal|, Jalal}. Routledge(2002). ISBN 9781134599387
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850{{#if:Jalal|, Jalal}. Routledge(2002). ISBN 9781134599370
  15. ↑ The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India{{#if:Sevea|, Sevea}. Cambridge University Press(2012). ISBN 9781139536394
  16. ↑ Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir{{#if:Zutshi|, Zutshi}. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers(2004). ISBN 9781850656944
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Explore Kashmiri Pandits{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Dharma Publications. ISBN 9780963479860
  18. ↑ The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. The Survey(2003)
  19. ↑ Pahāṛi and other tribal dialects of Jammu, Volume 1{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Eastern Book Linkers(2006). ISBN 9788178541013
  20. ↑ The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India{{#if:Sevea|, Sevea}. Cambridge University Press(2012). ISBN 9781139536394
  21. ↑ Lahore, Amritsar: Once sisters, now strangers. Rediff News(26 October 2012). Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  22. ↑ Lahore Lahore Aye: Lahore's wedding bands, Hamid, A.. Academy of the Punjab in North America(11 February 2007). Retrieved 12 January 2017.
  23. ↑ A sip of Kashmir!. DAWN.COM(2015-02-23). Retrieved 2018-01-07.
  24. ↑ The taste of Kashmir. DAWN.COM(2014-11-10). Retrieved 2018-01-07.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 Ayaz Sadiq: Yet another Arain legislator wins from Lahore. The News International(12 October 2015). Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  26. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Tikekar2004
  27. ↑ Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850{{#if:Jalal|, Jalal}. Routledge(2002). ISBN 9781134599370
  28. ↑ Bombay Stories{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Random House India(2012). ISBN 9788184003611
  29. ↑ Our Moon Has Blood Clots: The Exodus of the Kashmiri Pandits{{#if:Pandita|, Pandita}. Random House India(2013). ISBN 9788184003901
  30. ↑ As Nawaz Sharif becomes PM, Kashmir gets voice in Pakistan power circuit. The Indian Express(2013). Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  31. ↑ Ayaz Sadiq: Yet another Arain legislator wins from Lahore. www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
  32. ↑ https://www.thenews.com.pk/assets/front/pdf/MRK20181.pdf

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