List of states with limited recognition

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A number of polities have declared independence and sought diplomatic recognition from the international community as sovereign states, but have not been universally recognised as such. These entities often have de facto control of their territory. A number of such entities have existed in the past.

There are two traditional theories used to indicate how a sovereign state comes into being. The declarative theory (codified in the 1933 Montevideo Convention) defines a state as a person in international law if it meets the following criteria:

  1. a defined territory
  2. a permanent population
  3. a government, and
  4. a capacity to enter into relations with other states.

According to the declarative theory, an entity's statehood is independent of its recognition by other states. By contrast, the constitutive theory defines a state as a person of international law only if it is recognised as such by other states that are already a member of the international community.[1][2]

Quasi-states often reference either or both doctrines in order to legitimise their claims to statehood. There are, for example, entities which meet the declarative criteria (with de facto partial or complete control over their claimed territory, a government and a permanent population), but whose statehood is not recognised by any other states. Non-recognition is often a result of conflicts with other countries that claim those entities as integral parts of their territory. In other cases, two or more partially recognised states may claim the same territorial area, with each of them de facto in control of a portion of it (as have been the cases of the Republic of China (ROC; commonly called "Taiwan") and the People's Republic of China (PRC), and North and South Korea). Entities that are recognised by only a minority of the world's states usually reference the declarative doctrine to legitimise their claims.

In many situations, international non-recognition is influenced by the presence of a foreign military force in the territory of the contested entity, making the description of the country's de facto status problematic. The international community can judge this military presence too intrusive, reducing the entity to a puppet state where effective sovereignty is retained by the foreign power. Historical cases in this sense can be seen in Japanese-led Manchukuo or the German-created Slovak Republic and Independent State of Croatia before and during World War II. In the 1996 case Loizidou v. Turkey, the European Court of Human Rights judged Turkey for having exercised authority in the territory of Northern Cyprus.

There are also entities which do not have control over any territory or do not unequivocally meet the declarative criteria for statehood but have been recognised to exist as sovereign entities by at least one other state. Historically this has happened in the case of the Holy See (1870–1929), Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (during Soviet annexation), and the State of Palestine at the time of its declaration of independence in 1988. The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is currently in this position. See list of governments in exile for unrecognised governments without control over the territory claimed.

List criteria

The criteria for inclusion on this list is limited to polities which claim sovereignty, those that lack recognition from at least one UN member state, and either:

Background

Women in Somaliland wearing the colors of the Somaliland flag

There are Template:UNnum United Nations (UN) member states, while both the Holy See and Palestine have observer state status in the United Nations.[3] However, some countries fulfill the declarative criteria, are recognised by the large majority of other states and are members of the United Nations, but are still included in the list here because one or more other states do not recognise their statehood, due to territorial claims or other conflicts.

Some states maintain informal (officially non-diplomatic) relations with states that do not officially recognise them. Taiwan (officially called the Republic of China) is one such state, as it maintains unofficial relations with many other states through its Economic and Cultural Offices, which allow regular consular services. This allows Taiwan to have economic relations even with states that do not formally recognise it. A total of 56 states, including Germany,[4] Italy,[5] the United States,[6] and the United Kingdom,[7] maintain some form of unofficial mission in Taiwan. Kosovo,[8] Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh),[9] Northern Cyprus,[10] Abkhazia,[11] Transnistria,[11] the Sahrawi Republic,[12] Somaliland,[13] and Palestine[14] also host informal diplomatic missions, and/or maintain special delegations or other informal missions abroad.

States that are UN members or observers

UN member states not recognised by at least one UN member state
Name Declared Status Other claimants Further information
Template:Flag 1991 Armenia, independent since 1991, is not recognised by one UN member, Pakistan, which has a position of supporting Azerbaijan since the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.[15][16] None Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
Template:Flag 1949 The People's Republic of China (PRC), proclaimed in 1949,[17] is the more widely recognised of the two claimant governments of China, the other being Taiwan. The United Nations recognised the ROC as the sole representative of China until 1971, when it decided to give this recognition to the PRC instead (see United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758). The PRC and the ROC do not recognise each other's statehood, and each enforces its own version of the One-China policy meaning that no state can recognise both of them at the same time.Template:Efn The states that recognise the ROC (Template:Numrec) regard it as the sole legitimate government of China and therefore do not recognise the PRC. Bhutan is the only UN member state that has never explicitly recognised either the PRC or the ROC. The Template:Flag considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of China (including Taiwan), and therefore claims exclusive sovereignty over all territory controlled by the PRC. See also: Two Chinas; One Country on Each Side. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
PRC's diplomatic relations dates of establishment
Template:Flag 1960 The Republic of Cyprus, independent since 1960, is not recognised by one UN member (Turkey) and one non-UN member (Northern Cyprus), due to the ongoing civil dispute over the island. Turkey does not accept the Republic's rule over the whole island and refers to it as the "Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus".[18][19][20][21] Template:Flag claims the northeastern half of the island of Cyprus. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
Template:Flag 1948 Israel, founded in 1948, is not recognised by 28 UN members.[22][23][24][25][26] The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which enjoys majority international recognition as sole representative of the Palestinian people, recognised Israel in 1993. In January 2018 and October 2018,[27] the Palestinian Central Council voted to suspend recognition of Israel, but this position has yet to be acted upon by Palestinian President Abbas.[28][29] The Template:Flag considers itself to be the legitimate government of the West Bank, which is under Israeli occupation.
The Template:Flag considers itself to be the legitimate government of the Golan Heights, a territory which Israel controls and claims with limited recognition. 		Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition
Template:Flagdeco Democratic People's Republic of Korea 1948 North Korea (officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea), independent since 1948, is not recognised by Estonia, France,[30] Japan,[31] South Korea,[32] and the United States.[33]Template:Sfn Template:Flag claims all territory controlled by North Korea.[32] Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
Template:Flagdeco Republic of Korea 1948 South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea), independent since 1948, is not recognised by one UN member, North Korea.[34][35] Template:Flag considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of Korea, and claims all territory controlled by South Korea. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
UN observer states not recognised by at least one UN member state
Name Declared Status Other claimants Further information
Template:Flag 1988 Israel gained control of the Palestinian territories as a result of the Six-Day War in 1967, but has never formally annexed them. The State of Palestine (commonly known as Palestine) was declared in 1988 by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which is recognised by a majority of UN member states and the UN itself as the sole representative of the Palestinian people. Since the end of the first Palestinian Intifada against Israel the Israeli government has gradually moved its armed forces and settlers out of certain parts of Palestine's claimed territory, while still maintaining varying degrees of control over most of it.[36] The Palestinian National Authority (PNA), which performs limited internal government functions over certain areas of Palestine, was established in 1994. The 2007 split between the Fatah and Hamas political parties resulted in competing governments claiming to represent the PNA and Palestine, with Fatah exercising authority exclusively over the West Bank and enjoying majority recognition from UN member states, and a separate Hamas leadership exercising authority exclusively over the Gaza area (except for a short period from 2014 to 2016).Template:Efn Palestine is currently Template:Numrec UN member states,[37][38] the Holy See,[39] and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.[40] The remaining UN member states, including Israel, do not recognise the State of Palestine. The United Nations designates the claimed Palestinian territories as "occupied" by Israel,[41] and accorded Palestine non-member observer state status in 2012[42] (see United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19). Palestine also has membership in the Arab League, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and UNESCO.[43] Template:Flag regards the area claimed by Palestine as "disputed" territory (that is, territory not legally belonging to any state).[44]Template:Efn Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition, Israeli–Palestinian peace process, Proposals for a Palestinian state

States that are not UN members or observers

Non-UN member states recognised by at least one UN member state
Name Declared Status Other claimants Further information
Template:Flag 1999 Abkhazia declared its independence in 1999.[45] It is currently recognised by 5 UN member states (Russia, Syria, Nicaragua, Venezuela, and Nauru), and three non-UN member states (South Ossetia, Artsakh and Transnistria).[46][47][48][49][50]Two additional UN member states (Tuvalu and Vanuatu) had recognised Abkhazia, but subsequently withdrew their recognition.[51][52][53][54][55][56] Abkhazia is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of Template:Flag. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition
Template:Flag 1949 The Republic of China (ROC), constitutionally formed in 1912, and located primarily in Taiwan since 1949 (resulting in "Taiwan" being frequently used to refer to the state), enjoyed majority recognition as the sole government of China until roughly the late 1950s/1960s, when a majority of UN member states started to gradually switch recognition to the People's Republic of China (PRC).[57] The United Nations itself recognised the ROC as the sole representative of China until 1971, when it decided to give this recognition to the PRC instead (see United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758). The ROC and PRC do not recognise each other's statehood, and each enforces its own version of the One-China policy meaning that no state can recognise both of them at the same time.Template:Efn The ROC is currently recognised by Template:Numrec UN members and the Holy See. Almost all the remaining UN member states, as well as the Cook Islands and Niue, recognise the PRC instead of the ROC and either accept the PRC's territorial claim over Taiwan, take a non-committal position on Taiwan's status, or sidestep the Taiwan issue entirely. A significant number of PRC-recognising UN member states, as well as the Republic of Somaliland, nonetheless conduct officially non-diplomatic relations with the ROC, designating it as either "Taipei" or "Taiwan". Bhutan is the only UN member state that has never explicitly recognised the ROC or the PRC. Since the early 1990s, the ROC has sought separate United Nations membership under a variety of names, including "Taiwan".[58] The Template:Flag considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of China (including Taiwan) and therefore claims exclusive sovereignty over all territory controlled by the ROC. See also: Two Chinas, One China, One Taiwan. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
Political status
Template:Flag 2008 Kosovo declared its independence in 2008.[59]It is currently recognised by Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". UN members, Taiwan, the Cook Islands and Niue. Template:Numrec/Kos other UN members have recognised Kosovo and subsequently withdrawn recognition. The United Nations, as stipulated in Security Council Resolution 1244, has administered the territory since 1999 through the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo,[60] with cooperation from the European Union since 2008. Kosovo is a member of the International Monetary Fund, World Bank Group, Venice Commission, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the International Olympic Committee, among others. Template:Flag claims Kosovo as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition; Political status
Template:Flag 1976 Morocco invaded and annexed most of Western Sahara, forcing Spain to withdraw from the territory in 1975.[61] In 1976, the Polisario Front declared the independence of Western Sahara as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).[62] The SADR is largely a government in exile located in Algeria, which claims the entire territory of Western Sahara, but controls only a small fraction of it. The SADR is recognised by Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". UN member states and South Ossetia. Template:Numrec other UN member states have recognised the SADR but subsequently retracted or suspended recognition, pending the outcome of a referendum on self-determination.[63][64] The remaining UN member states, including Morocco, have never recognised the SADR. The SADR is a member of the African Union. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37 recognised the right of the Western Sahara people to self-determination and recognised also the Polisario Front as the representative of the Western Sahara people.[65] Western Sahara is listed on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. Other than Morocco and the United States,[66] no state officially recognises Morocco's annexation of Western Sahara, but some states support the Moroccan autonomy plan. The Arab League supports Morocco's claim over the entire territory of Western Sahara.[67] Template:Flag claims Western Sahara (including the area controlled by the SADR) as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition; Political status
Template:Flag 1992 South Ossetia declared its independence in 1992.[68] It is currently recognised by Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "[". UN member states (Russia, Syria, Nicaragua, Venezuela, and Nauru), and four non-UN member states (Abkhazia, Artsakh, Transnistria and Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic).[46][47][48][50][69] One additional UN member state (Tuvalu) had recognised South Ossetia, but subsequently withdrew its recognition.[52][53] South Ossetia is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of Template:Flag. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition
Template:Flag 1983 Northern Cyprus declared its independence in 1983 with its official name being the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC). It is recognised by one UN member, Turkey. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Economic Cooperation Organization have granted Northern Cyprus observer status under the name "Turkish Cypriot State". United Nations Security Council Resolution 541 defines the declaration of independence of Northern Cyprus as legally invalid.[70] The International Court of Justice stated in its advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence in 2010 that "the Security Council in an exceptional character attached illegality to the DOI of TRNC because it was, or would have been connected with the unlawful use of force" and "general international law contains no applicable prohibition of declarations of independence".[71] The TRNC is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of Template:Flag. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
Cyprus dispute
Non-UN member states recognised only by other non-UN member states
Name Declared Status Other claimants Further information
Template:Flag 1991 Artsakh (formerly known as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic) declared its independence in 1991 (roughly at the same time as Azerbaijan itself when the Soviet Union fell). It is recognised by three non-UN members: Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Transnistria.[72][73][69] Artsakh is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of Template:Flag. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition, Political status
Template:Flag 1990 Transnistria (officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic) declared its independence in 1990. It is recognised by three non-UN members: Abkhazia, Artsakh and South Ossetia.[72][74] Transnistria is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of Template:Flag. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition, Political status
Template:Flag 1991 Somaliland declared its independence in 1991. It claims to be the successor to the State of Somaliland, a short lived sovereign state that existed from 26 June 1960 (when the British Somaliland Protectorate gained full independence from the United Kingdom) to 1 July 1960 (when the State of Somaliland united with Somalia to form the Somali Republic).[72][75] It is recognized by the Republic of China, whose Ministry of Foreign Affairs refers to Somaliland as a country as of 2023.[76] The ROC and Somaliland have mutual representative offices in each others' countries, similar to how the ROC conducts relations with other countries that do not recognize it.[77][78] Somaliland is not officially recognised by any UN member state, though it maintains unofficial relations with a limited number of them. Somaliland is generally recognised as part of the sovereign territory of Template:Flag. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)

Other entities with limited recognition of sovereignty

Other entities recognised as sovereign by at least one UN member state
Name Declared Status Other claimants Further information
Template:Flag 1965 The Cook Islands became a state in free association with New Zealand in 1965. Although the Cook Islands are fully self-governing and behave as a sovereign state in international law, their constitutional status is different from that of a fully independent state, considering that all Cook Islands nationals are New Zealand citizens, and the country's head of state is the monarch of New Zealand.[79][80][81] As of 2015, the Cook Islands had established diplomatic relations with 43 states,[82] while the number as of April 2023 is at least 53 UN member states, as well as the Holy See, Kosovo, Niue and the European Union. Some countries establishing diplomatic relations such as the United States have recognized the Cook Islands as a fully sovereign state, while some such as France have not.[83][84] The Cook Islands are a member of nine United Nations Specialized Agencies, and the United Nations currently classifies the Cook Islands as a "non-member state", a category unique only to it and Niue.[85][86][87][88] State in free association with Template:Flag, recognized by some as having no international sovereignty. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
Political status
Template:Flag 1974 Niue became a state in free association with New Zealand in 1974 after a constitutional referendum. Although Niue is fully self-governing and behaves as a sovereign state in international law, its constitutional status is different from that of a fully independent state, considering that all Niue nationals are New Zealand citizens, and the country's head of state is the monarch of New Zealand.[89][80] As of April 2023, Niue has established diplomatic relations with at least 26 UN member states, as well as the Cook Islands and the European Union. Niue is a member of eight United Nations Specialized Agencies, and the United Nations currently classifies Niue as a "non-member state", a category unique only to it and the Cook Islands.[85][86][87][88] State in free association with Template:Flag, recognized by some as having no international sovereignty. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
Political status
Template:Flag 1113 The Template:AnchorSovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM) is considered a sovereign non-state entity as it claims neither statehood nor territory.[90][91][92][93][94] First recognized as sovereign by Pope Paschal II in 1113, it has established full diplomatic relations with 111 UN member states as a sovereign subject of international law,[95] and also maintains diplomatic relations with the European Union, the Holy See, and the State of Palestine.[96] Additionally, it participates in the United Nations as an observer entity. Some states recognize SMOM as a sovereign state, rather than a sovereign subject of international law, such as San Marino.[97][98][99] Italy's Supreme Court of Cassation decreed on 6 June 1974 that SMOM "constitutes a sovereign international subject, in all terms equal, even if without territory, to a foreign state with which Italy has normal diplomatic relations".[100] As Italy recognizes, in addition to extraterritoriality, SMOM sovereignty within its headquarters in Italy, Italian and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping.[94] None Foreign relations, missions (of, to)

Excluded entities

  • Some subnational entities and regions function as de facto independent states, with the central government exercising little or no control over their territory. These entities, however, do not explicitly claim to be independent states and are therefore not included. Examples include Galmudug and Puntland in Somalia, Gaza in Palestine, the Kurdistan Region in Iraq, Rojava in Syria, the Wa State in Myanmar, and the areas under control of the Houthi movement in Yemen.
  • Uncontacted peoples who either live in societies that cannot be defined as states or whose statuses as such are not definitively known.
  • Entities considered to be micronations are not included, even if they are recognised by another micronation. Even though micronations generally claim to be sovereign and independent, it is often debatable whether a micronation truly controls its claimed territory.Template:Efn For this reason, micronations are usually not considered of geopolitical relevance. For a list of micronations, see list of micronations.
  • Those areas undergoing current civil wars and other situations with problems over government succession, regardless of temporary alignment with the inclusion criteria (e.g. by receiving recognition as state or legitimate government), where the conflict is still in its active phase, the situation is too rapidly changing and no relatively stable quasi-states have emerged yet.
  • Rebel groups that have declared independence and exert some control over territory, but that reliable sources do not describe as meeting the threshold of a sovereign state under international law. Examples include Ambazonia and the Southern Movement; see list of rebel groups that control territory for a more complete list of such groups.
  • Those of the current irredentist movements and governments in exile that do not satisfy the inclusion criteria by simultaneously not satisfying the declarative theory and not having been recognised as state or legitimate government by any other state.
  • Some states can be slow to establish relations with new UN member states and thus do not explicitly recognise them, despite having no dispute and sometimes favorable relations. These are excluded from the list. Examples include Croatia[101] and Montenegro.[102]

See also

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Notes

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References

  1. ↑ Thomas D. Grant, The recognition of states: law and practice in debate and evolution (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1999), chapter 1.
  2. ↑ Recognition in International Law{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(2012). ISBN 9781107609433
  3. ↑ Non-member State. Un.org. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  4. ↑ Germany – Countries A to Z. Auswaertiges-amt.de. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  5. ↑ Ambasciate Consolati e Uffici di promozione. Esteri.it. Retrieved 29 April 2011.Template:Dead link
  6. ↑ U.S. Department of State Websites of U.S. Embassies, Consulates, and Diplomatic Missions Template:Webarchive Retrieved 3 February 2011
  7. ↑ Find an Embassy. Fco.gov.uk. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  8. ↑ Foreign Missions in Kosovo. Government of Kosovo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  9. ↑ Permanent Representations. Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  10. ↑ Representative Offices Abroad. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Public Information Office. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Abkhazia in the system of international relations. Government of Abkhazia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  12. ↑ Pagina nueva 1.
  13. ↑ Contacts and addresses of the Somaliland Representative Offices around the world. Government of Somaliland. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  14. ↑ Embassies, Missions, General and Special Delegations of Palestine abroad. WebGaza.net. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
  15. ↑ Pakistan Worldview – Report 21 – Visit to Azerbaijan Senate of Pakistan — Senate foreign relations committee, 2008
  16. ↑ Nilufer Bakhtiyar: "For Azerbaijan Pakistan does not recognise Armenia as a country" Template:Webarchive 13 September 2006 [14:03] – Today.Az
  17. ↑ Constitution of the People's Republic of China. International Human Rights Treaties and Documents Database. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
  18. ↑ European Parliament Directorate-General External Policies Policy Department "Turkey and the problem of the recognition of Cyprus" Template:Webarchive 20 January 2005 Retrieved 3 February 2011
  19. ↑ Cyprus. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
  20. ↑ Cyprus exists without Turkey's recognition: president. Xinhua Online. XINHUA. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
  21. ↑ European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs "The influence of Turkish military forces on political agenda-setting in Turkey, analysed on the basis of the Cyprus question" Template:Webarchive 18 February 2008 Retrieved 3 February 2011
  22. ↑ Declaration of Israel's Independence 1948. Yale University. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
  23. ↑ H. RES. 1249. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
  24. ↑ 'Reply' Online Book Chapter 1. Mythsandfacts.org. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  25. ↑ Khartoum Resolution. Council on Foreign Relations.
  26. ↑ Israel's Diplomatic Missions Abroad: Status of relations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  27. ↑ Top Palestinian body calls for revoking recognition of Israel, nixing agreements, Bachner, Michael. www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  28. ↑ PA's Mahmoud Abbas declares suspension of all deals with Israel. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  29. ↑ PLO suspends recognition of Israel. Middle East Monitor. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
  30. ↑ Audition de M. Jack Lang, envoyé spécial du Président de la République pour la Corée du Nord.. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  31. ↑ Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Seoul's double-talk on reunification, Scofield, David. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
  33. ↑ Seung-Ho Joo, Tae-Hwan Kwak – Korea in the 21st Century Template:Webarchive
  34. ↑ World War II and Korea. Country Studies. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
  35. ↑ China, Backing North Korea, Quits Armistice Commission. The New York Times. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
  36. ↑ Palestinians 'may declare state'. BBC News. Retrieved 22 January 2011.:"Saeb Erekat, disagreed arguing that the Palestine Liberation Organisation had already declared independence in 1988. "Now we need real independence, not a declaration. We need real independence by ending the occupation. We are not Kosovo. We are under Israeli occupation and for independence we need to acquire independence".
  37. ↑ International Recognition of the State of Palestine.. The PNA has publicly acknowledged recognition from 94 states, including the former Yugoslavia.
  38. ↑ Embassies of Palestine. Webgaza.net. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  39. ↑ 124 Out Of 193 Countries Recognize Palestinian Independence. IMEMC News. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  40. ↑ Spotlight on Morocco. West Africa({Template:Year). "... the SADR was one of the first countries to recognise the state of Palestine."
  41. ↑ Committee on Exercise of Inalienable Rights of Palestinian People – GA Resolution (A/RES/73/18), Heaney, Christopher. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  42. ↑ Palestinians win upgraded UN status by wide margin. BBC News. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
  43. ↑ Arab States: Palestine. United Nations. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  44. ↑ Disputed Territories- Forgotten Facts About the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  45. ↑ Regions and territories: Abkhazia. BBC News. Retrieved 31 March 2011.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Russia recognises Georgian rebels. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Venezuela's Chavez draws closer to Moscow. Reuters(10 September 2009). Retrieved 20 October 2009.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Syria formally recognizes Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Eurasianet. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  49. ↑ Abkhazia: Ten Years On. Conciliation Resources. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 South Ossetia opens embassy in Abkhazia.
  51. ↑ On the establishment of diplomatic relations between Republic of Abkhazia and Tuvalu. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Tuvalu takes back recognition of independence of Abkhazia and so-called South Ossetia. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia – Ministry's Statements. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  54. ↑ Vanuatu's recognition to the Republic of Abkhazia. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  55. ↑ Vanuatu's initial recognition was invalidated after the Kilman government was annulled by the Supreme Court. Kilman was subsequently re-elected and its recognition was re-confirmed by its Foreign Minister in July 2011: Natapei withdraws recognition of Abkhazia, Vanuatu Daily Post, 19 June 2011
  56. ↑ Georgia Says Vanuatu Has Withdrawn Recognition of Abkhazia. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  57. ↑ Global Investment and Business Center, Inc. Staff Taiwan Foreign Policy and National Security Yearbook 2011 Second Edition International Business Publications, USA Template:ISBN Online version available at Google Books
  58. ↑ Taiwan's UN Dilemma: To Be or Not To Be, Winkler, Sigrid. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
  59. ↑ Kosovo MPs proclaim independence. BBC News. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
  60. ↑ Kosovo. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  61. ↑ Western Sahara: War, Nationalism, and Conflict Irresolution{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-3219-1
  62. ↑ Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Retrieved 28 February 2008.
  63. ↑ Here the states which recognize the SADR. It is a non-official list, with dates of recognition and cancellation. ARSO. Retrieved 7 February 2011.
  64. ↑ About Western Sahara. Australia Western Sahara Association. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  65. ↑ Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly at its 34th session, United Nations.
  66. ↑ Proclamation on Recognizing The Sovereignty Of The Kingdom Of Morocco Over The Western Sahara. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  67. ↑ Morocco king rejects independence for Western Sahara. Arab News. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  68. ↑ A reply of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of South Ossetia to IA "Res" Question Concerning the Act of Adoption of RSO State Independence on 29 of May 1992. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of South Ossetia. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Template:In lang Вице-спикер парламента Абхазии: Выборы в НКР соответствуют всем международным стандартам Template:Webarchive: "Абхазия, Южная Осетия, НКР и Приднестровье уже давно признали независимость друг друга и очень тесно сотрудничают между собой", – сказал вице-спикер парламента Абхазии. ... "...Абхазия признала независимость Нагорно-Карабахской Республики..." – сказал он." English language translation Template:Webarchive from Microsoft Translator
  70. ↑ Security Council resolution 541 (1983) on Cyprus. Un.int. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
  71. ↑ Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Paragraph 81. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 The Foreign Policy of Counter Secession: Preventing the Recognition of Contested States{{#if:Ker-Lindsay|, Ker-Lindsay}. Oxford University Press(2012). ISBN 9780199698394
  73. ↑ BBC Country Profiles: Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  74. ↑ Abkhazia: Ten Years On. BBC 2. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
  75. ↑ BBC Country Profiles: Regions and territories: Somaliland Template:Webarchive. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  76. ↑ Republic of Somaliland. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China. Retrieved 2023-02-28.
  77. ↑ Taiwan opens representative office in Somaliland. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  78. ↑ Somaliland launches representative office in Taiwan. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  79. ↑ About Cook Islands. New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade(February 11, 2021). Retrieved April 21, 2023.
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 Home Page - Pacific Islands Report. pidp.eastwestcenter.org. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
  81. ↑ Uncharted Waters: Has the Cook Islands become Eligible for Membership in the United Nations. New Zealand Journal of Public and International Law.
  82. ↑ Wayback Machine. intaff.gov.ck(November 13, 2019). Retrieved April 21, 2023.
  83. ↑ U.S confirms recognition of the Cook Islands as a sovereign state. PINA(September 30, 2022). Retrieved April 21, 2023.
  84. ↑ Cook Islands. La France en Nouvelle Zélande(December 21, 2018). Retrieved April 21, 2023.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 United Nations - The World Today. Un.org(2019-09-01). Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 UN: "data for 197 countries: all 193 member states, two observer states (the Holy See and Palestine) and two non-member states (Cook Islands and Niue)". Un.org. Retrieved 2017-07-30.
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 A World Tour of the States not recognized by the UN, Perrier, Marine Mulcey, translated by Lucie. Retrieved 2015-09-05.
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 United Nations Treaty Collection. Treaties.un.org. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
  89. ↑ Niue, Affairs, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign. New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade(November 7, 2022). Retrieved April 21, 2023.
  90. ↑ La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Jurídica. Venezuela Analitica. Retrieved 1 August 2015. English language translation "The Order of Malta, within the limits that are compatible with its actual position as a subject deprived of territory, is in the international community, a sovereign entity on par with the States, and the Prince Grand Master is comparable, from the point of view of international law, to the Heads of State."
  91. ↑ Permanent Observer Mission of the Order of Malta to the United Nations in New York "The admission of Order of Malta to the United Nations also further solidified its legally recognized sovereignty ..."
  92. ↑ Shaw, Malcolm Nathan International Law Fifth Edition Cambridge University Press 2003 Template:ISBN p. 218 Searchable text Template:Webarchive, available via Amazon.com, "The Italian Court of Cassation in 1935 recognised the international personality of the Order, noting that 'the modern theory of the subjects of international law recognises a number of collective units whose composition is independent of the nationality of their constituent members and whose scope transcends by virtue of their universal character the territorial confines of any single state.' (Nanni v. Pace and the Sovereign Order of Malta 8 AD, p. 2.)"
  93. ↑ Reconócese a la Soberana Orden Militar de Malta como Entidad Internacionál Independiente. Boletín Oficiál de la República Argentina, Año LIX, Número 16.92(19 June 1951). Retrieved 11 February 2016. "The Senate and Chamber of Deputies of Argentina, in Congress assembled, enact as LAW: Article 1 – The Sovereign Military Order of Malta is hereby recognized as an international independent entity."
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 La Orden de Malta y su Naturaleza Jurídica (The Order of Malta and Its Legal Nature), Arocha, Magaly. Analítica.com(May 1999). Retrieved 1 October 2012. English language translation "[T]he clear territorial separation of sovereign areas that exists between the Italian State and the State of Vatican City does not exist between the Order of Malta and the Italian State, but neither can it be said that the treatment given to the headquarters of the Order (Aventine, Via Condotti) is, simply, that reserved for the headquarters of diplomatic missions accredited to the Italian State. In fact, the headquarters of the Order have diplomatic extraterritoriality (authoritarian acts of any kind – executive, acts of inspection, judicial – cannot take place inside), but in addition, the Italian State recognizes the exercise, in the headquarters, of the prerogatives of sovereignty. This means that Italian sovereignty and Maltese sovereignty coexist without overlapping, because the Order exercises sovereign functions in a wider area than occurs in the diplomatic missions of the States for, although [those diplomatic missions] enjoy extraterritoriality, the guarantees deriving from the privilege of immunity are constrained to a purely administrative area; the Order, instead, makes use of extraterritoriality to meet the very acts of sovereign self-determination that are the same as the States (legislative, judicial, administrative, financial acts)."
  95. ↑ The Sovereign Military Order of Malta maintains embassies around the world and receives accreditations from foreign ambassadors.
  96. ↑ Bilateral relations. Sovereign Order of Malta(April 5, 2023). Retrieved April 22, 2023.
  97. ↑ Il diritto di legazione attivo e passivo dell'Ordine de Malta{{#if:Cansacchi|, Cansacchi}
  98. ↑ Saint-marin et l'Ordre de Malta. La Revue Diplomatique.
  99. ↑ Cox, Noel S.B., The Continuing Question of Sovereignty and the Sovereign Military Order of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta (June 2008). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1140462 Template:Webarchive or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1140462 Template:Webarchive
  100. ↑ Corte Suprema di Cassazione; Sezioni unite civili; sentenza 6 giugno 1974, n. 1653. Il Foro Italiano.
  101. ↑ Date of Recognition and Establishment od Diplomatic Relations. mvep.gov.hr. Croatian Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  102. ↑ Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations. mip.gov.me. Montenegrin Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 1 March 2022.

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