India-China Border Roads

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India-China Border Roads

[[File:Template:Photomontage|250x250px|frameless|center]]

Type of project Infrastructure development
Current status Ongoing (Establishing connectivity and maintenance)
Location Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh
Approved 1999

India-China Border Roads (ICBRs, ICB Roads) is a Government of India project for developing infrastructure along the Sino-Indian border by constructing strategic roads, including bridges and tunnels.[1][2][3] The ICBR project is largely in response to Chinese infrastructure development along the borderlands with India.[4][5]

As of May 2021, India is constructing at least 177 roads in two phases of over Template:Cvt total length along its Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China under the "Border Infrastructure and Management Fund" (BIMF) of Ministry of Home Affairs. This includes 73 roads of Template:Cvt length under ICBR-I (Phase-I) approved in 2005 and additional 104 roads of more than Template:Cvt length under ICBR-II (Phase-II) approved in 2020.[6][7][8][9]

India has set up an inter-departmental "Empowered Committee" (EC) headed by the Ministry of Defence to expedite the issue resolution and timely completion of ICBR infrastructure after the delay in forest/wildlife clearance and land acquisition, rugged terrain, limited working season due to winter and rains, scarcity of construction material, etc. resulted in the missed deadlines in the past.[10] Some of the important already completed projects include the Darbuk-Shayok-Daulat Beg Oldie Road (DS-DBO) and Atal Tunnel under Rohtang Pass; and the under-construction important projects include the Sela Tunnel in Arunachal Pradesh and a road-cum-rail tunnel under the Brahmaputra river in Assam.[11]

Several entities are responsible for constructing ICBR, including Border Roads Organisation (BRO) which handles the bulk of the ICBR road construction work,[2] National Highways Authority of India (NHAI), Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MoDNER), Central Public Works Department (CPWD), public works departments of respective states and others.[12] At least 67 per cent of the road network assigned to BRO falls under ICBR.[2]

By March 2021, of the 61 ICBR-I roads assigned to BRO, connectivity on 59 roads (Template:Cvt) or 95+ per cent of the total length had been achieved and among these 42 (Template:Cvt) have been black topped.[13][14]

About

File:Darcha Padum Road Below Shinku La Lahaul Oct22 A7C 03533.jpg
The winding road below Shingo La in Lahaul, Himachal Pradesh, that connects the region with Zanskar in Ladakh

Strategic infrastructure requirements

Template:See also

In the wake of heightened road and track construction work undertaken by China along India's northern and eastern frontiers, India constituted a China Study Group (CSG) in 1997, to study the requirement of road communication, along the China border for brisk movement of troops in the event of armed conflict. At the end of the study, the CSG identified a network of 73 roads, called the India-China Border Roads (ICBR), to be developed along the Indo-China border. The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) in 1999 approved the construction of these roads by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) under the Ministry of Defence. The project was to be completed by 2006 but the deadline was then extended to 2012. The Standing Committee on Defence, a body for legislative oversight, appraised strategic road connectivity in 2018. With regard to the slow pace of construction of border roads, the Border Roads Organisation stated to the committee:[15] Template:QuoteReasons such as climate, geography, land acquisition and natural disasters also accounted for the delays.[16] In 2013 the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government took multiple administrative decisions to speed up construction. The 2017 Doklam standoff further raised the profile of the issue with the Modi government for border infrastructure along the China border.[16] ICBRs are present in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.[15]

Border Infrastructure Management Authority (BIMA)

In May 2022, Indian govt sources announced establishment of the Border Infrastructure Management Authority (BIMA) which is responsible for the integrated development of the border areas including road, rail, water, power, communications infrastructure, and the Vibrant Village Program for improvement of living conditions of natives in these areas to prevent their out-migration as the border villages are considered strategic assets.[17]

ICBR project phases

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ICBR-I or Phase-1

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Phase-1 or ICBR-1 project was conceived in 1999 with a target completion date of 2012 to construct 73 strategic ICBRs of nearly 4000 km length.[8][2] It was approved in 2005.[8] Of the 73 ICBR in Phase-1, the construction of 61 roads was assigned to BRO and remaining 12 to CPWD.[18] Of the 61 roads assigned to BRO, 12 roads of 1,064.14 km length in Ladakh, 5 roads of 116.99 km length in Himachal Pradesh, 14 roads of 355 km length in Uttarakhand, 3 roads of 61.98 km length in Sikkim, and 27 roads of 1,725.46 km length are in Arunachal Pradesh.[13] ICBR-I is seen as a successor of BRO's Project HIMANK which was initiated in 1985 for the construction of border roads in Ladakh.

As of March 2021, of the 61 ICBR-I roads assigned to BRO, connectivity on 59 roads of 3,205.16 km length have been achieved. Of these 61 roads where connectivity has been achieved, 42 roads of 1,530.38 km have been paved with the black top.[13]

ICBR-II or Phase-2

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ICBR-II was approved in 2020-21 fiscal budget,[7] to construct additional 104 roads of more than 6,700 km length.[6][10] The proposal for the Phase 2 was first conceived in 2013 with the goal of constructing 32 roads along the border,[12] expanded version of which was approved in 2020 with inclusion of additional roads.[12][7] Amid the India-China skirmishes, the government asked all bodies to speed up the construction of the roads.[12] Additional labour was also sent to these areas to assist in speeding up construction.[12]

ICBR-II covers construction of several roads, 18 feet wide foot tracks and border out posts (BoPs) connecting several LAC patrol points (PP) and Border Personnel Meeting (BPM) points. As of 2021, in Arunachal Pradesh under the ICBR-II India is building 57 roads, 32 helipads, 47 BoPs, 12 staging camps for ITBP and many 18 ft tracks.[7]

BIMF funding and progress of construction

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ICBR infrastructure is funded by the “Border Infrastructure and Management Fund" (BIMF) which provides funding for India's border infrastructures along Bangladesh, Pakistan and China borders.[7]

Spending on ICBR tripled between 2016 and 2020, from Template:INRConvert to Template:INRConvert.[19] Annual funding was as follows: INR 11,800 crore in 2020–21, INR 8,050 crore in 2019–20, INR 6,700 crore in 2018–19, INR 5450 crore in 2017–18, between INR 3,300 crore to INR 4,600 crore annually from 2008 to 2016.[18]

Due to significantly increased annual funding, the ICBR construction picked up pace after 2014:

  • Road length construction completed: 4,764 km roads during 2014-20 versus 3,610 km during 2008–14.[18]
  • Mountain formation-cutting completed: 470 km during 2017-20 versus 230 km during 2008–17.[18]
  • Surface-clearing completed: 380 km during 2017-20 versus 170 km roads during 2008–17.[18]
  • Bridges completed: 14,450 metres length during 2014-20 versus 7,270 metres during 2008–14.[18]
  • Road tunnels completed: 6 tunnels during 2014-20 including Atal Tunnel at Rohtang Pass in the Himachal Pradesh versus 1 tunnel during 2008–14.[18]

Funds were also diverted from "General Staff (GS) roads"Template:Efn to ICBRs.[8]

Types of ICBRs

Of the 73 ICBR of 3812 km, 61 of 3323.57 km were assigned to BRO, which have been subdivided based on their usage type. China Study Group had identified roads vital for defending the whole LAC at national level. Ministry of Defence had identified sub-national level inter-state and regional roads vital for larger military logistics, which were assigned to CPWD and state PWDs. ITBP which mans the forward staging areas and frontier posts on the LAC had identified strategic roads to connect the individual posts to the main trunk and arterial roads. Other roads include connecting inter state and state level.[20] The work structure for the ICBRs is divided among different agencies including the National Buildings Construction Corporation (NBCC), Central Public Works Department (CPWD), National Projects Construction Corporation (NPCC) and state public works departments.[15]

List of ICB Roads

Phase 1

Phase-I consists of 3812 km roads.[1][15]

Key

  • Maplink: Interactive map with road.
  • OSM ID: Provides a link to road on OpenStreetMap (OSM) in the form of a relation.
  • Status: Status does not represent current state of the road.
  • Length: Present / planned
  • Comments and citation: Further information about the road including bridges and tunnels.

Arunachal Pradesh

File:ICBR Roads in Arunachal Pradesh Phase 1.png
ICB Roads in Arunachal Pradesh[1]

In Arunachal Pradesh the ICBR project, in coordination with other government programmes, has connected a number of border outposts and frontier areas to the national highway network such as Kharsang La, Taksing, Lamang, Gelling, Kibithu and Dichu.[21] Major road projects in Arunachal Pradesh include the 'Sela Pass project' which consists of the under construction Sela Tunnel.[22][15] Template:Clear

Representative list of ICB roads in Arunachal Pradesh
Route of road
Maplink/OSM ID 		Interactive Map District Length Status Comments Template:Abbr
Assam - Arunachal Pradesh
Orang-Kalaktang-Shergaon-Roopa- Tenga (OKSRT)
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Maplink West Kameng Template:Convert Completed in 2016 It provides alternate access to eastern flank of National Highway 13 File:NH13-IN.svg which also goes to Tawang. Bridges at Kalaktang, Gajni, Shikari, Sher, Balemu, Bomnag, Haflong. [23]
Arunachal Pradesh
Tato-Manigong-Tadagade
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Maplink Shi Yomi Template:Convert Partially complete Tato is 47 km southwest of Mechuka, Manigong is 9 km west of Mechuka, Tadagade is 33 km from Manigong. [15]
Bona-Gelling
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Maplink Upper Siang Template:Convert Complete Gelling is last Indian post on LAC. Gelling lies northeast of Bona. This is an extension of the Tuting-Bona-Gelling road. [15]
Tame Chung Chung-Taksing
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Maplink Upper Subansiri Template:Convert Completed in 2017 The road from Nacho goes to Tame Chung Chung (TCC) at Gelensiniak. From there it diverges towards Taksing and Maja (also spelt Maza), both close to the border.

Work on TCC-Taksing started in 2000 but was completed in 2017.[24] The road TCC-Bidak was completed in 2018.[25][26]

[15]
Tame Chung Chung-Maja
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Maplink Template:Convert Complete till Bidak [15]
Nacho-Tame Chung Chung
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Maplink Template:Convert Partially complete [20]
Jang-Rama Sapper
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Maplink Tawang Template:Convert Completed in 2016 It provides access to Tawang and forms the northern/upper part of National Highway 13. File:NH13-IN.svg It was completed in 2016. It is a part of the unfinished Balipara-Charduar-Tawang road.[27] (Jang also spelt as Jung) [28]
Sangestar Tso-Kharsang La
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Maplink Template:Convert Complete
File:Lake Shungtser at Tawang-3.jpg
It lies very close to and southeast of Bum La Pass, north of Tawang, east of Lumpo and it forms the part of Bum La Road. BRO ensure maintenances.[29] Image of Sangestar Tso. 		[30][15]
Zemithang-Khinzemane
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Maplink Template:Convert Complete The upper portion of the road is close to the Namka Chu river. [30][29]
Yarlung-Lamang Shi Yomi N/A N/A Lamang is last Indian outpost near Mechuka. Yarlung post is en-route Lamang. [31][32]

Uttarakhand

File:ICB Roads in Uttarakhand.png
ICB Roads in Uttarakhand

In Uttarakhand, the border most points of Pulam Sumda, Mana Pass, Niti Pass, Lapthal and Rimkhim, and Lipulekh have been connected.[21] Template:Clear

Representative list of ICB roads in Uttarakhand
Route of road
Maplink/OSM ID 		Interactive Map District Length Status Comments Template:Abbr
Uttarakhand
Nelong-Naga-Jadhang/Sonam
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Maplink Uttarkashi Template:Convert Partially complete Nelang-Naga road forks into 2 roads, one each leading to Sonam[33][34] and Jadhang IBTP border outposts (BoPs). Jadganga River bridge is on this route. The fork toward Sonam continues to Pulam Sumda. This is also known as the Nelgang-Pulam Sumda road. [20]
Joshimath-Malari-Girthidobla-Sumna-Rimkhim
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Maplink Chamoli Template:Convert Partially complete Bara Hoti-Lapthal disputed sector is 100 km from Joshimath. Joshimath-Malari road forks to 2 different ITBP posts at Malari, to Sumna-Rimkhim post in the east and another post to the west. Bridges at Dhak, Tamak, Suraithota, Subaigadhera[35] ITBP has 42 BoPs (border outposts) in Bara Hoti sector and Mana Pass area.[36][37] [38][39]
Mana-Mana Pass
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		<mapframe zoom="8" frameless="1" align="center" height="150" latitude="30.8448" longitude="79.3881" width="150">IndianPedia:Map data/Mana-Mana Pass road</mapframe> Template:Convert Complete
File:Mana Village, Badrinath, Uttarakhand, India.jpeg
Image of Mana village. Mana Pass is located on the China–India border. 		[40]
Tawaghat-Ghatiabagarh-Lipulekh
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Maplink Pithoragarh Template:Convert Complete Lipulekh area and the pass, Kalapani territory, Kailash Mansarovar road. [41][42]
Munsiyari-Milam
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Partially complete Milam is the last village. [40]

Ladakh

File:ICB roads Ladakh.png
ICB Roads in Ladakh

The forward most localities and border outposts of Daulat Beg Oldie (DBO), Hotspring, Demchok and Zursar have been connected. Roads connectivity has reduced their reliance on air transport.[21] Template:Clear

Representative list of ICB roads in Ladakh
Route of road
Maplink/OSM ID 		Interactive Map District Length Status Comments Template:Abbr
Ladakh
Harong-Chushul
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Maplink Leh Template:Convert Complete Part of the Template:Convert Spangmik-Tangtse-Harong-Chushul-Tsaga-Loma route on towards Nyoma. [15]
Phobrang-Marsimik La-Hot Springs
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Maplink Template:Convert Complete Route from Lukung near Pangong Tso towards Hot Springs close to the LAC. [20][40]
Darbuk-Shyok-DBO
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Convert Complete Route is partially along the Shyok River and LAC. Also called the DS-DBO road or the Sub-Sector North Road.
Sasoma-Saser La
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Convert Partially complete
File:Sasser Pass, Nubra ca. 1857.jpg
The road will provide alternate connectivity to DBO in addition to existing DS-DBO road. Image of Sasser Pass.
Koyul-Photila-Chisumle-Zurasar
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Convert Complete Demchok sector. Zurasar is one of the last border posts in the area. [40]
Himachal Pradesh - Ladakh
Leh-Upshi-Sarchu
Template:Maplink
Template:OSM 		Template:Maplink Leh Template:Convert Complete
File:Bajaj Chetak.jpg
Part of the Template:Convert Leh–Manali Highway.
Nimmu–Padum–Darcha Leh, Kargil, Lahaul and Spiti Template:Convert Partially complete
File:New Road Zanskar Sumdo Lahaul Oct20 D72 18201.jpg
First all weather road to Ladakh. Third access route to Ladakh.[43][44][45] Image represents a section below Zanskar Sumdo in Lahaul.

Sikkim

Route of road Interactive Map District Length Status Comments Template:Abbr
Sikkim
Gangtok- Chunghang Northeast Sikkim Complete
Tr Jn-Bheem Base-Dokala India-China-Bhutan Tri-junction 19.72 Complete [46][47][48]

Geostrategic initiatives include the Andaman and Nicobar Command and the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue.

Border airport and ALG projects

Template:Anchor Template:See also

File:Map of Western Theatre of PLA.svg
Western Theater Command of China, area under integrated command.

The People's Liberation Army's Western Theater Command is responsible for the defense of China along the whole line of actual control with India.[49] The Indian Armed Forces has divided the LAC into 3 sectors - the western sector across Ladakh and the Chinese-controlled Aksai Chin, the central sector across Himachal Pradesh and Uttrakhand, and the eastern sector across Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.[50] Similarly, the Indian Airforce has the Prayagraj-based Central Air Command, Delhi-based Western Air Command, and Shillong-based Eastern Air Command to cover the LAC.

Border bridge projects

  • Teesta River road bridge in Sikkim, already completed in 2020 will serve Doklam sector.
  • Teesta River railway bridge, under construction in July 2020 and on target for completion by December 2020.[58]
  • New bridges on Brahmaputra River in Assam will serve Arunachal Pradesh in Eastern Sector.

Border railway projects

Template:Main

India's Ministry of Defence (MoD) has identified at least 15 new geostrategic rail lines to be constructed near the China, Pakistan and Nepal borders for troop deployments.[59] In comparison, China has built lines up to Shigatse in Tibet, with plans to connect it to Nepal and further to India.[60] After these lines were proposed by the ministry of defense in 2013, the Government of India approved the initial surveys of all 14 lines in 2014,[61] Some of these as well as other related projects are as follows:

Other border road projects

Border tunnel projects

Template:Anchor Template:See also

As of sept 2021, India is constructing 31 road tunnels (up from 17 tunnels of 100km total length planned in 2017), 20 in J&K and 11 in Ladakh, at the combined cost of INR1.4 lakh crore (~US$17.5 billion), this includes tunnels constructed by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH).[64] As of November 2022, of the projects assigned to BRO, 5 were complete, 8 were under construction, 11 were in planning and DPR phase, the rest have been assigned to other entities.[65][18] Some of these tunnels have dual road and rail usage. BRO has been constructing tunnels the strategic ICBR roads on Sino-Indian border to provide the year-round all-weather connectivity. Without these tunnels, the road access to high altitude posts on Sino-India border is closed for six months every year due to snowfall and rain, and supplies are through airlift only. These tunnels will reduce the travel time and operational costs, and eliminate the risk of avalanche and landslide. List of tunnels, from west to east along the Indo-Chinese border, is as follows:[66][67]

Route Tunnel name State Length (km) Operational (as of dec 2022) Opening (yyyy (Mmm)) Type (Road / Rail / Dual) Status/Comment
Jammu–Baramulla rail line tunnels Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel Jammu and Kashmir 11.215 km Y 2013 (Dec)[68] Rail 3 tunnels in the project.[68]
T13 Jammu and Kashmir 9.8 km Y 2022 (Dec)[68] Rail
T49 Jammu and Kashmir 12.758 km N 2023 (Dec)[68] Rail


NH44 Jammu-Udhampur-Patnitop-Banihal-Srinagar Highway tunnels Chenani-Nashri Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel Jammu and Kashmir 9.028 km Y 2017 (Apr) Road 12 tunnels on NH44, two major tunnels are Dr. Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tunnel & Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel.[69]
Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel Jammu and Kashmir 8.45 km Y 2021 (Dec) Road [69]
4-Nandni tunnels Jammu and Kashmir 1.4 km Y 2022 (Dec) Road Between Jammu-Udhampur.[69]
Sudhmahadev–Dharanga Tunnel Jammu and Kashmir 8 km N (under construction) 2025? (?) Road Uni-directional twin-tube tunnel near Patnitop costing INR2,598 cr.[70]
Khellani Tunnel Jammu and Kashmir 2.5 km N (under construction) 2025? (?) Road [71]


NH244 Kishtwar-Qazigund-Anantnag highway Singhpora-Vailoo tunnel (Sinthan Top Tunnel) Jammu and Kashmir 10.3 km N (under construction) 2025? (?) Road cost INR3,253 cr.[70][71] Cost INR4,650 cr. MoRTH approved project since before 2018.
Kathua-Basohli-Bani-Chattergala-Bhaderwah highway Bhaderwah Tunnel Jammu and Kashmir 3.5 km N (DPR) 2027? (?) Road 2-lane tunnel.[70] Cost INR1,133 cr. MoRTH approved project since before 2018.
Chattergalla Tunnel Jammu and Kashmir 6.8 km N (DPR) 2027? (?) Road 2-lane tunnel.[70] Cost INR808 cr. MoRTH approved project since before 2018.
NH144A Jammu-Akhnoor-Poonch highway tunnels (4 tunnels) Kandi tunnel (Tunghi Morh-Chaura tunnel) Jammu and Kashmir ? km N (under construction) 2024 (Aug) Road Paved-shoulder highway, Jammu-Akhnoor 4-lanes & Akhnoor-Poonch 2-lanes. All 4 tunnels built by BRO.[72]


Sungal Tunnel (Daghun-Sungal tunnel) Jammu and Kashmir 2.7 km N (under construction) 2024 (Aug) Road 2-lane tunnel between Daghun village Kali Dwar temple and Chowki Choura, cost INR797 cr for 9.35 section including tunnel.[72]
Nowshera tunnel (Rajal-Kallar tunnel) Jammu and Kashmir ? km N (under construction) 2024 (Aug) Road 2-lane.[73]
Bhimbar Gali tunnel (Kalai-Bhatadurian tunnel) Jammu and Kashmir ? km N (under construction) 2024 (Aug) Road Paved-shoulder highway, Jammu-Akhnoor 4-lanes & Akhnoor-Poonch 2-lanes. All 4 tunnels built by BRO.[72]


Poonch-Sophian Mughal Road highway tunnels Pir ki Gali Tunnel (Chhatapani-Zaznar Tunnel) Jammu and Kashmir 8 km N (DPR done) 2025? (?) Road Poonch-Shopian 2-lane highway with paved shoulder and 2-lane tunnel will cost INR4,000 cr. DPR was ready in mid 2022.[74] Tunnel from Chhatapani from the Poonch side to Zaznar from Shopian, "ideally there should be another tunnel that starts from Thanamandi and ends at Buflaiz to make it an all-weather road".[75] Tunnel cost INR2,000, JICA-funded MoRTH approved project since before 2018.


Tangdhar-Kupwara highway tunnel Sadhna Pass Tunnel Jammu and Kashmir ? km N (DPR done) 2025? (?) Road 2-lane highway with paved shoulder and 2-lane tunnel announced in dec 2021.[75]


Paddar-Atholi-Machail-Zanskar-Kargil highway tunnel Paddar-Zanskar Tunnel (Machail-Zanskar Tunnel) Jammu and Kashmir ? km N (DPR done) 2025? (?) Road 2-lane highway with paved shoulder and 2-lane tunnel announced in dec 2021.[75][76]


NH1 Srinagar-Kargil-Leh tunnels Z-Morh Tunnel Jammu and Kashmir 6.5 km N (under construction) 2023 (Dec) Dual 2-lane tunnels, Zojila-La & Z-Morh are 100 km southwest of Kargil.[77][64][78]
Zoji-la Tunnel Jammu and Kashmir 14.2 km N (under construction) 2023 (Dec) Dual [77][64][78]


Nilgrar Tunnel-I Jammu and Kashmir 0.433 km N (under construction) 2023 (Dec) Dual Twine-tube tunnel part of approach road to Zojila tunnel's west portal.[79]


Nilgrar Tunnel-II Jammu and Kashmir 1.95 km N (under construction) 2023 (Dec) Dual Twine-tube tunnel part of approach road to Zojila tunnel's west portal.[79]


Namika La Ladakh ? km N (DPR) 2027? (?) ? [80]
Fotu La Ladakh ? km N (DPR) 2027? (?) ? [80]


Kargil-Batalik-Dah-Khalatse route tunnel Hamboting La Ladakh ? km N (DPR) 2027? (?) Road 31 km east of Kargil between Kargil & Batalik, provides an alternate to NH1 Kargil-Leh.
Leh-Khalsar-Siachen route Khardung La Ladakh 5.5 km N (DPR) 2027? (?) Road 2-lane tunnel on Khardung La going north from Leh town to Siachen & Nubra valley.[80]


Hemis-Tangste-Durbuk-Pangong Tso route Ke La Ladakh ? km N (DPR) 2027? (?) Road 2-lane tunnel.[80]


NH3 Leh-Manali Highway Lungalacha La tunnel Ladakh 14.5 km N (Tender) 2027? (?) Road (or Dual?) [81][82] Cost for Lachung La tunnel INR6,747 cr.


Bara-lacha la Ladakh ? N (Tender) 2027? (?) Road (or Dual?)


Tanglang La Ladakh 7.5 km N (Tender) 2027? (?) Road (or Dual?) Cost for Tanglang La tunnel INR3,490 cr.
Rohtang Tunnel Himachal Pradesh 9.02 km Y 2020 (Jul) Dual


Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road Shingo La Tunnel Himachal Pradesh 4.25 km N (under construction) 2027? (?) Road Provides an alternate route to NH3 Leh-Manali Highway to reach Leh. Cost INR4,095 cr for 8.8 km tunnel & approach Road.


Harsil-Kharcham Highway Lamkhaga Pass tunnel Himachal & Uttrakhand ? N (DPR) 2027? (?) Road Connect Harsil & Kharcham via Lamkhaga Pass tunnel, & connect to Pooh-Chumar-Hanle Highway.[83]


Char Dham Railway Char Dham rail tunnels Uttrakhand ? N (DPR) 2027? (?) Rail Char Dham Railway multiple rail tunnels.


Char Dham Highway Char Dham highway tunnels Uttrakhand ? km N (under construction) 2024 (Dec) Road Char Dham Highway multiple road tunnels e.g. Chamba tunnel
Chamba tunnel Uttrakhand 0.440 km Y 2021 (Jan) Road Under the town on Rishikesh-Dharasu road.[65]
NH310A Chungthang-Tung North Sikkim highway Theng Tunnel Sikkim 0.578 km Y 2018 (Oct) Road
NH6 Silchar-Shillong Highway Sonapur Tunnel Meghalaya 0.120 km Y 2008 (Sept) Road On NH6 (old NH44) inside Narpuh Sanctuary northwest of Silchar, connects Meghalaya with Assam's Barak Valley in Meghalaya's southeast.[65]


Brahmaputra River Numaligarh-Gohpur under-river tunnel Assam 15.6 km N (DPR) 2029? (?) Dual Twin-tubes 22 metres below river connecting NH-52 and Numaligarh on NH-37 will cost Rs 12,807 crore (US$1.7 b).[84] [85]


NH13 Bogibeel (Assam)-Tawang Highway Nechiphu Pass Arunachal Pradesh 0.5 km N (under construction) 2023 (Jan) Dual 2-lane tunnel halfway between Tawang & Dirang


Sela Tunnels Arunachal Pradesh 1.790 km & 0.475 km N (under construction) 2023 (Jan) Dual D-shaped single-tube Nechiphu Pass tunnel halfway between Bomdila & Bhalukpong.


Sea ports and waterways projects

Sagarmala port development project and the National Waterways projects will also enhance geostrategic capabilities along LAC and elsewhere. Waterway projects in Assam on Brahmaputra River and its tributaries are of geostrategic importance for the movement of military assets, these include National Waterway 2 and Subansiri River.

Under-river tunnel

Gohpur–Numaligarh under-river tunnel, is an under construction tunnel under the Brahmaputra river.[86]

Mobile and internet connectivity

In June 2020, it was announced that 54 villages in the Ladakh region; including the Demchok is among the 19 in Kargil, 11 in Zanskar and 7 in Nubra Valley; will receive mobile phone connectivity from Jio via the satellite connected towers under the Universal Service Obligation Funding (USOF) programme.[87]

Radars

Northeast connectivity projects

See also

India-China border infrastructure

Geostrategic
Similar rail development
Similar roads development
Similar ports and river transport development
Similar air transport development
General

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Border Logistics. As China builds on border, policy potholes block India. Poor access undermines defence. No one knows how to fund rail lines. Confusion over crossroads within BRO., Banerjee, Ajay. The Tribune India(9 June 2013). Retrieved 2022-01-11.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Speed up road construction along China border: Parliamentary panel asks BRO, Singh, Rahul. Hindustan Times(2019-02-13). Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  3. ↑ India to accelerate construction of roads along Chinese border: Sources, Singh, Jitendra Bahadur. India Today(17 June 2020). Retrieved 2022-01-08.
  4. ↑ India and China race to build along a disputed frontier. BBC News(2020-07-30). Retrieved 2022-01-08.
  5. ↑ China planning building spree in Tibet as India tensions rise, sources say. Reuters(4 September 2020).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 India-China Border Row: India Continues To Upgrade Border Infrastructure As Chinese PLA Looks To Pre-Empt India. The EurAsian Times(2021-05-04). Retrieved 2022-01-11.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Critical road on China border being constructed in Ladakh: MHA. The Hindu(2021-03-15). Retrieved 2022-01-11.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Shortage of funds delaying strategic roads along China border. The Economic Times(2018-04-20). Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  9. ↑ Struggling with 73 roads, govt plans 55 more on China border. Deccan Herald(2016-05-09). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Another 6,700-km roads to come up along LAC. Tribune India(17 March 2021). Retrieved 2022-01-11.
  11. ↑ Amid Ladakh standoff with China, India puts border roads in fast lane. Deccan Chronicle(2020-06-02). Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 India to accelerate construction of roads along Chinese border: Sources, Singh, Jitendra Bahadur. India Today(17 June 2020). Retrieved 2020-06-18.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Massive boost to infra along India-China border; Connectivity on 59 strategically important roads achieved, Nag, Devanjana. The Financial Express(16 March 2021). Retrieved 2022-01-11.
  14. ↑ Connectivity achieved on 59 roads along India-China border — Rajnath Singh in Rajya Sabha. ThePrint(2021-03-15). Retrieved 2022-01-18.
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 Standing Committee on Defence (February 2019) Fiftieth Report: Provision of all weather road connectivity under Border Roads Organisation (BRO) and other agencies up to International borders as well as the strategic areas including approach roads- An appraisal. Ministry of Defence, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Government of India. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 How True Is the Claim that Modi Govt Is the Architect of the Border Roads Project?, Dubey, Amitabh. The Wire(3 July 2020). Retrieved 2020-09-07.
  17. ↑ Eye on China, govt plans border infra management authority, The Times of India, 2 May 2022.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 Govt to expedite work on 32 road projects along border with China: Officials. The Times of India(23 June 2020). Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  19. ↑ India's spending on LAC roads has tripled in 4 years. The Economic Times(2020-07-05). Retrieved 2020-07-07.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Standing Committee on Defence (February 2021) Defence Committee Action Taken Report, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Parliament of India. Archived on 27 August 2021.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 One step closer, Dange, Vaibhav. The Pioneer(8 October 2020). Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  22. ↑ To counter China and strengthen border security, India to construct 17 tunnels along LAC. Times Now(6 November 2017). Retrieved 2022-01-12.
  23. ↑ Kiren Rijiju inaugurates Orang-Kalaktang- Shergaon-Rupa-Tenga Road. Arunachal24(2016-10-17). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  24. ↑ BRO toeing Army targets on Indo-China border roads: ADG. Arunachal Observer(2018-05-20). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  25. ↑ Arunachal Pradesh: BRO builds strategic road in remote Arunachal Pradesh district. The Times of India(16 February 2018). Retrieved 2022-01-11.
  26. ↑ BRO links remote villages on Indo-China border, Kumar, Pradeep. Outlook India(14 February 2018). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  27. ↑ Balipara-Charduar-Tawang Road to be completed by 2021. Sentinel Assam(2018-08-29). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  28. ↑ K P Purushotham (2017) History of Project Vartak. Border Roads Organisation, India. pg 8.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Work on border roads intensified: BRO DG. The Arunachal Times(10 February 2019). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Border Roads Organization To Speed Up Road Work In Arunachal. Sentinel Assam(2019-02-11). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  31. ↑ Arunachal Pradesh Speaker & Minister meet jawans of ITBP at Lamang Post. Sentinel Assam(17 March 2021). Retrieved 2022-01-09.
  32. ↑ Govt to build 27 roads along India-China Border. One India(2006-12-13). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  33. ↑ BRO completes road project, reaching Nelong valley becomes convenient. The Statesman(2019-06-06). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  34. ↑ BRO constructs two strategically important roads on China border. The Pioneer(7 June 2019). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  35. ↑ Joshimath-Malari highway inaugurated. www.projectstoday.com(26 December 2019). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Eyeing national security, Uttarakhand, ITBP to improve border infrastructure, Chauhan, Neeraj. Hindustan Times(2020-07-18). Retrieved 2022-01-16.
  37. ↑ BRO officials asked to speed up pending road projects. Hindustan Times(2018-02-20). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  38. ↑ After 24 years of work, strategic military outpost near India China border, Times of India, 2016.
  39. ↑ After 24 years of work, strategic military outpost near India-China border connected with motorable road, Kumar, Yogesh. The Times of India(11 November 2016). Retrieved 2022-01-18.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 3,500 Jharkhand workers to be hired for Ladakh road projects. The Economic Times(2020-06-13). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  41. ↑ Nepal Objects Road Passing Through Lipulekh Pass, India Reacts. Outlook India(10 May 2020). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  42. ↑ BRO opens new 80-km road for Kailash Mansarovar pilgrims, Nandi, Shreya. Livemint(2020-05-08). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  43. ↑ Zanskar celebrates as new 'road' brings it 600km closer to Himachal Pradesh, Sharma, Suresh. The Times of India(11 September 2019). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  44. ↑ Govt pushes hard to complete 1st all-weather route to Ladakh, Gupta, Shishir. Hindustan Times(2020-08-25). Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  45. ↑ India laying new road between Ladakh and Darcha in Himachal Pradesh. Livemint(2020-08-26). Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  46. ↑ How 7-Hour Journey On Mule Track To Doklam Now Takes Army Only 40 Minutes, Som, Vishnu. NDTV(3 October 2019). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  47. ↑ Doklam: one motorable road complete, second to be constructed by March 2021. The Economic Times(2019-10-03). Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  48. ↑ Amid LAC deployments, parliamentary panel flags delays in border road construction, Mohan, Vijay. Tribune India(13 February 2021). Retrieved 2022-01-09.
  49. ↑ Eye on India, China raises Tibet military command rank, Krishnan, Ananth. India Today(13 May 2016). Retrieved 2016-10-01.
  50. ↑ Twisting India's Chicken's Neck, Fazl-e-Haider, Syed. The Intepreter. Lowy Institute(15 July 2020). Retrieved 2020-07-18.
  51. ↑ India plans advanced landing strips at Ladakh, Tawang. Deccan Herald(2014-02-23). Retrieved 2022-01-16.
  52. ↑ India's Growing Military Footprint in Eastern Ladakh: Facing China | cogitASIA CSIS Asia Policy Blog, Joshi, Prateek. www.cogitasia.com. Center for Strategic and International Studies(26 July 2016). Retrieved 2022-01-16.
  53. ↑ India's Growing Military Footprint in Eastern Ladakh: Facing China, Joshi, Prateek. cogitASIA Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) Asia Policy Blog(26 July 2016). Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  54. ↑ The Strategic Postures of China and India: A Visual Guide. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs(March 2020). Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 Himachal Pradesh: Demand for airstrip in Spiti grows amid increasing India-China tension, Sharma, Suresh. The Times of India(19 June 2020). Retrieved 2022-01-16.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 UDAN reaches Arunachal Pradesh; first commercial flight flagged off. Business Standard(22 May 2018). Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Arunachal Pradesh finally gets connected with Guwahati by a commercial flight, Singh, Bikash. The Economic Times(21 May 2018). Retrieved 19 November 2018.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Scurry to finish rail and road links to border, Sinha, Avijit. Telegraph India(19 June 2020). Retrieved 2022-01-16.
  59. ↑ India to lay 14 strategic railway lines near China, Pak border. The Times of India(27 October 2013). Retrieved 2022-01-16.
  60. ↑ Real reason why India is building 14 strategic rail lines, Bhat, Aditya. International Business Times(2016-12-01). Retrieved 2022-01-16.
  61. ↑ Government gives go-ahead to 4 strategic rail lines along China border, Dastidar, Avishek G. The Indian Express(2014-10-22). Retrieved 2022-01-16.
  62. ↑ Modi govt’s infra push along China border — 2 new roads, alternate route to Daulat Beg Oldie, The Print, 15 sept 2020.
  63. ↑ Modi, Xi Jinping and Six Years of Battle for the Psychological High Ground, Shukla, Ajai. The Wire(17 September 2020). Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Zojila, Z-Morh tunnels: All you need to know about, Economic Times, 30 Sept 2021.
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/border-roads-organisation-blazes-a-trail-in-most-testing-conditions/articleshow/95608878.cms CITY Border Roads Organisation blazes a trail in most testing conditions], Times of India, 18 nov 2022.
  66. ↑ For year-round border security, India plans tunnels on China border. The Economic Times(13 July 2018). Retrieved 2022-01-09.
  67. ↑ Voyants bagged Independent Engineer Services in Arunachal Pradesh. VOYANTS(16 January 2015). Retrieved 2022-01-09.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 The Engineering Marvel USBRL and its Significance., Asian Times, 13 sept 2022.
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 25 Massive Projects Including National Highways In Jammu Region, At Cost Of Rs 11,800 Cr, Cross Town News, 19 jan 2022.
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 After Long Wait, Light at End of 2 Key Rs 6,000-Crore J&K Tunnel Projects as Govt Invites Global Tenders, News18, 3 Aug 2022.
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Work on 6 new tunnels in J&K and Ladakh to start in next 2 years: Gadkari, Times of India, 16 oct 2020.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 Construction of Akhnoor to Poonch highway in full swing, Greater Kashmir, 10 nov 2022.
  73. ↑ Nowshera tunnel on Akhnoor- Poonch road approved, Daily Excelsior,11-2-2021.
  74. ↑ DPR for historic Mughal Road tunnel near completion: Officials, Greater Kashmir, 9 may 2022.
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 30 Road Links, Tunnels Worth Rs 50,000 Cr to Give Jammu and Kashmir Big Infrastructural Push, News18, 3 dec 2021.
  76. ↑ MoRTH okays rekease if 5.6 bn for Akhnoor-Poonch NH, Construction World, 30 sept 2022.
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 Everything about Zoji La Tunnel, Telengana Today, 29 Oct 2021.
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Strategic Zojila tunnel to see defence forces crossing into Ladakh 2 years ahead of deadline, The Hindu, 28 March 2022.
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 Tunnels in Jammu Kashmir, Drishti, accessed 14 dec 2022.
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 Tunnels across major passes in Ladakh in offing; to cost Rs 5,000cr, Times of India, 24 nov 2022.
  81. ↑ As Rohtang dream becomes reality, focus on 4 more tunnels, Vashisht, Abhinav. Tribune India(27 September 2020). Retrieved 2022-01-17.
  82. ↑ For year-round border security, India plans tunnels on China border. The Economic Times(13 July 2018). Retrieved 2022-01-17.
  83. ↑ One step closer,Daily Pionner, 8 april 2020.
  84. ↑ Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report. Hindustan Times(14 July 2020). Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  85. ↑ Modi govt proposes 15.6-km twin road tunnel of strategic importance under Brahmaputra. The Print(9 September 2021). Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  86. ↑ Centre gives in-principle approval for tunnel under the Brahmaputra amid tension with China: Report. Hindustan Times(2020-07-14). Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  87. ↑ 54 villages in Ladakh to get mobile connectivity. The Tribune(26 June 2020). Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  88. ↑ Doppler radars will be installed in Uttarakhand by March 2020, Jha, Prashant. The Times of India(17 October 2019). Retrieved 2020-09-18.
  89. ↑ IAF plans to set up Air Defence Radars in 3 Uttarakhand districts, Verma, Lalmani. The Indian Express(2020-09-12). Retrieved 2020-09-18.

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