Jaswant Singh

What links here Related changes Page information
Created by CleanupBot II
Last edited August 14, 2023

Template:Other uses


Jaswant Singh


Jaswant Singh in his office as Defence Minister of India

Office Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission
Office Minister of Finance


Office Minister of Defence
Office Minister of External Affairs





Predecessor Yashwant Sinha
Successor P. Chidambaram



Born 1938-01-03[1]
Born Jasol, Rajputana Agency, British India
(present-day Rajasthan, India)
Died Template:Death date and age[2]
Place of death New Delhi, India



Political party Bharatiya Janata Party (until 2014)[3]
Spouse Template:Marriage
Children 2 (including Manvendra Singh)Template:Sfn
Alma mater Indian Military Academy
Mayo College


Website Template:Url

Major Jaswant Singh (Template:Pronunciation; 3 January 1938Template:Spnd27 September 2020)[4]Template:Efn was an officer of the Indian Army and an Indian Cabinet Minister. He was one of the founding members of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP),[5] and was one of India's longest serving parliamentarians, having been a member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha almost continuously between 1980 and 2014.[6] He was NDA's Vice-presidential candidate in the 2012 Indian vice presidential election. Singh was the only leader from Rajasthan who had the distinction of becoming the Minister Of External Affairs, Finance and Defense.[7]

He was elected on a BJP ticket to the Rajya Sabha five times (1980, 1986, 1998, 1999, 2004) and to the Lok Sabha four times (1990, 1991, 1996, 2009). During the Vajpayee administration between 1998 and 2004, he held multiple cabinet portfolios including Finance, External Affairs and Defence.[8] He also served as the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission between 1998 and 1999.[9] In the aftermath of India's nuclear tests of 1998, he was deputed by Prime Minister Vajpayee to act as India's representative to hold repeated, long-term dialogue with the United States (represented by Strobe Talbott) on matters related to nuclear policy and strategy; the outcome of the sustained engagement was positive for both countries.[10][11] After his party lost power in 2004, Jaswant Singh served as Leader of Opposition in the Rajya Sabha from 2004 to 2009.[12]

Singh incurred the displeasure of his party colleagues when, after the party suffered its second successive defeat in 2009, he circulated a note demanding a thorough discussion on the debacle.[13] Weeks later, a book authored by him was released, in which he was found to have written sympathetically about Jinnah. Post the event, Singh found himself marginalized within the party. In the elections of 2014, his party decided not to field him from any constituency. He decided to contest anyway as an independent from his native constituency of Barmer (against Col. Sonaram Chaudhary) in Rajasthan.[14] He was expelled from the BJP on 29 March 2014 when he did not withdraw his independent candidature, and went on to lose the election.[15][16]

On 7 August 2014, Jaswant Singh suffered a fall in the bathroom of residence and suffered a serious head injury.[17] In June 2020 he was admitted to Army's Research and Referral hospital in Delhi for treatment. He remained in a state of coma for six years till his death in 2020.[18][19]

Early life

Singh was born on 3 January 1938 in the village of Jasol in Barmer district of Rajasthan in a Rajput family.[20] His father was Sardar Singh Rathore of Jasol and mother was Kunwar Baisa. Singh was married to Sheetal Kanwar.[21] They had two sons. His elder son, Manvendra Singh, is a former Member of Parliament from Barmer.[22] He was an officer in the Indian Army in the 1960s and was an alumnus of Mayo College and the National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla.[23]

After his education from the National Defence Academy, he was enrolled in the Indian Army in the year 1957 and was designated to the position of the Captain of the Central India Horse unit of allegiance. And he was also a participant of Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and was the commander of his unit and was the Major at the time of Sino-Indian border dispute of the year 1965 after which he retired from the Indian Army in the next year, 1966 to join politics after serving the Armed forces for 10 years.[24][25] He was a close accompany of Bhairon Singh Shekhawat and made his links with Bharatiya Jana Sangh.[26] He was a member and associate of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh from the 1960s.[27]

Career events

File:Defense.gov News Photo 011002-A-7786P-032.jpg
Jaswant Singh (left) with Donald Rumsfeld
File:Vladimir Putin with Jaswant Singh-1.jpg
Singh with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin

In the government of Vajpayee, Singh was External Affairs Minister, and later went on to become the Finance Minister.[28] He was also the Defence Minister when George Fernandes was forced to resign after the Tehelka exposure.[29]

Singh is widely regarded for his handling of relations with the United States which were strained after the 1998 Indian nuclear tests but which ameliorated soon after culminating in the 2000 visit of U.S. President Bill Clinton to India. His skill as a negotiator and diplomat during talks with the United States has been well acknowledged by his U.S. counterpart Strobe Talbott.[30]

Singh has been frequently criticized by political parties for escorting terrorists to Kandhahar, Afghanistan. They were released by the Government of India in exchange for passengers from the hijacked Indian Airlines flight IC 814.[31]

Singh was denied a Member of Parliament ticket for Barmer by BJP for the 2014 Indian general election over Col. Sonaram Choudhary. Unhappy, Singh filed his nomination as an independent candidate from Barmer constituency.[32] Subsequently, he was expelled from BJP for six years[33] and lost the election.[34]

Political life

Singh entered politics in the 1960s, with the first few years of his political life seeing limited recognition, until he was initiated in the Jan Sangh. He tasted success in his political career in 1980 when he was first selected for the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Indian parliament.[35] He served as Finance minister in the short-lived government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, which lasted just from 16 May 1996, to 1 June 1996. After Vajpayee became Prime Minister again two years later, he became Minister for External Affairs of India, serving from 5 December 1998 until 1 July 2002.[12] Responsible for foreign policy, he dealt with high tensions between India and Pakistan.[36] In July 2002 he became Finance Minister again, switching posts with Yashwant Sinha. He served as Finance Minister until the defeat of the Vajpayee government in May 2004 and was instrumental in defining and pushing through the market-friendly reforms of the government.[37] He was conferred the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award for the year 2001.[38] On 19 August 2009, he was expelled from BJP after criticism over his remarks in his book which allegedly praised the founder of Pakistan in his book Jinnah – India, Partition, Independence.[39] His last major position was as Leader of Opposition in the Rajya Sabha from 2004 to 2009.[12]

He was denied a ticket by the party to contest the 2014 Lok Sabha Parliamentary Elections from the Barmer-Jaisalmer constituency in Rajasthan. He was subsequently expelled from the BJP after deciding to contest the elections as an independent candidate and lost to his former party's candidate Col. Sonaram Choudhary.Template:Sfn Jaswant Singh was elected from Darjeeling Seat from the year 2009 to 2014.Template:Sfn

Ministries and Work

Jaswant Singh held many ministries under the government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, including several important such as Defence, External Affairs and Finance.Template:Efn He has also held many important positions including that of Electronics and Science and Technology.[40]

Minister of Finance (First time)

File:The Union Finance Minister Shri Jaswant Singh entering Parliament to present Interim General Budget in New Delhi on February 03, 2004.jpg
Jaswant Singh in Parliament to present Interim budget.

Singh remained as the Minister of Finance in the short-lived government of First Vajpayee government from 16 May 1996 to 1 June 1996. In the short-lived government where he was Minister for just 24 days and there was also economic difficulty, a crisis due to the political instability, and there was a loss of employment similar to the 1991 Indian economic crisis which lead to the decline in the value of Indian currency.[41] It was followed by the instability after the fall of Narsimha Rao government.[42] After this there was a 1996 Bank Scam after this the fall of Atal Bihari Government automatically Singh was removed from the position and succeeded to P. Chidambaram for the position.[43]

Minister of External Affairs

After Atal Bihari Vajpayee becomes the Prime Minister of India for the second time in the year 1998, then Singh was appointed as the Minister of External Affairs and succeeded Atal Bihari Vajpayee himself for the position.[44] He was at that time first Rajasthani to be a Minister of External Affairs of India at Union level in the Central Government.Template:Efn Singh has been one of the most trusted man of Vajpayee and was given task of making good international relation with other nations.[45] He has been represented nation at international level in the times of Kargil War and India's nuclear test. He was the one who went to Kandahar after plane hijack.[46] He remained Minister till 5 December 2002 after the removal of George Fernandes due to the Tehelka conspirancy. As the Minister of External Affairs he launched the first free-trade agreement (with Sri Lanka) in South Asia's history, initiated India's most daring diplomatic opening to Pakistan, revitalized relations with the US, and reoriented the Indian military, abandoning its Soviet-inspired doctrines and weaponry for close ties with the West.[47]

Pokhran-II Pressure

Template:Main

File:Vladimir Putin in India 2-5 October 2000-1.jpg
Singh meeting Vladimir Putin in 2000.

BJP, came to power in 1998 general elections with an exclusive public mandate. BJP's political might had been growing steadily in strength over the past decade over several issues.[48] At that time after the successful test of the Second Nuclear Bomb it was considered a masterstroke by the government, it was said that Singh along with Atal Bihari Vajpayee and George Fernandes were the one who played the important role in the functioning.Template:Efn He was the one of the member of "Operation Shakti" and among the 12 people who knew about the secret mission.[49] His most essential role came into existence after there were made international pressure on the nation due to the secrecy of the mission when Atal Bihari Vajpayee made a public announcement for the mission.[50] At that time strong criticism was drawn from Canada on India's actions and its High Commissioner. Sanctions were also imposed by Japan on India and consisted of freezing all new loans and grants except for humanitarian aid to India.[51][52] Some other nations also imposed sanctions on India, primarily in the form of suspension of foreign aid to India and government-to-government credit lines. However, the United Kingdom, France, and Russia refrained from condemning India.[53] The biggest affect was on the relations of India with United States and there were made many restrictions on India and at that time Singh managed to control America at United Nations.[54]

Kargil War

Template:Main Template:External media After the Kargil War and the win of Indian Armed forces in July 1999 the use of WMD led to a serious pressure of the world on India and this was led by the anger of United States against India due to Pokhran-II Nuclear test series and supported in the favour of Pakistan.[55] At that time Singh was the one who represented India at the international level and had made many interviews with news channels and also made diplomatic talks with leaders and representatives of the United States], China, France, and many other nations.[56] After that Singh made an interview with Atal Bihari Vajpayee in which to strengthening the position of Indian Government there was a release of a leaked conversation of Pervez Musharraf in which he admitted that he was involved in the attack on India in Kargil district in 1999 and that he also planned an attack to kill Nawaz Sharif and become the President of Pakistan.[57] This was known to be a masterpiece and led to a very strong point resulting in the India's diplomatic relations and proving the burden of war on General Musharraf.[58] After that India was freed from allegations of the Kargil War.Template:Sfn

Kandahar Hijack

Template:Main

The terrorists of Taliban hijacked the Indian Airlines Flight 814 on 24 December 1999 on the Tribhuvan International Airport of Kathmandu, Nepal. The motive for the hijacking apparently was to secure the release of Islamist figures held in prison in India. The hostage crisis lasted for seven days and ended after India agreed to release three militants – Mushtaq Ahmed Zargar, Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, and Mulana Masood Azhar.[59][60] This hijack was also helped by Dawood Ibrahim and Al-Qaeda linked Jihadis.[61] Then after too much suggestions and pressure then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee agrees on the demand of the hijackers of Taliban and sends Ajit Doval in Kandahar and after that Vajpayee decided to send Singh as he was the one of the most trusted man. He was sent to Kandahar of Afghanistan to escort the terrorists and take back the crew members.[62] It was also said that Singh has made a secret talks with Taliban Foreign Minister Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil and made an agreement of 3 terrorists in exchange of 170 crew members including men, women and children.[63] Later terrorists also demanded 900 crores rupees and 36 other terrorists, but somehow it was denied.Template:Sfn On 31 December 1999 on New Year of 2000 all 176 were released and they all landed to Indira Gandhi International Airport.[64]

The incident is seen as a failure of the BJP government under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and IB chief Ajit Doval said that India would have had a stronger negotiating hand if the aircraft had not been allowed to leave Indian territory.[65] Doval, the IB chief, who led the four-member negotiating team to Kandahar, described the whole incident as a "diplomatic failure" of the government in their inability to make the US and UAE use their influence to help secure a quick release of the passengers.[66] Singh also received criticism for praising the Taliban for their co-operation after the hostages had been returned.[67]

File:Defense.gov News Photo 010406-D-9880W-020.jpg
jaswant Singh having talks on Defence on 6 April 2001, along with Donald H. Rumsfeld.

Minister of Defence

Singh was appointed as the Minister of Defence of India in the year 2000 after minister before him, George Fernandes was convicted in the Tehelka case and was forced to resign from his position.[68] He remained as the Minister from 2000 to 2001 after which Fernandes was re-appointed as the Minister of Defence after getting cleanchit in the conspiracy.[69] After that in the year 2002 he was re-appointed as the Minister of Finance of India in the Vajpayee Government.[70]

Finance Minister (Second term)

File:Composition of indias agricultural output in 2003-04.png
Composition of Agricultural output.

After returning of George Fernandes as the Defence Minister for the second time after getting cleanchit in Tehelka case, Singh was appointed as the Union Minister of Finance in 2002 and remained till 2004 after the Vajpayee Government lost the 2004 General Election and passed the position to P. Chidambaram. In his reign of 2 years for the second time he has been known to make market-friendly reforms in the Economy of India and due to his good diplomatic skills and good relations with other nations from the times when he was the Minister of External Affairs.[71]

In late 2002 and 2003 the government pushed through economic reforms.[72] Due to the good administration of Jaswant Singh the country's GDP growth exceeded 7% every year from 2003 to 2007, following three years of sub-5% growth.[73] Increasing foreign investment, modernisation of public and industrial infrastructure, the creation of jobs, a rising high-tech and IT industry and urban modernisation and expansion improved the nation's international image. Good crop harvests and strong industrial expansion also helped the economy.[74] The rate of stock growth under him as the Finance Ministry was also at the one of the highest point in the Indian Economic Growth groth history under the period of two years of his ministry and the Inflation rate was also very much good in the period of the two years.[75] From 2002 to 2004, the economy of India was one of the fastest growing in the world and one of the leading agricultural nations and second most output after China.[76][77]

Positions and offices

Leader of Rajya Sabha

Jaswant Singh was appointed as the Member of Parliament of Rajya Sabha for the fourth time in the year 1999 and after the formation of the Vajpayee Government he was appointed as the Leader of Rajya Sabha on 13 October 1999 and remained till the time of fall of the Vajpayee Government on 22 May 2004 and succeeded the position to then Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh.[78] In the time period Jaswant Singh held many crucial positions and ministries and before that he was previously serving in the position of Minister of External Affairs of India at Union Government and in this period he served as Minister of Defence and Finance.Template:Efn

Leader of Opposition (Rajya Sabha)

After the Vajpayee's government fell down and after that Singh who was earlier a Member of Parliament from Rajya Sabha from the state of Rajasthan was appointed as the Leader of Opposition of Rajya Sabha and hold the position for a time period of 5 years from 2004 to 2009.[79] The mastermind of Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat when was appointed as the Vice President of India and at that time Singh took the responsibility of strengthening the party in Central level and main focus in the state of Rajasthan.[80] After the fall of National Democratic Alliance in the year 2004 and the weakening of senior-BJP leaders like Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Murli Manohar Joshi, Lal Krishna Advani and the politics of other big leaders like Bhairon Singh Shekhawat in central level, Singh as the leader of Opposition shifted his politics for the strengthening of the party in ground roots and in state levels in states of Western India such as Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and specially Rajasthan.[81][82] Under this period Singh also served many non political position in the Indian government remaining as the leader of Opposition including: "Member of Committee for General purposes (from 2005-2006)", "Member, Committee on Science and Technology, Environment and Forests (from August 2004 to August 2004)" and "Member of Joint Parliamentary Committee on the Installation of Portraits/Statues of National Leaders and Parliamentarians in Parliament House Complex (August 2004Template:Spaced en dashMay 2009)".[40] After that then he was expelled from the party.

File:Shri Jaswant Singh filing the nomination papers for the Vice Presidential election, at Parliament, in New Delhi on July 20, 2012. The Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha, Smt. Sushma Swaraj and other dignitaries are also seen.jpg
Jaswant Singh submitting nomination papers for Vice President of India, along with Sushma Swaraj(left) and L K Advani(backward).

Vice president nominee

Template:Main He was the candidate for the post of Vice president for the NDA in 2012. Singh had filed his nomination papers on 20 July in the presence of National Democratic Alliance coalition leaders.[83] Three sets of papers- one each by L. K. Advani, Sumitra Mahajan and Yashwant Sinha, supporting Singh's candidature were submitted to the returning officer Viswanathan. His candidature was announced by the NDA on 16 July.[84] He meet All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam leader Jayalalithaa and Naveen Patnaik of Biju Janata Dal on 6 August asking them to support his candidature. He lost to Hamid Ansari who was the UPA's Vice presidential candidate.[85] In the Election he got 238 seats and received 32.69% of the votes, while Hamid Ansari got 490 seats and received 67.31% of the votes.[86]

Controversy

  • A controversy erupted immediately after the release of his book, "A Call to Honour," in which Singh insinuated that a mole had existed in the Prime Ministerial Office during the tenure of P. V. Narasimha Rao, who had leaked information to U.S. sources about India's nuclear tests. Soon after, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh challenged him to name the mole. In response, Singh sent a letter to him. The letter, Manmohan Singh said later, had no signature, and no name of any mole. Jaswant Singh then backed off, saying his views on the subject were based on a "hunch".[87][88]
  • Controversy hovered around him again when on 17 August 2009 another book authored by him, entitled Jinnah: India-Partition-Independence, was released. In this he praised Mohammad Ali Jinnah and claimed that the centralised policy of Jawaharlal Nehru was responsible for Partition.[89] He was later expelled from the primary membership of BJP as a result of the ensuing controversy.[90] In interviews with media he quoted BJP as narrow-minded and to have limited thought. In 2010, he was readmitted to BJP.[91]

Death

Template:Quote box In June 2020, Singh was admitted to the Delhi's Army ( and was being treated for sepsis with multi-organ dysfunction syndrome and effects of a severe head injury he suffered as a result of a fall in 2014. On 27 September he suffered cardiac arrest. Singh died at the age of 82 years.[92][93][94] His death was triggered as a sign of honour and was mourned with full esteem and with state funeral.[95] His last rites were done by his son Manvendra Singh and was cremated in Jodhpur, Rajasthan with full Hindu rituals.[96] Due to COVID-19 pandemic only family members were present and very few relatives. Prime Minister Narendra Modi reacted on his death stated that "Jaswant Singh Ji served our nation diligently, first as a soldier and later during his long association with politics. During Atal Ji's Government, he handled crucial portfolios and left a strong mark in the worlds of Finance, Defence and External affairs. Saddened by his demise"[97]

Positions held

File:The Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee is being presented with a PAN card by the Finance Minister Shri Jaswant Singh and Chairman CBDT Shri P.L. Singh, in New Delhi on January 24, 2004.jpg
Jaswant Singh with Atal Bihari Vajpayee and P. L. Singh in New Delhi on 24 January 2004.
  1. [[1980 Indian Rajya Sabha elections|1980Template:Spaced en dashElected to Rajya Sabha]] (1st term)
  2. [[1986 Indian Rajya Sabha elections|1986Template:Spaced en dashRe-elected to Rajya Sabha]] (2nd term)
  3. 1986Template:Spaced en dash1989Template:Spaced en dashMember, Public Accounts Committee, Rajya Sabha
  4. 1986Template:Spaced en dash1989Template:Spaced en dashMember, Committee on Privileges, Rajya Sabha
  5. 1986Template:Spaced en dash1989Template:Spaced en dashMember, Committee on Public Undertakings, Rajya Sabha
  6. [[Ninth Lok Sabha|1989Template:Spaced en dashElected to 9th Lok Sabha]] from Jodhpur
  7. 1990Template:Spaced en dash1992Template:Spaced en dashMember, Consultative Committee constituted under the Punjab State Legislature (Delegation of Power) Act, 1987
  8. 1989Template:Spaced en dash1991Template:Spaced en dashMember, Panel of chairmen, Lok Sabha
  9. 1991Template:Spaced en dash1996Template:Spaced en dashChairman, Estimates Committee
  10. [[10th Lok Sabha|1991Template:Spaced en dashRe-elected to 10th Lok Sabha]] (2nd term) from Chittorgarh
  11. 1991Template:Spaced en dash1992Template:Spaced en dashChairman, Committee on Environment and Forests
  12. 1991Template:Spaced en dash1994Template:Spaced en dashMember, Business Advisory Committee
  13. 1992Template:Spaced en dashMember, Joint Parliamentary Committee to enquire into Irregularities in Securities and Banking Transactions
  14. 1993Template:Spaced en dash1996Template:Spaced en dashChairman, Standing Committee on Energy
  15. [[11th Lok Sabha|1996Template:Spaced en dashRe-elected to 11th Lok Sabha]] (3rd term) from Chittorgarh
  16. [[Minister of Finance (India)|May 1996Template:Spaced en dashJune 1996Template:Spaced en dashUnion Cabinet Minister, Finance]]
  17. [[Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission|March 1998Template:Spaced en dashFebruary 1998Template:Spaced en dashDeputy Chairman, Planning Commission]]
  18. [[1998 Indian Rajya Sabha elections|July 1998Template:Spaced en dashRe-elected to Rajya Sabha]] (3rd term)
  19. [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|December 1998Template:Spaced en dashJuly 2000Template:Spaced en dashUnion Cabinet Minister, External Affairs]]
  20. [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|February 1999Template:Spaced en dashOctober 1999Template:Spaced en dashUnion Cabinet Minister, Electronics]] (Simultaneous charge)
  21. [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|August 1999Template:Spaced en dashOctober 1999Template:Spaced en dashUnion Cabinet Minister, Surface Transport]] (Simultaneous charge)
  22. [[1999 Indian Rajya Sabha elections|October 1999Template:Spaced en dashRe-elected to Rajya Sabha]] (4th term)
  23. [[Minister of Defence (India)|March 2001Template:Spaced en dashOctober 2001Template:Spaced en dashUnion Cabinet Minister, Defence]] (Simultaneous charges)
  24. July 2002Template:Spaced en dashApril 2004Template:Spaced en dashUnion Minister, Finance & Company Affairs
  25. [[Minister of Finance (India)|April 2002Template:Spaced en dashMay 2004Template:Spaced en dashUnion Cabinet Minister, Finance]]
  26. [[2004 Indian Rajya Sabha elections|2004Template:Spaced en dashRe-elected to Rajya Sabha]] (5th term)
  27. [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|2004Template:Spaced en dashLeader of Opposition, Rajya Sabha]]
  28. August 2004Template:Spaced en dashAugust 2006Template:Spaced en dashMember, Committee on Science and Technology, Environment and Forests
  29. August 2004Template:Spaced en dashMay 2009Template:Spaced en dashMember, Joint Parliamentary Committee on the Installation of Portraits/Statues of National Leaders and Parliamentarians in Parliament House Complex[98]
  30. August 2005Template:Spaced en dashMember, General Purposes Committee
  31. [[15th Lok Sabha|2009Template:Spaced en dashRe-elected to 15th Lok Sabha]] (4th term) from Darjeeling
  32. August 2009Template:Spaced en dashDecember 2009Template:Spaced en dashChairman, Committee on Public Accounts
  33. September 2009Template:Spaced en dashMember, Committee on Budget
  34. January 2010Template:Spaced en dashMember, Committee on Public Accounts

Books

  • National Security.{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Spantech & Lancer(1996). ISBN 1-897829-18-3
  • Defending India{{#if:Singh|, Singh}(1999). ISBN 978-1-349-27191-7
  • District diary{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Macmillan India Ltd(2001). ISBN 0-333-93643-4
  • Travels in Transoxiana : in lands over the Hindu-Kush & across the Amu Darya{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Rupa & Co(2006). ISBN 81-291-1002-4
  • In service of emergent India : a call to honor{{#if:Singh|, Singh}(2007). ISBN 978-0-253-02800-6
  • Till memory serves : Victoria Cross winners of India{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Rupa & Co(2007). ISBN 978-81-291-1115-9
  • Khānakhānā nāmā{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Rūpā eṇḍa Kampanī(2006). ISBN 81-291-1055-5
  • Conflict and diplomacy : US and the birth of Bangladesh, Pakistan divides{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Rupa & Co(2008). ISBN 978-81-291-1335-1
  • Jinnah : India, partition, independence{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Oxford University Press(2010). ISBN 978-0-19-547927-0
  • The audacity of opinion : reflections, journeys, musings{{#if:Singh|, Singh}(2012). ISBN 978-93-81506-18-9
  • India at risk : mistakes, misconceptions and misadventures of security policy{{#if:Singh|, Singh}(2013). ISBN 978-81-291-2907-9
  • Antarctica{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(2011). ISBN 978-1611228151
  • Till Memory Serves: Victoria Cross Winners{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Rupa & Co(2007). ISBN 9788129111159

See also

Template:Div col

References

Notes

Template:Library resources box

  1. ↑ Jaswant Singh Biography. Election.in(23 June 2020). Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  2. ↑ Jaswant Singh: The realist who reshaped India's foreign policy discourse, Vardhan, Anand. Newslaundry.in(28 September 2020). Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  3. ↑ Former BJP leader Jaswant Singh passes away(27 September 2020). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  4. ↑ Ex-Union Minister Jaswant Singh Dies At 82. "Saddened By Demise," Says PM. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  5. ↑ Jaswant's expulsion is the BJP's gift to the RSS. Rediff. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  6. ↑ The Dates That Defined the Life and Times of Jaswant Singh (1938-2020). The Wire. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  7. ↑ Ex-Union Minister Jaswant Singh No More. Pratidin Time(27 September 2020). Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  8. ↑ Jaswant Singh: End of a long journey for the Army man-turned-parliamentarian. The Hindu(27 September 2020). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  9. ↑ From the archives: Jaswant Singh through the lens of Express photographers. The Indian Express(27 September 2020). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  10. ↑ When the US envoy protested about the nuclear test, my father Jaswant Singh gifted a toy for his son, Singh, Manvendra. ThePrint(11 May 2018). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  11. ↑ Benign Fallout of India's Nuclear Tests. Economic Times Blog(11 May 2018). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Jaswant Singh, key BJP face during Vajpayee era, passes away, Varma, Gyan. mint(27 September 2020). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  13. ↑ BJP expels Jaswant Singh over Jinnah book - Livemint. www.livemint.com(19 August 2009). Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  14. ↑ Jaswant Singh rules out withdrawal from Barmer Lok Sabha seat. The Indian Express(29 March 2014). Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  15. ↑ BJP expels defiant Jaswant Singh for 6 years. Hindustan Times(29 March 2014). Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  16. ↑ Jaswant Singh loses in Barmer. Business Standard India(16 May 2014). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  17. ↑ Jaswant Singh in coma after severe head injury, condition 'highly critical'. Zee News(8 August 2014). Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  18. ↑ Jaswant Singh death news: Former BJP leader Jaswant Singh passes away | India News - Times of India. The Times of India. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  19. ↑ Former Union minister Jaswant Singh passes away at 82. The Indian Express(27 September 2020). Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  20. ↑ In Rajasthan, Jaswant Singh's Son Banks On Rajput Anger, Father's Legacy. NDTV(28 November 2018). Retrieved 23 September 2020.
  21. ↑ Biographical Sketch of Member of XI Lok Sabha. Lok Sabha. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  22. ↑ Jaswant Singh [Biography BJP Leader]. Matpal(16 July 2012). Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  23. ↑ RIP Jaswant Singh: Ex-Army Officer, Outstanding Parliamentarian. TheQuint(27 September 2020). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  24. ↑ Jaswant Singh dead: From key figure in Vajpayee govt to BJP rebel. The Indian Express(27 September 2020). Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  25. ↑ Jaswant Singh's tumultuous career was marked by revival of India-US ties, ignominy of Kandahar hijacking - India News, Firstpost. Firstpost(27 September 2020). Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  26. ↑ Jaswant Singh: Former Army Major and ex-PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee's 'Man Friday'. Zee News(27 September 2020). Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  27. ↑ RSS must also introspect about their organisation: Jaswant. Hindustan Times(19 August 2009). Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  28. ↑ Leaders across party lines condole former Union minister Jaswant Singh's demise, Saxena, Sparshita. Hindustan Times(27 September 2020). Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  29. ↑ Post-Tehelka scandal, George Fernandes hands over his resignation letter. India Today(26 March 2001). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  30. ↑ Jaswant Singh's illustrious political legacy— A snapshot. Deccan Herald(27 September 2020). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  31. ↑ I am bewildered: Jaswant. The Hindu(28 July 2006). Retrieved 29 July 2006.
  32. ↑ Defiant Jaswant takes on Modi, dares BJP to sack him. India Today(24 March 2014). Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  33. ↑ General elections 2014: Senior leader Jaswant Singh expelled from BJP for six years. The Economic Times. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  34. ↑ Election Results: Jaswant goes down fighting in Barmer. The Times of India(17 May 2014). Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  35. ↑ The Dates That Defined the Life and Times of Jaswant Singh (1938-2020). The Wire. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  36. ↑ Jaswant Singh, advocate of peace with Pakistan, dies at 82. DAWN.COM(28 September 2020). Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  37. ↑ Jaswant Singh's illustrious political legacy— A snapshot. Deccan Herald(27 September 2020). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  38. ↑ RIP Jaswant Singh: Ex-Army Officer, Outstanding Parliamentarian. TheQuint(27 September 2020). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  39. ↑ Jaswant Singh expelled from BJP. The Economic Times. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Jaswant Singh passes away: Full list of positions held by the former Union Minister. Free Press Journal. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  41. ↑ Rise and fall in Indian Economy (1991-2000), Saxena, Shweta Chandan. IMF(March 2003). Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  42. ↑ Banking crises: An Indian history, Agrawal, Amol. mint(24 February 2018). Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  43. ↑ Former chairman of Indian Bank gets 3-yr jail in fraud case. The New Indian Express. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  44. ↑ Jaswant Singh — communicator, crisis manager, man of letters and a student of history, Malhotra, Jyoti. ThePrint(27 September 2020). Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  45. ↑ Jaswant Singh: An astute politician and Atal Bihari Vajpayee's 'Man Friday'. DNA India(27 September 2020). Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  46. ↑ I Began To Change. Outlook India. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  47. ↑ Jaswant Singh | A soldier-turned-politician bids adieu. The Hindu(27 September 2020). Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  48. ↑ India's Nuclear Weapons Program - Operation Shakti: 1998. nuclearweaponarchive.org. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  49. ↑ Pokhran anniversary: How India pulled a fast one on the Americans, Gupta, Shekhar. ThePrint(11 May 2018). Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  50. ↑ BBC News | india nuclear testing | Third World joins the nuclear club. news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  51. ↑ East meets Far East. The Hindu(31 August 2014). Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  52. ↑ Japan lifts India, Pakistan sanctions - CNN(3 April 2012). Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  53. ↑ Charan D. Wadhwa (27 June – 3 July 1998). "Costs of Economic Sanctions: Aftermath of Pokhran II". Economic and Political Weekly. 33 (26): 1604–1607. Template:JSTOR.
  54. ↑ Dittmer, L., ed. (2005). South Asia's nuclear security dilemma: India, Pakistan, and China. Armonk, NY: Sharpe. Template:ISBN.
  55. ↑ When Jaswant Singh got angry during Kargil war, Malik, V. P.. The New Indian Express. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  56. ↑ Rediff On The NeT Special: Jaswant Singh looks back at the Kargil conflict. www.rediff.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  57. ↑ Rediff On The NeT: Excerpts of the conversation between Gen Musharraf and Lt Gen Aziz. Rediff.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  58. ↑ Release of Kargil tape: Masterpiece or blunder?. Rediff.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  59. ↑ Omar Sheikh sentenced to death in Pearl murder case. Rediff.com(15 July 2002). Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  60. ↑ ISI backed Kandahar hijackers: Plane crisis negotiator Ajit Doval. The Economic Times(12 July 2018). Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  61. ↑ Deadly Embrace: Pakistan, America, and the Future of the Global Jihad{{#if:Riedel|, Riedel}. Brookings Institution Press(2012). ISBN 978-0-8157-2274-8
  62. ↑ Jaswant flying with terrorists was not good idea: Kandahar negotiator. The Economic Times. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  63. ↑ Jaswant Singh's version of the Kandahar hijack, Singh, Omkar. Rediff.com(21 July 2006). Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  64. ↑ An eight-day ordeal. Frontline(8 December 2000). Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  65. ↑ Kandahar Hijack: Revisit story of five terrorists bringing India on its knees, Iqbal, Aadil Ikram Zaki. India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News | India.com(24 December 2015). Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  66. ↑ IC-814 was India's 'Diplomatic Failure': Doval, Kaul, Sumir. Outlook India(24 December 2009). Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  67. ↑ Failure of diplomacy. Frontline. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  68. ↑ Former cabinet minister, founding member of BJP, Jaswant Singh dies at 82. Business Standard India(27 September 2020). Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  69. ↑ Jaswant Singh. India Infoline. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  70. ↑ The Vajpayee's ji re-appointment as Prime Minister was a new thing and a new dawn of democracy and also chances for the new outcomes.(Template:Harvard citation no brackets)
  71. ↑ Finance Ministers who shaped India's economy - Pillars of Indian economy. The Economic Times. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  72. ↑ India's economy grows 8.2% in 2020-2004. www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  73. ↑ GDP growth (annual %) - India | Data. World Bank. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  74. ↑ India's Economy Soared by 10% in Last Quarter of 2003 (Published 2004). The New York Times(1 April 2004). Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  75. ↑ World Economy Situation. Bibliotecha(14 April 2010). Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  76. ↑ Investing In Health For Economic Development. Macro Health(16 November 2011). Retrieved 10 October 2020.
  77. ↑ Indian Agriculture. FICCI. Retrieved 17 October 2008.
  78. ↑ Rajya Sabha-Former Leader of House. rajyasabha.nic.in. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  79. ↑ Jaswant Singh: An erudite liberal, democratic from aristocratic background - The News Now, Srivastava, Rajaram. www.thenewsnow(28 September 2020). Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  80. ↑ Jaswant Singh: A soft-spoken former Army officer, astute politician. National Herald(27 September 2020). Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  81. ↑ BJP not fit to govern India: Jaswant Singh. coastaldigest.com - The Trusted News Portal of India. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  82. ↑ Outlook India Photo Gallery - Jaswant Singh, Tyagi, Hiralal. Outlookindia(28 September 2020). Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  83. ↑ Ansari may write to MPs of UPA and supporting parties. DNA India(3 August 2012). Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  84. ↑ Jaswant Singh to give stature to vice-president poll contest. DNA India(16 July 2012). Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  85. ↑ Jaswant Singh to challenge Hamid Ansari test Vice-President's post. The Times of India(16 July 2012). Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  86. ↑ 2012 Vice-Presidential Election. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  87. ↑ The mole has taken its toll. Hindustan Times(7 August 2006). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  88. ↑ Spy in the cold: Jaswant backtracks on mole statement - Indian Express. archive.indianexpress.com(26 July 2006). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  89. ↑ Nehru not Jinnah's polity led to partition. Retrieved 19 August 2009.
  90. ↑ Jaswant Singh expelled over Jinnah remarks(19 August 2009). Retrieved 19 August 2009.
  91. ↑ Jaswant returns to BJP.
  92. ↑ Ex-Union Minister Jaswant Singh Dies At 82. "Saddened By Demise," Says PM. NDTV(27 September 2019). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  93. ↑ Former BJP leader Jaswant Singh passes away. The Times of India(27 September 2020). Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  94. ↑ Former Union Minister Jaswant Singh passes away. The Hindu(27 September 2020). Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  95. ↑ Jaswant Singh Cremated In Jodhpur, Family, Leaders Pay Last Respects, Singh, Harsha Kumari. NDTV.com(28 September 2020). Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  96. ↑ Former cabinet minister, founding member of BJP, Jaswant Singh dies at 82. Business Standard India(27 September 2020). Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  97. ↑ Jaswant Singh: A worthy scholar, soldier, and politician. Tribuneindia News Service(3 October 2020). Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  98. ↑ Secretariat. webcache.googleusercontent.com. Retrieved 27 September 2020.

Citations

Further reading

Template:Refbegin* In Service of Emergent India: A Call to Honour{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}(21 September 2007). ISBN 9780253028006

  • India Votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha Elections 2001-2005{{#if:Rana|, Rana}. Swarup & Sons(2006). ISBN 9788176256476
  • Engaging India{{#if:Talbott|, Talbott}. Brookings Institution Press(2010k). ISBN 9780815721253
  • Campaign Diary{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Rupa Publications(2013d). ISBN 9788184759839

Template:Sister project links

Template:Refend Template:S-start-collapsible Template:S-par Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-break Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-break Template:S-par Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-break Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-break Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-off Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft |- Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft |- Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft |- Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft |- Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft |- Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft |- Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-end

Template:NavboxesTemplate:Authority control

Retrieved from "https://indianpedia.org/index.php?title=Jaswant_Singh&oldid=412153"
Discover more