High-speed rail in India

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Last edited August 24, 2023

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Indian Railways does not currently have any operational high-speed rail lines, though a total of eight corridors have been approved, with the corridor between Mumbai and Ahmedabad under construction.[1] As of 2023, the fastest train services in India are the Gatimaan Express and Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj)–Hazrat Nizamuddin Vande Bharat Express with peak operational speed of Template:Convert on the Tughlakabad – Agra Cantonment section of the route.[2]

E5 Series Shinkansen of JR East. The series which is set to be used on the Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor.

The first high-speed railway corridor between Mumbai and Ahmedabad (Template:Convert) is currently under construction with a designed maximum operational speed of Template:Convert.[3][4] The corridor will use standard gauge, instead of the more prevalent broad gauge on the rest of the rail network, and will be built with Shinkansen technology. It is expected to carry passengers between the two cities in around three hours and the ticket prices are expected to be competitive with air travel. This project was initially targeted for completion by December 2023, however, owing mainly to land acquisition issues in Maharashtra and the COVID-19 pandemic, it is now expected to be completed by October 2028. However, a portion of this line between Surat and Bilimora is planned to be opened by 2026.[5][6]

Background

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Prime Minister Narendra Modi greets Japanese PM Abe before boarding a N700 Series Shinkansen to Kobe.

The Ministry of Railways white-paper "Vision 2020",[7] submitted to the parliament on 18 December 2009,[8] envisaged the implementation of regional high-speed rail projects to provide services at Template:Convert, and planning for corridors connecting commercial, tourist, and pilgrimage hubs.

At the 2014 general elections, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) expressed its desire to build the Diamond Quadrilateral high speed rail project, which would connect the cities of Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai via high-speed rail.[9] This project was approved as a priority for the new government in the incoming president's speech.[10] Construction of one kilometre of high speed railway track was estimated to cost Template:INRConvert – Template:INRConvert which is estimated to be 10–14 times higher than the cost of construction of standard railway.[11]

The new high-speed rail lines with will be standard gauge, whereas older tracks which could be upgraded to higher speeds will have a Template:Track gauge broad gauge. There can, therefore, be no interoperability between the new lines and the older-upgraded tracks for passenger and cargo traffic, unless it is decided to use variable gauge systems in future.

Definition and terminology

According to the Ministry of Railways, a route which has trains operating between Template:Convert is considered as a higher speed or semi-high speed rail line, while the routes operating at less than Template:Convert are considered to be conventional rail lines.[12] According to the UIC definition, a commercial speed of over Template:Convert for a newly built line or Template:Convert for an upgraded line is considered to be high-speed.[13] As of July 2023, India has 508 km of high-speed tracks under construction; while 174 km of tracks in the section of Tughlakabad – Agra Cantonment support semi-high speeds.[14]

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Speed Type Length
<Template:Convert Conventional rail Template:Convert
>Template:Convert and <Template:Convert Group B lines
>Template:Convert and <Template:Convert Group A lines
>Template:Convert and <Template:Convert Semi-high-speed rail Template:Convert
>Template:Convert High-speed rail Template:Convert

History

File:682 IndiaDelhiMuseum 19931226.jpg
WP class steam locomotive operated in the 1940s and 1950s.

Steam era: 90 km/h speed

During the steam era of Indian railways, the trains rarely managed to reach speeds of Template:Convert. It was only until the introduction of WP class locomotive in the 1940s where speeds of Template:Convert were operated commercially.[15] The move from steam technology happened when the electrification was completed in Bombay Division. WCP-1 class electric locomotives were used to haul the coaches with a speed beyond Template:Convert and they had a theoretical maximum speed of Template:Convert. Due to the intervening World Wars, Indian Railways were unable to introduce electrification beyond the Bombay Division and hence steam locomotives dominated the lines in the rest of India.[15]

1960s: Diesel era

The era of diesel locomotives took shape in the 1960s when Indian Railways imported WDM-1 and WDM-2 class locomotives from the American company, ALCO. Although the WDM-1 struggled to cross the Template:Convert speed mark, the subsequent introduction of WDM-2 and WDM-4 locomotives achieved these speeds for the most of the decade.[15]

1970s: electric train era

India began developing higher-speed rail by inaugurating the Howrah Rajdhani Express back in March 1969, five years after Japan inaugurated Shinkansen, the world's first high-speed rail which was running at twice the speed of Rajdhani Express.[16] With the initiation of various electrification projects in the 1970s on the trunk routes, the electric locomotives soon began to replace their diesel counterparts. The WAP-1 electric locomotive broke the record to be the fastest locomotive in India during the 1980s, reaching a maximum speed of Template:Convert during trial runs and was certified for commercial operations at Template:Convert.The first service to reach a maximum speed of Template:Convert was, the WAP-1 hauled, Shatabdi Express from New Delhi to Jhansi in 1989.[15]

WAP-5 class locomotives, the first AC locomotives of its kind in India, were imported to haul fast, short trains like the Shatabdi Express. They also featured fully suspended traction motors, reducing the impact on tracks and allowing faster speeds. The first batch of these locomotives arrived in India in 1995 and operated at speeds of Template:Convert. During the trial runs, this locomotive reached a record speed of Template:Convert which made it the fastest locomotive in India.[15]

File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi flagging off the first Semi High Speed Train “Vande Bharat Express”, at New Delhi Railway Station on February 15, 2019.jpg
Inauguration of the Vande Bharat Express, India's second indigenously developed EMU train, at New Delhi railway station.

in April 2016, the WAP-5 hauled Gatimaan Express became the fastest commercially operated train in India, with a maximum operational speed of Template:Convert.[17] Two years later, Indian Railways developed the second indigenously built, semi-high-speed EMU train, the Vande Bharat Express based on MEMU. This train reached a speed of Template:Convert during its trial run and was designed to run at a maximum speed of Template:Convert, but due to the speed limitations on tracks, the train's operational speed is restricted to Template:Convert.[18]

1980s onwards: proposals for high-speed rails

File:Mallikarjun Kharge launching the High Speed Rail Corporation of India Ltd. at the International Conference on “High Speed Rail Travel Low Cost Solution”, in New Delhi. The Chairman, Railway Board.jpg
Erstwhile Minister of Railways, Mallikarjun Kharge launching High-speed Rail Corporation of India Ltd.

In mid-1980s, then railway minister, Madhavrao Scindia proposed the Delhi-Kanpur high-speed rail line which was found financially unviable,[19] thus railways instead introduced Shatabdi trains which ran at Template:Convert.[20] Under the Vision 2020 white paper in 2009, six elevated corridors were identified for technical studies on setting up of high-speed rail corridors. The 'High Speed Rail Corporation of India Ltd' (HSRC), founded on 25 July 2013 by Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd. (RVNL) for the high-speed rail corridor projects,[21][22][23][24][25][26] was replaced by the 'National High-Speed Rail Corporation Limited' on 12 February 2016 as the government company for construction and operation of high-speed rail corridors.[27]

2017 onwards: construction of high-speed rail

File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the Prime Minister of Japan, Mr. Shinzo Abe at Ground Breaking ceremony of Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail Project, at Ahmedabad, Gujarat.jpg
Prime ministers of India and Japan at Ground Breaking ceremony of Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail project, at Ahmedabad.

Construction of the Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor, India's first high-speed rail corridor started in 2017 and is expected to be completed by 2028. The foundation stone laying ceremony was held on 14 September 2018 when Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe and the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, flagged off the construction work in Ahmedabad. The E5 Series Shinkansen trains will have a maximum operational speed of Template:Convert and an average speed of Template:Convert.[6]

Network

Template:Main

Under construction and proposed high speed rail lines.
Map of corridors according to National Rail Plan
File:Potential HSR Lines in India 2.gif
Potential High Speed Rail lines (2011)[7][28]

The network is proposed to have top speeds of Template:Convert, and are envisaged to run on elevated corridors to isolate high-speed train tracks to prevent trespassing.[19] Multiple feasibility studies have been done[29] by Systra, Italferr, RITES Limited, Mott MacDonald, INECO, PROINTEC, Ayesa, Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO), Parsons Brinckerhoff.[30][31][32][33]

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Summary of proposed and under construction high-speed rail lines in India (standard gauge)
High-speed Corridor Speed Length Further extension Status Planned opening (According to NRP)[34]
km/h mph km mi
North India[35]
Delhi–Varanasi high-speed rail corridor Template:Convert Template:Convert DPR* under preparation 2031
Delhi–Amritsar high-speed rail corridor Template:Convert Template:Convert (Via Chandigarh) Approved[36] 2051
Delhi–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor Template:Convert Template:Convert (Via Udaipur) Land acquisition to begin 2031
Amritsar–Jammu high-speed rail corridor Template:Convert Template:Convert (Via Pathankot) Proposed[37] 2051
East India
Varanasi–Howrah high-speed rail corridor Template:Convert Template:Convert (Via Patna) DPR under preparation[38] 2031
Patna–Guwahati high-speed rail corridor Template:Convert Template:Convert Proposed 2051
West India
Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor Template:Convert Template:Convert (Via Surat, Bilimora) Under Construction 2026 (Surat-Bilimora)

2028 (full completion)

Mumbai–Nagpur high-speed rail corridor Template:Convert Template:Convert (Via Nashik, Aurangabad) DPR under preparation 2051
Mumbai–Hyderabad high-speed rail corridor[39] Template:Convert Template:Convert (Via Pune, Solapur) DPR under preparation 2051
Pune–Nashik rail line[40] Template:Convert Template:Convert (Via Narayangaon, Sangamner) Land acquisition initiated 2027
Ahmedabad–Rajkot high-speed rail corridor[41] Template:Convert Template:Convert (Via Limbdi) DPR Prepared TBD
Central India
Nagpur–Varanasi high-speed rail corridor Template:Convert Template:Convert Proposed 2041
South India
Chennai–Mysuru high-speed rail corridor Template:Convert Template:Convert (Via Bengaluru)[36] DPR under preparation 2031
Hyderabad–Bengaluru high-speed rail corridor Template:Convert Template:Convert Proposed 2041
Silver Line (Thiruvananthapuram–Kasaragod)[42] Template:Convert Template:Convert (Via Ernakulam) DPR Prepared TBD
Total
15 corridors Average speed : ≈300 kmph Template:Convert – 0/15 2051

*DPR = Detailed Project Report


High-speed Diamond Quadrilateral

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Template:Further

File:Potential Diamond Quadrilateral HSR route map.JPG
Potential Diamond Quadrilateral route map.

The Diamond Quadrilateral high-speed rail network project is envisioned to connect the four major metro cities of India namely: Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata, and Mumbai.[43][44][45][46]

Diamond Quadrilateral project's proposed and probable lines (standard gauge)
High-speed Corridor Speed Length Via Status Planned opening (According to NRP)[34]
km/h mph km mi
Delhi–Kolkata Template:Convert Template:Convert Varanasi DPR under preparation 2031
Kolkata–Chennai Template:Convert Template:Convert Vishakapatnam TBD TBD Template:Refn
Mumbai–Chennai Template:Convert Template:Convert Hubli TBD TBD Template:Refn
Delhi–Mumbai Template:Convert Template:Convert Ahmedabad and Jaipur One section under construction 2031
Delhi–Bengaluru Template:Convert Template:Convert Bhopal and Hyderabad TBD TBD Template:Refn
Mumbai–Kolkata Template:Convert Template:Convert Nagpur TBD TBD Template:Refn

Semi-high-speed rail

Train services

File:Gatimaan express.jpg
Gatimaan Express is the first semi-high speed service in India that runs at its maximum speed of 160 km/h between Tughlakabad and Agra Cantonment.

India has several semi-high speed routes which allow trans running at semi-high speeds (160kmph), these services are called Vande Bharat Express[47][48][49][50] and Gatimaan Express.[51][52][53]

160–200 kmph track upgrades

Indian Railways aims to increase the speed of passenger trains to Template:Convert on dedicated conventional tracks. Indian railways also intend to improve the existing conventional lines to handle speeds of up to Template:Convert, with a goal of speed more than Template:Convert on new tracks with improved technology.[7] Trains have already been built by native companies that can reach speeds of Template:Convert.[54] Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India has built dedicated freight corridors across India to move cargo traffic from the passenger railway tracks, thus increase the speed of the passenger trains to Template:Convert.[55] Indian Railways have classified the tracks in two categories. The tracks that support Template:Convert – Template:Convert are classified as 'Group B' while the tracks that support Template:Convert – Template:Convert are classified as 'Group A'.[56][57] The following list has various routes that operate, are under construction or are planned to run at speeds of 160 km/h and beyond. This table does not list the trains that are capable to run at speeds of 160 km/h or beyond, for such information on trains, see here.

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Upgrades to 160–200 kmph semi-high-speed (Template:Track gauge Broad gauge tracks)
Route Speed Length Opening Notes
Tughlakabad – Agra Cantonment Template:Convert Template:Convert 5 April 2016 First semi-high speed (Template:Track gauge Broad gauge) track.[58][59]
Delhi – Mumbai Template:Convert Template:Convert March 2024 Preliminary work underway.[60]
Agra Cantonment – Howrah (Kolkata) Template:Convert Template:Convert TBD Preliminary work underway.[61]
Chennai – Gudur Template:Convert Template:Convert TBD DPR Submitted[62]
Chennai – Renigunta Template:Convert Template:Convert TBD DPR Submitted[62]
Mumbai – Howrah (Kolkata) Template:Convert Template:Convert TBD DPR Submitted[63]
Mumbai – Chennai Template:Convert Template:Convert TBD DPR Submitted[63]
Chennai – Howrah (Kolkata) Template:Convert Template:Convert TBD DPR Submitted[63]
Bengaluru – Chennai Template:Convert Template:Convert TBD DPR Submitted[63]
Chennai – New Delhi Template:Convert Template:Convert TBD DPR Submitted[63]
Bengaluru – Hyderabad Template:Convert Template:Convert TBD DPR Submitted[63]
Chennai – Hyderabad Template:Convert Template:Convert TBD DPR Submitted[63]
Howrah (Kolkata) – Puri Template:Convert Template:Convert TBD DPR Submitted[63]

Standard gauge

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Upgrades to 160–200 kmph semi-high-speed (Template:Track gauge Standard gauge tracks)
Route Speed Length Status
Delhi – Meerut Template:Convert Template:Convert Under construction[64]
Delhi – Alwar Template:Convert Template:Convert Under construction[64]
Delhi – Panipat Template:Convert Template:Convert Approved[64]
Delhi – Rohtak Template:Convert Template:Convert Proposed[65]
Delhi – Palwal Template:Convert Template:Convert Proposed[65]
Delhi – Baraut Template:Convert Template:Convert Proposed[65]
Ghaziabad – Khurja Template:Convert Template:Convert Proposed[65]
Ghaziabad – Hapur Template:Convert Template:Convert Proposed[65]
Delhi – Jewar Template:Convert Template:Convert Proposed[65] To connect with Jewar International Airport
Hyderabad – Warangal Template:Convert Template:Convert Proposed[66]
Hyderabad – Vijayawada Template:Convert Template:Convert Proposed[66]

Super-high-speed rail

Maglev

Indian Railways explored the possibility of maglev trains to implement an over-Template:Convert speed rail system to shift from technology importer to manufacturer and developer.[67][68][69][70] In February 2019, a train model based upon MagLev systems was unveiled by scientists from Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology for a speed of Template:Cvt per hour.[71] In September 2020, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited signed a pact with SwissRapide AG to bring MagLev metro systems in India.[72]

Hyperloop

There is no currently operational hyperloop system in the world. Although there has been human testing, but the proposed speed projections depend on significant engineering advances & testing.[73]

Mumbai-Pune Hyperloop

1,000 km/h hyperloop system would take 14 minutes compared to the current 3 hours to commute between these two cities while carrying 10,000 commuters per hour (5,000 in each direction). Hyperloop Onesubmitted a Detailed Project Report submitted to Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority (PMRDA) in January 2018 with 3 terminal end-points options in Mumbai, namely Dadar, Santacruz and the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport. In 2018, 3,00,000 people commute daily between these two cities daily in 1,10,000 vehicles (including 80,000 cars and 6,000 buses).[74]

Amritsar-Chandigarh Hyperloop

Virgin Hyperloop signed a MoU with Punjab in 2019 for building a rail to cover total Template:Cvt distance in 19 minutes, which will be at least 10 times faster than a trip taken by existing transport infrastructure of road, rail or flight.[75]

Bengaluru-Chennai Hyperloop

Los Angeles-based Hyperloop One, signed a MoU with Karnataka government to conduct feasibility study for thus route which will reduce the travel time to 20 minutes.[76]

Technology

Shinkansen

File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the Prime Minister of Japan, Mr. Shinzo Abe at Ground Breaking ceremony of Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail Project, at Ahmedabad, Gujarat (1).jpg
Depiction of modified E5 series Shinkansen in background at the ground breaking ceremony.

The Indian railways will construct bullet train assembly facilities on a public-private participation (PPP) model. As per National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited (NHSRCL), Japanese companies will set up manufacturing facilities in India to build the parts for bullet train sets.[77]

Indigenous technology

Indian Railways is developing EMU train sets which can operate at a semi-high speed of (Template:Convert). In 2019, The Vande Bharat Express or Train 18 replaced Shatabdi Express. 'Train 20' is another proposed overnight semi-high-speed train to replace the existing Rajdhani Express service. Both of these will be manufactured by Integral Coach Factory (ICF).[78] These trains have driver cabins on both ends, which eliminates the time needed for turnaround at the terminal station. Since these are EMU train sets, the time and distance taken to accelerate and decelerate is reduced, enabling the train to travel at a top speed for longer distance. The coaches have automatic sliding doors, onboard Wi-Fi service, GPS based information system, wide windows, bio-toilets and are fully air-conditioned. The rake of Vande Bharat Express has sixteen coaches, consisting of two Executive Chair Cars and fourteen AC Chair Cars, it is being operated at 130 km/h due to track limitations. Train 20 is set to have twenty coaches consisting of AC First Class sleeper, AC II Tier sleeper, AC III Tier sleeper classes and an AC Chair Car, it is set to operate at 160 km/h. Train 20's proposed top speed was announced to be at 176 km/h.[79][80]

Construction technology

File:Hada high-speed railway under const.JPG
A prefabricated section of the elevated track being installed with the help of Mega Carrier and Launcher on the Chinese Harbin-Dalian High Speed Railway in October 2010.

The Mega Carrier and Launcher Machines or Transporter, Gantry, and Full Span Launcher Machines are the machines that are used to construct viaducts (elevated structures) for bullet train corridors in China. These vehicles carry an entire girder by traveling on an already launched girder to place the next girder. The speed was seven times faster than India's previous girder launching mechanism. While the Chinese machine laid two girders a day, the previous Indian girder launching mechanism placed one and a half girders in a week.[81] The NHSRCL had posed a challenge to build such machines for L&T which is currently constructing the Template:Cvt stretch of Mumbai-Ahmedabad line. Each of these machines cost around ₹70–80 crores and 30 such machines are required to construct Template:Cvt stretch.[81] On 9 September 2021, India joined Norway, Italy, China, and South Korea to possess Full Span Launching Methodology (FSLM) technology after L&T was successfully able to develop it indigenously. NHSRCL will acquire 20 such machines for their Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail project in order to ramp up the construction progress. These machines can be further used to build viaducts for elevated roads and rapid transit systems across India.[82][83]

List of trains

Name Origin Manufacturer lines Type Power supply Maximum speed (km/h) In
Service 		Picture
Top speed Operational Top speed Designed speed
High-speed
E5 Series Shinkansen Template:Flagicon Japan Hitachi Rail &
Kawasaki 		None Currently,

12 planned

EMU Electric (25 kV 50 Hz AC) 320 N/A 320 2028–29[5] Shinkansen_(bullet_train)_：_The_Hayabusa_super_express_(Series_E5_train)
Semi-high-speed
Vande Bharat Template:Flagicon India ICF 17 EMU Electric 180 160 200 2022 File:5th Vande Bharat Express departing towards Mysuru Jn.jpg
Vande Bharat (first generation) Template:Flagicon India ICF 1 EMU Electric 180[84] 130[85] 200[86] 2019 File:Vande Bharat Express on Platform 16 in New Delhi 02.jpg

Research and Development

National Academy of Indian Railways, research based railway technology university in Vadodara,[87][88] was established in 2018 with the aim of developing indigenously high-speed train manufacturing technology.[89] Other institutions focused on Railway technology research and development are:

Records

Date System Type Speed Picture
1947 WP class Steam 100 km/h[15]
File:682 IndiaDelhiMuseum 19931226.jpg
1969 WDM-4 Diesel 120 km/h[15]
File:WDM-4 18001 locomotive.jpg
1971 WDM-4 Diesel 130 km/h[15]
File:WDM-4 18001 locomotive.jpg
1971 WAM-2/3 Electric 140 km/h[15]
File:Wam-2. SVG.svg
1982 WAM-4B Electric 145 km/h[15]
File:WAM-4 AJJ.jpg
1988 WAP-1 Electric 160 km/h[15]
File:WAP1 ^22076 Aastha of GZB waiting for its scheduled departure with Agra bound ICE at LJN - Flickr - Dr. Santulan Mahanta.jpg
1996 WAP-4 Electric 169 km/h[15]
File:BRC's new hot babe waiting till the dark to elope with Awadh Express - The eternal philanderer... - Flickr - Dr. Santulan Mahanta.jpg
June 1997 WAP-5 Electric 184 km/h[15]
File:Ghaziabad WAP 5.jpg

Criticism

India's choice of the standard gauge for high-speed rail goes against the Project Unigauge,[90] with claims it could provides better stability and therefore the broad gauge railway could be better suited for high-speed rail in India as the cost of constructing greenfield high-speed rail line could be avoided by upgrading the existing brownfield lines.[91] To address the suggestions that India must invest in alternative technologies such as maglev,[92] India has opened a railway technology university, and is in the process of developing the indigenous technology.

Criticism by rail-fans and others that 1960s Shinkansen technology might not viably compete with aviation industry,[92] and that India must modernise & expand existing systems,[92] has been addressed by keeping the proposed fares competitive against airline fares, modernizing the existing network and expanding the metro network.

See also

Template:Commons category

  • Train service:

Notes

  1. ↑ Wow! Indian Railways eyes 7 more bullet train corridors; all will be open to PPP investments. The Financial Express(21 September 2020). Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  2. ↑ Bhopal Delhi Vande Bharat Express: TOP SPEED of 160 km/h! Is food free in Delhi to Bhopal semi high-speed train? Know time, route, ticket price. TimesNow(2023-04-03). Retrieved 2023-04-03.
  3. ↑ India to sign deal with Japan to get first bullet train. The Hindu(8 December 2015).
  4. ↑ Japan's High-Speed Rail Breakthrough. thediplomat.com.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 India's bullet train faces 5-year delay: High costs, Japan firms not so keen(6 September 2020).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Japan Is Selling Bullet Trains to India(13 September 2017). Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Indian Railways: Vision 2020. Indian Railways(December 2009). Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  8. ↑ India getting ready for bullet trains – Central Chronicle.
  9. ↑ BJP Manifesto 2014.
  10. ↑ Diamond quadrilateral of high-speed trains(10 June 2014).
  11. ↑ Laying high speed train corridor to cost Rs. 80,000 crore. The Hindu(16 March 2015).
  12. ↑ Railway Minister Launches High Speed Rail Corporation of India Limited (HSRC). Disha Diary(29 October 2013). Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  13. ↑ WHAT IS HIGH-SPEED RAIL? – High-Speed World – by Langages du Sud.
  14. ↑ Vande Bharat Express trains running at average speed of 83 km/h against permissible limit of 130 km/h, reveals RTI reply filed in MP(17 April 2023).
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 Evolution of High-Speed Haulage on Indian Railways. IRFCA.
  16. ↑ Has India's high-speed train left?(1 August 2009).
  17. ↑ Train to be named Gatimaan Express. The Hindu. Retrieved 2016-04-05.
  18. ↑ Train 18: PM Modi to flag off Vande Bharat Express on February 15 from New Delhi. Business Today(7 February 2019). Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 INTRODUCTION OF HIGH SPEED CORRIDORS ON I.R.: IMPACT AND CHALLENGES BEFORE CIVIL ENGINEERS – Parmod Kumar, EDCE(G)/Railway BoardTemplate:Dead link
  20. ↑ High Speed Railways in India: imperative for current times – India – CNN-IBN(12 February 2013).
  21. ↑ Indian Railways finally moving on its dream project – high-speed trains.
  22. ↑ Don't bite the bullet(22 August 2012).
  23. ↑ AP: India – Railways sets up corp for bullet train. Project Finance International (PFI).
  24. ↑ Railways to set up corporation to focus on bullet train project. Zee News(29 July 2012).
  25. ↑ Indian high-speed project moves forward(10 September 2012).
  26. ↑ High Speed Rail Corp of India launched.
  27. ↑ Welcome to HSRC. hsrc.in. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  28. ↑ Dedicated Freight Corridors & High Speed Rails, India's Ultra Low Carbon Mega Rail Projects – Anjali Goyal, Executive Director (Budget), India.
  29. ↑ India holds talks with Japan on high speed train corridors. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  30. ↑ India, Japan sign MoU for feasibility study of high speed railway system in India, says, Bastich(9 October 2013).
  31. ↑ Feasibility study for Mumbai – Ahmedabad high speed line agreed – Railway Gazette.
  32. ↑ [1] Template:Webarchive
  33. ↑ Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train? Chinese team visits CST(16 September 2014).
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Railway Budget 2021: Indian Railways to focus on new bullet train networks in coming years?(23 January 2021).
  35. ↑ Delhi likely to get 2 stations under 3 proposed Bullet train projects. Business Standard India(31 January 2021).
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Aarvee-GSL Wins Chennai-Mysuru HSR's LiDAR & Alignment Design, Agarwal, Anshu(22 February 2021).
  37. ↑ Railway Budget 2021: Indian Railways to focus on new bullet train networks in coming years?(23 January 2021).
  38. ↑ Growever Wins Varanasi – Howrah HSR's LiDAR & Alignment Design(9 April 2021).
  39. ↑ High speed rail corridor: Travel time from Mumbai to Hyderabad and Nagpur to reduce by 50 percent(31 January 2020). Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  40. ↑ Big boost for city as Pune-Nashik high-speed rail project gets Centre's in-principle approval. Hindustan Times(2023-02-05). Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  41. ↑ Ahmedabad-Rajkot new rail link approved; to help Saurashtra region avail Bullet Train services. The Financial Express. Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  42. ↑ A Silverline Project to connect entire Kerala, Shah, Narendra. Metro Rail News(2022-12-23). Retrieved 2023-04-20.
  43. ↑ Focus on diamond quadrilateral. The Hindu(12 June 2014).
  44. ↑ Powering a high-speed dream.
  45. ↑ New Indian government moots high-speed rail network, Chris Sleight, KHL.
  46. ↑ Address by The President of India to the Joint sitting of Parliament 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  47. ↑ India's Fastest Train Gets Its Route Extended: Gatimaan Express Timetable, Other Details. NDTV(5 April 2018).
  48. ↑ Railways completes pilot project for semi-high-speed train. Business Standard India(4 July 2014).
  49. ↑ Indian Railways To Launch Semi High-Speed Bullet Trains On Three Routes
  50. ↑ At 180 kmph Vande Bharat is India's fastest train. Here's top 10 fastest trains in India, Aggarwalhi. indiatvnews.com(2019-03-14). Retrieved 2021-06-22.
  51. ↑ Railways finalises tender for Vande Bharat train sets in 'Make in India' boost. mint(2021-01-22). Retrieved 2021-06-22.
  52. ↑ Delhi-Katra Vande Bharat Express commercial run from Oct 5, booking opens. The Economic Times. Retrieved 2021-07-18.
  53. ↑ New Vande Bharat Express flagged off by PM. Know routes, timings, other details, Livemint. mint(2022-09-30). Retrieved 2022-10-01.
  54. ↑ Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News. The Economic Times.
  55. ↑ DFC – as revolutionary as the Golden Quadrilateral. Indian Railways. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  56. ↑ Indian Railways Classification of Lines as A , B , C , D , E – Railways FAQ – Railway Enquiry. indiarailinfo.com. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  57. ↑ Classification of Railway Lines in India. BrainKart. Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  58. ↑ Delhi-Agra at 160 km/h: 10 points about Gatimaan, India's fastest train. Hindustan Times(2016-04-05). Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  59. ↑ Vande Bharat Express trains running at average speed of 83 km/h against permissible limit of 130 km/h, reveals RTI reply filed in MP. Free Press Journal. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  60. ↑ Higher capacity lines to fuel semi-high-speed trains on Mumbai-Delhi route. Hindustan Times(2023-04-12). Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  61. ↑ Delhi-Howrah travel may be cut by 2.5 to 3 hours: Indian Railways. Hindustan Times(2022-06-29). Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Journey to Bengaluru to get quicker! Chennai-Bengaluru train to run at 160 km/h, Nandi, Tamal. mint(2022-12-01). Retrieved 2023-05-04.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 63.4 63.5 63.6 63.7 160 Kmph Upgrade: Indian Railways Tells Zones To Prepare DPR For Important Routes – RailPost.in, Desk, RailPost News(2021-11-10). Retrieved 2021-11-11.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Over Rs 30,000 Crore Cleared For Delhi-Meerut High-Speed Rail Corridor. NDTV.com.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 65.4 65.5 Delhi-NCR RRTS – Information, Route Maps, Fares, Tenders & Updates. The Metro Rail Guy. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Telangana to take up Regional Rapid Transit System.
  67. ↑ Mission 350 Plus: Railways To Explore Levitation Technology. ndtv.com. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  68. ↑ Hyperloop One, Maglev may take part in the railways' ultra-high speed technology meet – Infracircle(19 August 2016). Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  69. ↑ Railways to float EOI for ultra high speed trains. Business Standard India(31 August 2016). Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  70. ↑ Indian Railways moves ahead on Maglev trains project. Mint(28 November 2016). Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  71. ↑ RRCAT scientists develop model of Maglev Train which runs at 600 km/h(2019-02-25). Retrieved 2020-12-21.
  72. ↑ BHEL, SwissRapide AG in pact to bring Maglev trains to India. The Tribune(2020-09-16). Retrieved 2020-12-21.
  73. ↑ A real hyperloop is almost here – and it's not what Elon Musk envisioned, Brandom, Russell. The Verge(2 August 2017). Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  74. ↑ Pune-Mumbai in 14 minutes: Firm's project report says Hyperloop transport system feasible, Hindustan Times, 9 January 2018.
  75. ↑ Virgin Hyperloop Punjab. Retrieved 21 April 2022., Virgin Hyperloop
  76. ↑ Bengaluru to Chennai in 20 mins? Karnataka ropes in Hyperloop One for feasibility study. Moneycontrol. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  77. ↑ Make in India: Railways to pitch for building bullet train coaches locally(4 October 2018).
  78. ↑ Engine-less train: 160 kmph Train 18 to be out in June, Train 20 in 2020(23 January 2018).
  79. ↑ Ahead of Railway Budget 2018, Modi's Make in India gets boost with plans for 'world-class' Indian Railways trains(23 January 2018).
  80. ↑ Train 18: 2 new 'world class' trains to cut travel time by 20% | India News. The Times of India.
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Atmanirbhar push in bullet train: Industry told to build substitute for made-in-China tech(30 November 2020).
  82. ↑ Full span launching equipment, straddle carrier and girder transporter acquired for Ahmedabad-Mumbai bullet project(9 September 2021).
  83. ↑ Mumbai-Ahmedabad Bullet Train: Indigenous Full Span Launching Equipment flagged off to expedite development(10 September 2021).
  84. ↑ Train 18 exclusive: Engine-less train becomes Indian Railways fastest at 180 km/h; truly remarkable feat!. The Financial Express(2 December 2018).
  85. ↑ Vande Bharat Express achieves 130 km/h speed during inaugural run. Business Standard India(15 February 2019). Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  86. ↑ Train 18: Top features and facilities of the country's 'fastest train'. The Hindu(3 December 2018). Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  87. ↑ India's first railway university in Vadodara: Everything you need to know(15 December 2018).
  88. ↑ Gujarat govt allots land for India's first Railway university. Business Standard India(21 August 2019).
  89. ↑ University of Railways – Why, What, How and Where?. Rail Electrica(4 December 2014).
  90. ↑ Indian Railways: Glorious History. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Ministry of Railways(21 February 2007). Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  91. ↑ Template:Cite AV mediaTemplate:Cbignore
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 Bullet Train is a white elephant, Retired bureaucrat and rail enthusiast rips apart Modi's plan. The News Minute(24 September 2017).

References

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