Koshi Province

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Koshi Province

[[File:|250x250px|frameless|center]]

Settlement type Province
Country India
State
District
Subdivision

Koshi Province (Template:Langx) is an autonomous province of Nepal adopted by the Constitution of Nepal on 20 September 2015. It covers an area of Template:Cvt, which is about 17.5% of the country's total area. With the industrial city of Biratnagar as its capital, the province includes the major towns of Birtamod, Sundar Haraincha, Damak, Dharan, Itahari, Triyuga Municipality, and Mechinagar. It further hosts a number of Himalayan peaks including Mount Everest, Kangchenjunga (the third highest peak on Earth), Lhotse (the fourth highest peak), Makalu (the fifth highest peak), Cho Oyu (the sixth highest peak), and Ama Dablam.

The river Koshi, the largest river of the nation, and the Koshi Tappu wildlife reserve form the province's western boundary. The province is bordered by the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, the Indian states of Sikkim and West Bengal to the east and Bihar to the south, and Bagmati Province and Madhesh Province to the west.[1][2][3] The province also hosts the Koshi highway, which is one of the three crucial Nepalese north-south corridors that are designed to connect India and China via land.[4]

Under the First-past-the-post voting system issued by the Constituency Delimitation Commission, Nepal, the province hosts 28 parliamentary seats and 56 provincial assembly seats.[5] According to the 2021 Nepal census, there are around five million people in the province, with a population density of 190 per square kilometre.[6] Per the earlier 2011 Nepal census, the province had approximately 4.5 million people.[7]

Etymology

Template:Main The province is named Koshi after the Koshi River, which is the largest river in the country. On 1 March 2023 the former temporary name of the province, Province No. 1, was changed to Koshi Province.[8]

History

Template:Further

File:Cropped image of An actual survey, of the provinces of Bengal, Bahar &c. (1794) By Major James Rennell.jpg
Map of Kingdom of Morung between Kamala riverTemplate:Clarify in the beginning of the 7th century

When King Mung Mawrong Hang came to prominence in the Terai lands of Limbuwan, he cleared much of the forest area in present-day Rangeli, east of Biratnagar, and built a town there. He named his Kingdom Morang after his name and rose to power.[9]Template:Verify source Meanwhile, King Prithvi Narayan Shah was on a campaign to conquer all the hill kingdoms into his Empire (the Kingdom of Nepal). He attacked Limbuwan on two fronts. After the Limbuwan–Gorkha War from 1771 to 1774 AD, the Limbu ministers of Morang, and Limbu rulers of the ten principalities came to an agreement with the King of Gorkha. With the Limbuwan Gorkha treaty of 1774, Limbuwan was annexed to the Kingdom of Nepal.[10]

File:Eastern Nepal.png
Eastern districts of Nepal in 1942

The term district has been used in various ways throughout the modern history of Nepal. At the end of the Rana regime, Nepal was divided into 32 districts. Eastern Nepal was composed of the following districts:

In 1956, the eastern districts of Nepal were grouped together into a region called the Aruṇ Kshetra or Arun Region, after the Arun River which flows through it. Arun Kshetra was made by combining the then five districts; it had total area of Template:Cvt and a total population of 1.1 million people.[11] The five districts were:[12][13]

  • Biratnagar District: including Sunsari District and Morang District
  • Dhankuta District: including Dhankuta District and Sankhuwasabha
  • Taplejung District: including Taplejung and Panchtharl
  • Mechi District: including Ilam District and Jhapa District
  • Bhojpur District: including Bhojpur District and Khotang District

In 1962, the administrative system once again was changed, abolishing the kshetra system. The country was restructured into 75 development districts and those districts were grouped together into zones.[14] In 1972, what is now called Koshi Province was called the Eastern Development Region that was composed of 16 districts which were grouped into three zones: Koshi, Mechi and Sagarmatha. Template:Anchor

In 2015, the Constitution was adopted which made 14 districts into an autonomous province which was temporarily named Province No. 1. At the cabinet meeting held on 17 January 2018, the city of Biratnagar was declared the interim capital of Province No. 1. On 6 May 2019, it was declared the permanent capital by a vote of two-thirds of the provincial Member of legislative assembly.[15] On March 1, 2023, the province was named Koshi Province on passage of the bill in Parliament. Later, some protested the name "Koshi".[16]

Geography

Template:Main

File:Nepal Province No 1 rel location map.svg
Topography of Koshi Pradesh

Koshi Province covers an area of 25,905 km2.[7] The province has three-fold geographical division: Himalayan in the north, Hilly in the middle and Terai in the southern part of Nepal, varying between an altitude of 70 m and 8,848 m. Terai, extended from east to west, is made up of alluvial soil. To the west of Koshi River, in between Mahabharat Range and Churia Range, there elongates a valley called Inner Terai. Churai Range, Mahabharat Range and other hills of various heights, basins, tars, and valleys form the hilly region. Some parts of this region are favorable for agriculture but some other parts are not. The Himalayan region, in the north, consists of many mountains ranges. Mahalangur, Kumbhakarna, Umvek, Lumba Sumba and Janak being some of them. The highest mountain in the world, Mount Everest (8848.86 m); and the third highest mountain, Kangchenjunga (8598 m) also lie in this province.[17]

Nepal's lowest point, Kechana Kawal at 70 m, is located in Jhapa District of this province. There are many river basins and gentle slopes as well. Chure, Mahabharat, many basins, tars, and valleys form the Terai region. Between the Churia and Mahabharat, a low land of inner Terai exists. The Koshi River flows through the region with its seven tributaries; Indrawati, Likhu, Tamur, Dudh Kosi, Arun, Tamakoshi and Bhote Koshi (Sunkoshi). Tundra vegetables, coniferous forests, deciduous monsoon forests, and sub-tropical evergreen woods are vegetations found here. Sub-tropical, temperate, sub-temperate, and alpine and tundra types of climates are found here.[18]

Koshi Pradesh also includes the snow fall capped peaks including Mount Everest, Kangchenjunga, Makalu with Solukhumbu, Sankhuwasabha, and Taplejung districts towards the north, the jungle clad hill tracts of Okhaldhunga, Khotang, Bhojpur, Tehrathum, Ilam and Panchthar in the middle and the alluvial fertile plains of Udayapur, Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa. Province No. 1 includes places like Haleshi Mahadev Temple, Pathivara Temple and Barahachhetra, which are the famous religious shrines for Hindus.[19]

Climate

Climatic conditions of Nepal vary from one place to another in accordance with their geographical features. Koshi Pradesh has three geographical folds: the lowland of Terai, the hilly region, and the Himalayas' highlands. The low land altitude is 59 m, whereas the highest point is 8848 m.[20]

In the north, summers are cool and winters severe, while in the south, summers are tropical and winters are mild. Climatically, the southern belt of the province, the Terai, experiences a warm and humid climate. Eastern Nepal receives approximately 2,500 millimeters of rain annually. Koshi Pradesh has five seasons: spring, summer, monsoon, autumn and winter.

Average temperatures and precipitation for selected communities in Province No. 1[21]
Location August
(°F) 		August
(°C) 		January
(°F) 		January
(°C) 		Annual
precipitation
(mm/in)
Damak 94 / 82 34 / 28 74 / 47 23 / 8 2618 /103.07
Dharan 85.1/72.3 29.5/22.4 68.4/44.4 20.2/6.9 1416/55.7
Biratnagar 83.1 28.4 60.8 16 1549.8/61
Bhadrapur 82.2 27.9 61.2 16.2 2351.9/92.6
Dhankuta 76.5 24.7 54.5 12.5 1809.5/71.2
Khandbari 74.8 23.8 52 11.1 2040.7/80.3
Ilam 71.8 22.1 50.9 10.5 2551.5/100.5
Itahari 82 27.8 59.5 15.3 1414.8/55.7
Bhojpur 69.1 20.6 46.8 8.2 2290.4/90.2
Khumbu Pasang Lhamu 56.1/38.3 13.4/3.5 33.8/-0.8 1/-18.2 645/25.4

Mountains

Template:Wide image The northern part of Koshi Pradesh has the highest mountain in the world. Here is a list of mountains in Koshi Pradesh.[22]

Template:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list rowTemplate:Mountain list row
Mountain/peak metres feet Section Notes

Rivers

Template:Multiple image

There are many rivers in the region that flow south from the Himalayas which are tributaries of other large rivers that join Ganga River (in India). Sapta Koshi or the Koshi is the main river of the region. Seven tributaries join the Koshi so it is called Saptkoshi.

The major rivers in the province are:

Protected areas

Subdivisions

There are 137 local administrative units in this province, including one metropolitan city, 2 sub-metropolitan cities, 46 municipalities and 88 rural municipalities.

Districts

The province is made up of the 14 following districts: Template:Colbegin

Template:Colend

Municipality

Cities and villages are governed by municipalities in Nepal. A district may have one or more municipalities. Koshi Province has two types of municipalities.

  • Urban municipality Template:Small
    • Metropolitan city
    • Sub-metropolitan city and
    • Municipality
  • Rural municipality (Gaunpalika)

The government of Nepal has set out minimum criteria to meet city and towns. These criteria include a certain population, infrastructure, and revenues. Template:Largest cities

Administration

Template:Further

The province is governed by Unicameral parliamentary system of representative Democracy. The house consists of 93 seats where 56 candidates are elected by FPTP and 37 by proportional basis.

The legislative assembly comprises a chief minister who is executive head, deputy chief minister who assists the chief minister, a speaker who hosts the assembly, a deputy speaker who assists the speaker, and various ministries which look over respective departments.Template:Citation needed

The first provincial elections in Nepal were held on 26 November and 7 December 2017. According to the results of this election in Koshi province, the biggest party is CPN (UML) winning 51 seats; the second biggest party is Nepali Congress which won 21 seats; the third biggest party is CPN (Maoist Center) which won 15 seats .[23]

In a meeting on 17 January 2018, the government of Nepal finalized the temporary capital of Province No. 1, which was renamed as Koshi Province in Falgun 17 2079 and appointed Govinda Subba as the governor.[24] Sher Dhan Rai was elected as first chief minister of Koshi Province on 14 February 2018.[25] Currently Hikmat Kumar Karki is serving as chief minister, the executive head of the Koshi government.[25]

For convenience and decentralisation, the province is divided into 14 districts, making it the province with the most districts in Nepal. CDO is the administrative head of each District. District inturn is further divided into Metropolitan city or/and Sub Metropolitan city or/and Municipality or/and Rural Municipality which has its own Local Government.Template:Citation needed

Infrastructure

Template:Unreferenced section

Entrepreneurship, Investment, and Emerging Industries

Koshi Province has emerged as one of Nepal's most active subnational governments in promoting private sector-led economic growth. The provincial government has pursued a strategy combining policy reform, public–private partnerships, and dedicated investment facilitation to attract domestic and foreign capital across sectors including tourism, agriculture, agro-processing, hydropower, infrastructure, and information technology. The Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI) maintains a provincial chapter in Koshi,[26] and the Confederation of Nepalese Industries Young Entrepreneurs' Forum (CNIYEF) operates a Koshi Chapter working to develop the next generation of business leaders in the region.[27]

The first Koshi Province Investment Summit was held in Biratnagar on 1–2 May 2025 (Baisakh 18–19, 2082 BS), marking a landmark event in Nepal's federal economic governance.[28][29][30][31] The summit was inaugurated by the then Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli and hosted under the leadership of Chief Minister Hikmat Kumar Karki, with coordination handled by the Provincial Investment Authority (PIA), led by Executive Director Dr. Saroj Koirala.[32] A total of 71 projects across eight sectors — tourism, agriculture, industry, infrastructure, energy, information technology, services, and waste management — were presented to investors, with a combined estimated value of NPR 173.49 billion.[33] Ahead of the event, the provincial government amended eight laws through executive ordinances — including the Provincial Industrial Enterprises Act, the Public Private Partnership and Investment Authority Act, and the Provincial Tourism Act — to remove bureaucratic barriers and create a more investment-friendly legal environment.[34] Investors from China, Russia, the United States, South Korea, India, and the non-resident Nepali diaspora participated alongside major domestic industrialists. By the conclusion of the two-day event, Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) had been signed for 46 projects worth NPR 152.16 billion, covering agriculture, industry, tourism, infrastructure, energy, information technology, and waste management.[35] An additional five MoUs were concluded in the weeks following the summit, bringing the total to 51 committed projects. Writing in The Kathmandu Post in February 2026, analysts described the summit as a "concrete step toward operationalising federalism through economic governance," arguing it could help transform the province into a production-oriented growth centre contributing to national capital formation and employment generation, in contrast to Nepal's historically import- and consumption-driven fiscal structure. [36]

To sustain the momentum generated by the Investment Summit, the provincial government launched the Udaya project in 2025 with financial and technical support from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).[37] Designed to run for ten years — with an initial four-year implementation phase — Udaya targets small and medium enterprises (SMEs) across all 14 districts of Koshi Province with the aim of creating 3,000 jobs in its first phase. The project provides collateral-free loans ranging from NPR 3 million to NPR 30 million through a credit guarantee fund of NPR 600 million, designed to mobilise approximately NPR 8 billion in total bank lending. A Challenge Fund of NPR 280 million will additionally support the promotional and competitive capacity of emerging businesses.

In the information technology sector, the CNIYEF Koshi Chapter organised the 1st Koshi IT Summit 2025 in Biratnagar on 3 May 2025, bringing together industry leaders, policymakers, entrepreneurs, IT professionals, and investors to explore opportunities for leveraging technology as a catalyst for economic growth and innovation in the region. The summit aimed to develop a roadmap for a sustainable IT ecosystem in Koshi Province, foster public–private–academic partnerships, and attract investment into IT-driven startups.[38] Complementing these initiatives, the Step Up project — co-financed by the Happel Foundation and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation — has been active in Koshi Province, promoting youth entrepreneurship and self-employment as a means of reducing outmigration, particularly among young people in rural hill and Terai communities.

Entrepreneurial activity has expanded in Koshi Province in recent years, supported by targeted policies, investment promotion events and a growing startup ecosystem. A special study by Nepal Rastra Bank reported that 160 startup enterprises in the province attracted a combined investment of around Rs 2.56 billion, with approximately 61 percent contributed as equity and 39 percent as loans. The study found that most startups operate in agriculture and forestry, followed by manufacturing, services, tourism and information technology, indicating a gradual diversification of the provincial economy.[39]

Healthcare

Template:See also Koshi province stretches from Himalayan region to the Terai belt due to which health facilities are more viable in Terai than other parts.

Koshi Province has 791 public health facilities including four large hospitals (BPKIHS, Koshi Hospital, Nobel Medical College, Birat Medical College). Altogether, there are 18 public hospitals, one regional medical store, 41 primary health centres, 648 health posts, 34 urban health care centres, and 41 community health units.

Energy

There are various power stations in Koshi province:

Provincial Assembly

Template:Further The first meeting of the provincial assembly was held on 5 February 2018 in Biratnagar and was chaired by Om Prakash Sarbagi.[40] Pradeep Kumar Bhandari was elected unopposed as the Speaker of the Provincial Assembly on 11 February 2018.[41] Saraswoti Pokharel was also elected unopposed to the post of Deputy Speaker on 15 February 2018.Template:Citation needed

File:Province 1 Assembly 2018.svg
Party Template:Abbr Template:Abbr Total
bgcolor="Template:Party color" | CPN (UML) 25 15 40
bgcolor="Template:Party color" | Nepali Congress 17 12 29
bgcolor="Template:Party color"| CPN (Maoist Centre) 9 4 13
bgcolor="Template:Party color" | CPN (Unified Socialist) 3 1 4
Federal Socialist Forum, Nepal - 1 1
Rastriya Prajatantra Party 2 4 6
Total 56 37 93
Source: Election Commission of Nepal

Transportation

Template:Unreferenced section Only three districts out of Koshi's fourteen fall in Terai and one district falls in inner Terai. Elevation from the lowest point of Nepal, Kechana (70 m above sea level) to the highest point of world, Everest (8848 m above sea level) lies in this province, so maintaining a consistent road network is challenging, but all districts are connected by road networks. Air services are available. Rail services are under construction.

Roadways

Template:Main

File:Road and Highway map of Koshi Province, Nepal.jpg
Road and highway map of Koshi Province
File:Koshi Highway, Tarahara Eastern Nepal.jpg
NH08 Koshi Highway at Tarhara
File:Hillside capture.jpg
NH2 Mechi Highway near Buddhashanti rural municipality
File:Hilepani Bus booking counter and junction of road between Okhaldunga and Haleshi.jpg
Hilepani Junction at an elevation of Template:Cvt
Highways in Koshi Province
S# Highway number Length Terminus Note
1 Template:Jct 135 Kakarbhitta, Koshi Barrage Interprovincial NH
2 Template:Jct 352 Kechana, Gharila Pass Provincial NH
3 Template:Jct 525 Chiyo Bhanjyang, Bahadura Khola Interprovincial NH
4 Template:Jct 15 Birtamod, Chandragadhi Provincial NH
5 Template:Jct 124 Mechipul, Laukahi Interprovincial NH
6 Template:Jct 135 Chatara, Ganeshchowk Provincial NH
7 Template:Jct 48 Chatara, Koshi new bridge Interprovincial NH
8 Template:Jct 320 Biratnagar, Kimathanka Provincial NH
9 Template:Jct 250 Bahundangi, Baireni Interprovincial NH
10 Template:Jct 92 Basantapur, Bohoratar Provincial NH
11 Template:Jct 19 Phikkal Bazar, Chhabbise Provincial NH
12 Template:Jct 163 Ghurmi, Barkhadanda Provincial NH
13 Template:Jct 40 Basaha, Phattehpur Interprovincial NH
14 Template:Jct 111 Siswari bridge, Mohure Interprovincial NH
15 Template:Jct 161 Jyamire, Salleri Interprovincial NH
16 Template:Jct 108 Diktel, Pekarnas Interprovincial NH
17 Template:Jct 25 Surunga, Lasunganj Provincial NH
18 Template:Jct 50 Biplate, Sandakpur Provincial NH
19 Template:Jct 135 Ghorepani, Basa Provincial NH
20 Template:Jct 44 Chisapani, Rabi Provincial NH
21 Template:Jct 100 Damak ringroad Provincial NH
22 Template:Jct 12.29 Cancer Hospital, Belsot Interprovincial NH

Airways

File:Lukla Airport April 2010.JPG
Tenzing-Hillary Airport at Lukla

Many domestic airports and air services are available in the region including one of the most geographically challenging airports, Lukla Airport.

Airports in Koshi:

[42]

Railways

Template:Routemap

There is a 13 km railway track which has been laid in Nepal by Indian Railways is connected to Bathnaha railway station. Bathnaha is a village situated at Araria district of Bihar state of India. A custom yard station has been built both side of the border on Bathnaha–Katahari railway section. Katahari is at distance of 18 km from Bathnaha Railway Station.[43][44] Itahari will be further connected with Katahari, which is 20 km from Biratnagar (Katahari).[45]

Economy

Koshi has the second largest economy in Nepal, and contributes 15% to the national GDP. Koshi's GDP growth rate was estimated to be 6.5% in fiscal year 2018/19.

The population in absolute poverty in Koshi was 12.4%, and the multidimensional poverty rate was 19.7%.

Agriculture

Agriculture accounts for 38% of Koshi's GDP and is the main source of livelihood for 75% of the population.

The province has 714 registered businesses, with agriculture and forestry industry having the highest number registered businesses 114 (15.96%). Koshi contributes 22% of the total paddy production of Nepal and 29.3% of the national maize production.

Sports

File:Sushil Kandel of Biratnagar Kings celebrates after taking a wicket during a match against Rupendhi Challengers.jpg
Biratnagar Match

Cricket

Koshi province has a wide audience in the province. It has been a pioneer in organising night matches. Inaruwa, Sunsari organised the first night cricket in Nepal.[46] The first night football was organised in Duhabi, Sunsari on 31 March 2018.[47]

The provincial teams take part in various games inside and outside Nepal.[48] The team includes men as well as women. The overall sports in the province are administered by the Province 1 Sports Department.

There are numerous stadiums in Koshi:

Major football cups include:

Demographics

Template:Historical populations

The total population of the province according to the 2021 Nepal census was 4,961,412, of whom 2,544,084 were women (51.3%). 95 male per 100 female was the sex ratio. There were 1,191,556 households. 79.7% of the total population were literate. 86.1% of the total population of the male were educated, while 73.6% of the total of the female population were literate.[51]

Religion

Template:Pie chart

Hinduism is the major religion of the province. Kirat Mundhum is the second major religion of the province. 67% of the total population are Hindus, 17% are Kirantis, 9% are Buddhists, 4% are Muslims, 2% are Christians and others make up 1%.[52]

Ethnic groups

Template:Pie chart The province is very ethnically diverse. In 2011, the largest group was Chhetri, making up 14.58% of the population. This is followed by Madheshi with (14.26%). Next is Hill Brahmin (11.98%). Other Khas Arya groups are the Kami (3.27%) and Damai (1.78%). The Janajati groups are the Rai (10.21%), Limbu (8.01%), Tamang (4.62%), Magar (4.13%), Newar (3.68%) and Gurung (1.36%). Some Terai groups include Tharu (4.10%), Musalman (3.55%), Rajbanshi (2.47%), Musahar (1.35%), Yadav (1.30%) and Santal (1.11%).[53][54]

As of 2021, Chhetris were the largest ethnic group with 11.0% of the population. Rai 10.2%,Bahun constituted 8.3% of the population, Limbu 7.8%,10.2%, Sherpa 7.3%, Tamang 4.6%, Tharu 4.2%, Muslims 4.1%, Magar 4.0% and Newar 3.6%.[55] The various Madheshi non-Dalit communities were 8.68% of the population, of which the Yadav (1.42%) and Teli (0.98%) were the largest and second-largest non-Dalit communities. Madheshi Dalits were 3.40%, of which Musahar were 1.51%.[51]

Language

Template:Pie chart Nepali language is lingua franca of the province and is the mother tongue of 45.27% of the population. Maithili is the second-largest language, spoken by 11.68%. 7.70% of the population spoke Sherpa,7.30% of the population spoke Limbu, 4.40% Tharu, 3.54% Tamang, 2.88% Magar Dhut, 2.70% Bantawa, 2.58% Rajbanshi, 2.32% Urdu, 1.85% Rai, 1.67% Chamling, 1.32% Sherpa, 1.26% Nepal Bhasha and 1.08% Santali.[54]

The Language Commission of Nepal has recommended Limbu and Maithili as official language in the province. The commission has also recommended Tharu, Tamang, Magar, Bantawa, Urdu, Rajbanshi, Nepal Bhasa, Chamling, Sherpa and Santhali to be additional official languages, for specific regions and purposes in the province.[56]

Education

Koshi is renowned for its educational facilities; 71.22% of the population of the province can read and write.[57]

Education up to the level of master's degree is provided by Purbanchal University, which offers courses like Bachelor of Science in Agriculture and Bachelor of Science in Nursing.Template:Citation needed Insand titutions like BPKIHS, Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital, B&C Medical College Teaching Hospital offer MBBS and BDS courses along with paramedic courses.Template:Citation needed

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ↑ Biratnagar celebrates its status of provincial capital. The Himalayan Times(2018). Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  2. ↑ Locals intensify protest in Dhankuta after Biratnagar named as provincial HQ. Kathmandu Post Ekantipur(2018). Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  3. ↑ Nepal government announces Provincial Capitals and Chiefs. DDI News(2018). Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  4. ↑ Crucial North-South corridors making slow but steady progress. The Rising Nepal(22 June 2025).
  5. ↑ Editorial: Important step(2017). Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  6. ↑ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८ प्रारम्भिक नतिजा(2022). Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Province 1: Call for opportunities in the land of great promise. Kantipur Publications Pvt. Ltd.(2015). Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  8. ↑ Nepal's 'Province 1' renamed 'Koshi' after country's largest river. Canada Asia Sustainability Tracker(2023). Retrieved 9 March 2023.
  9. ↑ प्रदेश नं. १ सरकारको आधिकारिक पोर्टल. p1.gov.np. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  10. ↑ Nepal KO itshaas{{#if:Swatantra|, Swatantra}. Kriti publishers(2018)
  11. ↑ नेपालको जिल्ला प्रशासन पुनर्गठनको रिपोर्ट, २०१३{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Nepal Govt
  12. ↑ Land and social change in east Nepal{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2000)
  13. ↑ History and Culture of the Kirat People: Part I-II{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}
  14. ↑ Memorial Step of King Mahendra in 1st Poush 2017 BS. Review Nepal(2017). Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  15. ↑ प्रदेश १ राजधानी: विराटनगरको पक्षमा दुईतिहाई, नाम टुंगो लागेन(2019). Retrieved 7 May 2019.
  16. ↑ Protest against naming of Koshi Province intensifies. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  17. ↑ Geography of Nepal. Embassy of Nepal - Tokyo, Japan. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  18. ↑ Welcome to Federal Nepal, Koshi!, Republica. My Republica. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  19. ↑ Geography, Board, Nepal Tourism. ntb.gov.np. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  20. ↑ Koshi's weather forecast for today. justweather.org. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  21. ↑ Nepal Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase). Weatherbase. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  22. ↑ Province1. walkthroughhimalayas.com. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  23. ↑ Province No. 1. kathmandupost.ekantipur.com. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  24. ↑ Government finalises provinces' governors and temporary headquarters. nepalekhabar.com(17 January 2018). Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Sherdhan Rai elected CM of Province 1(14 February 2018). Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  26. ↑ FNCCI Koshi Province. Retrieved February 21, 2026.
  27. ↑ CNIYEF Koshi Chapter. Retrieved February 21, 2026.
  28. ↑ Koshi Province Investment Summit 2025. Koshi Province Investment Authority.
  29. ↑ Rs 2.56 billion invested in startups in Koshi Province. The Rising Nepal(6 January 2026).
  30. ↑ Rs 2.56 billion invested in startups in Koshi Province: NRB. The Himalayan Times(6 January 2026).
  31. ↑ Most startups in Koshi Province profitable despite funding and market challenges: NRB study. Khabarhub(6 January 2026).
  32. ↑ Koshi Province Investment Summit: PM calls for investing confidently. The Rising Nepal(1 May 2025).
  33. ↑ Preparations over for Koshi Province Investment Summit. The Rising Nepal(30 April 2025).
  34. ↑ First-ever investment summit in Koshi. The Annapurna Express(1 May 2025).
  35. ↑ Koshi Province Investment Summit: MoUs signed for investments worth 152 billion. Makalu Khabar English(2 May 2025).
  36. ↑ Investing in federalism(17 February 2026).
  37. ↑ Koshi Province launches 'Udaya' project to create 3,000 jobs. Khabarhub English(29 August 2025).
  38. ↑ 1st Koshi IT Summit 2025. CNIYEF Koshi Chapter.
  39. ↑ Rs 2.56 billion invested in startups in Koshi Province. The Rising Nepal.
  40. ↑ First Province Assembly meeting of Province 1 today. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  41. ↑ Pradeep Bhandari named Province 1 speaker. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  42. ↑ Feasibility report of larger Dharan Airport ready. Nagrik News(1 July 2017). Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  43. ↑ Indian locomotive arrives in Biratnagar for test run. KMG(4 November 2018). Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  44. ↑ Railway Transit for Cargo Bound for Biratnagar, Nepal via Jogbani, India. South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation(25 April 2018). Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  45. ↑ EIA of proposed electric railway in Province 1 ready. The Himalayan(18 December 2019). Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  46. ↑ MM One day national cricket starts on Jan 5. kathmandupost.ekantipur.com. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
  47. ↑ Province 1 sees growing night-time sporting sensation, RSS. My Republica. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  48. ↑ Province Number 1 squad - Prov-1-Nepal Squad - PM Cup (T20), 2022 Squad. ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  49. ↑ Morang: Dug-out Construction Begins At Sahid Maidan, Biratnagar. GoalNepal. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  50. ↑ Biggest Cities Nepal. www.geonames.org. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Population size and distribution of Koshi Province. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  52. ↑ Province No. 1. nepaltraveller.com. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  53. ↑ Province 1. Nepal Outlook | Believe in Data. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 National Data Portal-Nepal. nationaldata.gov.np. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
  55. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named census2021
  56. ↑ सरकारी कामकाजको भाषाका आधारहरूको निर्धारण तथा भाषासम्बन्धी सिफारिसहरू (पञ्चवर्षीय प्रतिवेदन- साराांश) २०७८. Language Commission. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  57. ↑ Template:Cite report

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