Luna 25

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Last edited August 21, 2023

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Template:Infobox spaceflight Luna 25 was a Russian lunar lander mission by Roscosmos[1] that was scheduled to land near the lunar south pole at the crater Boguslawsky. Initially called Luna-Glob lander, it was renamed Luna 25 to emphasize the continuity of the Soviet Luna programme from the 1970s, though it is still part of what was at one point conceptualized as the Luna-Glob lunar exploration program. It is the first lunar probe that the Russian space agency Roscosmos has sent to the Moon (notwithstanding the ones sent by the Soviet space program) and would have been the first probe to land on the lunar south pole.[2]

The Luna 25 mission lifted off on August 10, 2023, 23:10 UTC, atop a Soyuz-2.1b rocket from the Vostochny Cosmodrome in Russia's far eastern Amur Region.[3]

On 20 August 2023, it crashed on the Moon's surface during de-orbiting after technical glitches. Later on the same day, the Russian space agency Roscosmos declared that the Luna 25 crashed into the Moon surface and the lander no longer exists.[4][5][6][7]

History

The previous Soviet lunar lander was Luna 24 in 1976. Nascent plans for what became Luna 25 began in the late 1990s, with the evaluation of two spacecraft designs having taken place by 1998. Attempts to revive and complete the project continued throughout the 2000s and were punctuated by an aborted attempt at international cooperation via a merger with JAXA's now-cancelled Lunar-A orbiter, and pressure from another attempted cooperative lunar mission with Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) (which continued without Russia's involvement).[8]

Initial mission plans called for a lander and orbiter, with the latter also deploying impact penetrators. In its current form, Luna 25 is a lander only, with a primary mission of proving out the landing technology. The mission carries Template:Cvt of scientific instruments, including a robotic arm for soil samples and possible drilling hardware.[4][9]

Delays in the 2010s came first from the significant rework and delay brought on by the failure of Phobos-Grunt in 2011. This is the point at which the modern Luna 25 design was developed. Later, work on the lander was slowed by resource pressures being placed upon spacecraft developer NPO Lavochkin, such as the weather satellite Elektro-L No.2 and the Spektr-RG observatory[10] as well the landing platform Russia was contributing to ExoMars 2020.[11]

By 2017, the propulsion system for the spacecraft was in assembly.[12]

The intended landing site is located at Template:Coords (north of the crater Boguslavsky), with two reserve areas located at Template:Coords (southwest of the Manzini crater) and Template:Coords (south of Pentland A crater).[13]

The estimated mission duration of the lander on the surface of the Moon was at least one Earth year.[13]

Flight

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The launch took place on 10 August 2023 on a Soyuz-2 rocket with Fregat upper stage from Vostochny Cosmodrome.[3][14][15][16] On August 16, the probe entered lunar orbit, with a scheduled landing date of 21 August.[17]

On 19 August Roscosmos declared an "abnormal situation" on the lander after issuing an unsuccessful command for a small engine burn, moving the lander into a "pre-landing" orbit. On 20 August it was confirmed by Roscosmos that the probe crashed on the lunar surface after contact was lost.[18][19][20]

Science payload

Proposed landing sites

The lander featured a Template:Cvt payload composed by 8 Russian science instruments:[21][22]

  • ADRON-LR, active neutron and gamma-ray analysis of regolith
  • ARIES-L, measurement of plasma in the exosphere
  • LASMA-LR, laser mass-spectrometer
  • LIS-TV-RPM, infrared spectrometry of minerals and imaging
  • PmL, measurement of dust and micro-meteorites
  • THERMO-L, measurement of the thermal properties of regolith
  • STS-L, panoramic and local imaging
  • Laser retroreflector, Moon libration and ranging experiments

LINA-XSAN, a Swedish payload, was originally to fly with Luna 25, but delays to the launch date caused Sweden to cancel this plan. Instead, LINA-XSAN flew on Chang'e 4 in 2019.[23]

ESA's PILOT-D navigation demonstration camera was planned to be flown on this mission, but is already being procured from a commercial service provider and will fly along with them on their mission,[24] due to continued international collaboration having been thrown into doubt by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and related sanctions on Russia.[25][26] The demonstrative instrument was supposed to collect data for the landing of other missions and was therefore not part of the probe's operating system.[27]

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Chandrayaan-3 Vs Russia's Luna-25 Which one is likely to win the space race(14 August 2023).
  2. ↑ Russia's Luna 25 could land on the moon days before Chandrayaan-3: How the two missions compare. The Indian Express(13 August 2023).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Leonard 2023
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Luna-Glob (Luna 25), Krebs, Gunter(3 December 2019). Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  5. ↑ As Chandrayaan-3 and Luna 25 prepare to land on Moon, two questions.
  6. ↑ ГК «Роскосмос»: Об автоматической станции «Луна-25» | Space Research Institute - IKI. iki.cosmos.ru. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
  7. ↑ Preliminary data shows Luna-25 lunar probe collided with Moon’s surface – Roscosmos. TASS. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
  8. ↑ Luna-Glob project, Zak, Anatoly. RussianSpaceWeb.com(19 June 2019). Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  9. ↑ The Luna-Glob lander, Zak, Anatoly(9 October 2019). Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  10. ↑ Luna-Glob (Luna 25) project in 2013, Zak, Anatoly. RussianSpaceWeb.com(11 December 2017). Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  11. ↑ Development of the Luna-Glob project in 2014 and 2015, Zak, Anatoly. RussianSpaceWeb.com(12 January 2018). Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  12. ↑ Luna-Glob's stop and go, Zak, Anatoly. RussianSpaceWeb.com(31 March 2018). Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 ЛУНА-25 | Space Research Institute - IKI. iki.cosmos.ru. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  14. ↑ Запуск первой в истории современной России миссии на Луну запланировали на 11 августа(5 June 2023). Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  15. ↑ Запуск миссии "Луна-25" с космодрома Восточный запланировали на 22 августа(8 April 2022). Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  16. ↑ Россия запустит космический аппарат на Луну 1 октября 2021 года(17 March 2020). Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  17. ↑ Russia's Luna-25 spacecraft enters lunar orbit -space agency. Reuters(16 August 2023).
  18. ↑ Госкорпорация «Роскосмос». Telegram. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
  19. ↑ Is Luna 25 alive? Russia says an “emergency situation” has occurred, Berger, Eric. Ars Technica(2023-08-19). Retrieved 2023-08-20.
  20. ↑ ГК «Роскосмос»: Об автоматической станции «Луна-25» | Space Research Institute - IKI. iki.cosmos.ru. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
  21. ↑ Luna 25 (Luna-Glob Lander) Payload. Iki.rssi.ru.
  22. ↑ NASA - Spacecraft Luna 25 - Details. nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  23. ↑ Russia's Luna-Glob faces technical, political and ballistic issues, Pillet, Nicolas. NASASpaceFlight.com(25 June 2018). Retrieved 14 January 2020.
  24. ↑ ESA's PROSPECT lunar drill (originally scheduled to fly on Luna-27) will now fly on a NASA CLPS mission. ESA's PILoT-D (originally planned for Luna 25) navigation camera is "already being procured from a commercial service provider.". Twitter. Retrieved 2022-04-14.
  25. ↑ Russia's invasion of Ukraine is redrawing the geopolitics of space. Nature({Template:Date).
  26. ↑ Redirecting ESA programmes in response to geopolitical crisis. www.esa.int. Retrieved 2022-04-14.
  27. ↑ Europe halts moon exploration partnership with Russia, looks to replace Ukraine-built rocket engines. Space.com(13 April 2022).

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