Kanpur India

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Settlement type Metropolis
Country India
State
District
Subdivision

Kanpur (Template:IPAc-en Template:Audio), also known as Cawnpore, is a metropolitan city in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. Founded in 1803, Kanpur became one of the most important commercial and military stations of British India. Nestled on the banks of Ganges River, Kanpur stands as the major financial and industrial centre of North India and also the ninth-largest urban economy in India.[1][2] Today it is famous for its colonial architecture, gardens, parks and fine quality leather products which are exported mainly to the West.[3][4]

The city is famous for its leather and textile industries. It is the 12th most populous city and the 11th most populous urban agglomeration in India. Kanpur was an important British garrison town until 1947, when India gained independence. The urban district of Kanpur Nagar serves as the headquarters of the Kanpur Division, Kanpur Range and Kanpur Zone.

With the first woolen mill of India, commonly known as the Lal Imli (literally meaning "Red Tamarind", for a brand produced by the mill) by the British India Corporation established here in 1876 by Alexander MacRobert. The eastern and northern facades of the mill are reminiscent of the Palace of Westminster, due to their architecture, proximity to the Ganges river and with the north-east corner of the mill being topped by a clock tower similar to Big Ben in London. This similarity underscores the city's importance and prestige during the British times, which extends till date; making the Lal Imli — a great highlight of the city. The city is also widely regarded as the "Leather City of the World" and is predominantly nicknamed as the "Manchester of the East", for its textile industries.

According to 2011 Indian census, it is the eleventh most populous urban city while the population of city and its suburb were around 5 million making it the eighth-most populous metropolitan area in India. Furthermore, it is considered the world's most polluted city by particulate matter concentration. In 2018, Kanpur, was considered by the World Health Organization as the city with the world's worst air pollution.[5]

History

In 1207, Raja Kanh Deo of the Kanhpuria clan established the village of Kanhpur, which later came to be known as Kanpur.[6][7]

1857 uprising

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Kanpur from the river in 1858

In the 19th century, Cawnpore was an important British garrison with barracks for 7,000 soldiers. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, 900 British men, women and children were besieged in the fortifications for 22 days by Indian Freedom Fighters under Nana Sahib Peshwa. They surrendered on the agreement that they would get safe passage to the nearby Satti Chaura Ghat whereupon they would board barges and be allowed to go by river to Allahabad.[8]

Though controversy surrounds what exactly happened at the Satti Chaura Ghat, and who fired the first shot, it is known that, soon afterwards, the departing British were shot at by the freedom fighter sepoys and were either killed or captured. Some of the British officers later claimed that the rebels had, on purpose, placed the boats as high in the mud as possible, to cause delay. They also claimed that Nana Sahib's camp had previously arranged for the rebels to fire upon and kill all the English. Although the East India Company later accused Nana Sahib of betrayal and murder of innocent people, no evidence has ever been found to prove that Nana Sahib had pre-planned or ordered the massacre. Some historians believe that the Satti Chaura Ghat massacre was the result of confusion, and not of any plan implemented by Nana Sahib and his associates. Lieutenant Mowbray Thomson, one of the four male survivors of the massacre, believed that the rank-and-file sepoys who spoke to him did not know of the killing to come.[9]

Many were killed and the remaining 200 British women and children were brought back to shore and sent to a building called the Bibighar (the ladies' home). After some time, the commanders of the rebels decided to kill their hostages. The rebel soldiers refused to carry out orders and butchers from the nearby town were brought in to kill the hostages three days before the British entered the city on 18 July. The dismembered bodies were thrown into a deep well nearby. The British under General Neill retook the city and committed a series of retaliations against the rebel Sepoys and those civilians caught in the area, including women, children and old men. The Cawnpore Massacre, as well as similar events elsewhere, were seen by the British as justification for unrestrained vengeance.[10] "Remember Cawnpore" became a war cry for British for the rest of the rebellion.

Metropolitan area

Kanpur skyline

The metropolitan region defined under JNNURM by Kanpur Nagar Nigam, includes the Kanpur Nagar Nigam area, 8 kilometres around KNN boundary and newly included 47 villages of Unnao district on the north-eastern side, it extends to Murtaza Nagar, in the west its limit is up to Akbarpur, Kanpur Dehat Nagar Panchayat limit, on the eastern side the limit has been expanded on the road leading to Fatehpur and in extended up to. The metropolitan region area includes the area of Shuklaganj Municipal Committee (Nagar Palika), Unnao Municipal Committee (Nagar Palika), Akbarpur Village Authority (Nagar Panchayat) and Bithoor Village Authority (Nagar Panchayat) area.[11] In 1997–98, total metropolitan region area has increased to 89131.15 hectare out of which 4,743.9 hectare (5.31%) was non-defined (prohibited area) and rest 29,683 hectare and 54,704 hectare (61.39%) was urban and rural area respectively.

Climate

Template:Main Like most of lowland northern India, Kanpur has a monsoon-influenced hot semi-arid climate (BSh) under the Köppen climate classification.

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Demographics

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As per the provisional results of 2011 census, Kanpur city has a population of 4,581,000.[12][13] The literacy rate was 79.65 per cent and sex ratio was 862.[12][13][14]

There are 35 Parsis in Kanpur with their Fire Temple at The Mall.[15]

Hinduism is a majority in Kanpur with sizeable minority of Muslims. Sikhs, Christians and Buddhists are below 2 percent.

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Government and politics

Officials
Divisional Commissioner
Pradeep Kumar Mohanty[16][17][18]
District Magistrate
Vijay Vishwas Pant[16][17][18]
Additional Director General, Kanpur Zone Avanish Chandra[19]
Inspector General, Kanpur Range Alok Singh[20]
DIG/Senior Superintendent of Police Sonia Singh[21]
Vice Chairman, Kanpur Development Authority Kinjal Singh[22][23]
Mayor
Pramila Pandey[24]
Municipal Commissioner Avinash Singh[24][25][26]
District Judge Shashi Kant Shukla[27]
Chief Metropolitan Magistrate
Shabistan Aquil[27]

Administration

General administration

Kanpur division which consists of seven districts, and is headed by the divisional commissioner of Kanpur, who is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of high seniority, the commissioner is the head of local government institutions (including municipal corporations) in the division, is in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division.[28][29][30][31] The district magistrate of Kanpur reports to the divisional commissioner. The current commissioner is Pradeep Kumar Mohanty.[16][17][18]

Kanpur district administration is headed by the district magistrate of Kanpur, who is an IAS officer. The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the elections held in the city. The DM is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the city.[28][32][33][34] The DM is assisted by a chief development officer; four additional district magistrates for finance/revenue, city, land acquisition, and civil supply; one city magistrat; and seven additional city magistrates.[35] The district has three tehsils viz. Sadar, Bilhaur and Ghatampur, each headed by a sub-divisional magistrate.[35] The current DM is Vijay Vishwas Pant.[16][17][18]

Civic Administration

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Kanpur Municipal Corporation HQ

Kanpur municipality was established on 22 November 1861, and was upgraded to a municipal corporation in 1959.[36] The local government of Kanpur is governed under the Municipal act for the state, Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959.[37]

The area under the municipal limits of Kanpur city, or Kanpur Municipal Corporation, is spread over an area of 260 square km.[12][38] It oversees civic activities in the city. The head of the corporation is the mayor, but the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the municipal commissioner, who is an Uttar Pradesh government-appointed Provincial Civil Service officer of high seniority.[25] The executive wing is headed by municipal commissioner, Avinash Singh[24][26] and has the following departments: Revenue, City Cleansing, Engineering, Marg Prakash, Health, Accounts, Personnel/HRD, Swasthya Vibhag, Education, Mukya Nagar Lekha Vibhag, Pariyojna, Udyan Vibhag, Chikitsa Vibhag, Encroachment & Cattle Catching Department.[39] There is also an executive committee present in the city.[40][41]

The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by Kanpur Development Authority (KDA), which comes under the Housing Department of Uttar Pradesh government. The divisional commissioner of Kanpur acts as the ex-officio Chairman of KDA, whereas a vice chairperson, a government-appointed IAS officer, looks after the daily matters of the authority.[42] The current vice-chairman of Kanpur Development Authority is K. Vijayendra Pandian.[22][23]

The municipality receives revenue from general tax, advertisement tax, income from municipal properties, grants from state government etc.[43]

Law and order

The Kanpur District Court is headed by the district judge of Kanpur, who is assisted by numerous additional district judges, civil judges (senior division) and additional civil judges. Kanpur is a notified metropolitan area by UP Government under Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, and therefore has a chief metropolitan magistrate, who is assisted by several metropolitan magistrates. The current district judge is Shashi Kant Shukla,[27] and the current chief metropolitan magistrate is Shabistan Aquil.[27]

Police administration

Template:Main Kanpur district comes under the Kanpur Police Zone and Kanpur Police Range, Kanpur Zone is headed by an additional director general-ranked Indian Police Service (IPS) officer, and the Kanpur Range is headed inspector general-ranked IPS officer. The current ADG, Kanpur Zone is Avanish Chandra,[19] and IG, Kanpur Range is Alok Singh.[20]

The district police is headed by a deputy inspector general/senior superintendent of police (DIG/SSP), who is an IPS officer, and is assisted by seven superintendents of police or additional superintendents of police for east, west, south, rural area, crime, traffic and modern control, who are either IPS officers or Provincial Police Service (PPS) officers.[21] Each of the several police circles is headed by a circle officer (CO) in the rank of deputy superintendent of police.[21] The current DIG/SSP is Sonia Singh.[21]

Politics

Local politics

The city is divided into 6 zones and 110 wards with a ward population range of 19,000 to 26,000 and 110 corporators directly elected from each ward.[36][44] As mandated by the 74th constitutional amendment, there were 11 ward committees in Kanpur municipal corporation in 1991.[45] Local elections were last held in 2017, when the mayor, Pramila Pandey from the BJP, was elected.[46] The previous mayor had been Captain (retired) Jagatvir Singh Drona.[24] As of 2006, Kanpur Municipal Council has an elected mayor-in-council system.[47]

State politics

Kanpur Nagar district encompasses one Lok Sabha constituency and ten Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituenciesTemplate:Citation not found. The city of Kanpur has one representative member of parliament in Lok Sabha for Kanpur, Satyadev Pachauri.

Civic Utilities

The first development plan of the city was created by the Kanpur Development Board in 1943. This was followed by the masterplan being designed by the Town and Country Planning Department from 1962-1991, which was adopted after the establishment of the Kanpur Development Authority in 1974.[48][43] The most recent masterplan is the Draft Master Plan of 2021 .[43] [49]

Electricity is supplied to the city by Kanpur Electricity Supply Company (KESCO), which is under the Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd (UPPCL).[50][51] Fire services are under the state, Uttar Pradesh Fire Service.[52]

Water supply, sewerage is done by the Jal Kal vibhag of KMC.[53] Infrastructure development and maintenance is done by the state's body, UP Jal Nigam.[54] The piped water supply of Kanpur City was started in 1892.[55] After construction of Ganga Barrage on the river, a permanent and reliable source for the water supply got available to provide 1600 mld raw water.[55] The city also receives water from the catchment areas of rivers Ganga and Pandu.[55] However, while the total water supply requirement is 600 mld only 385 mld of potable water is being supplied.[55] The city loses water due to leaky pipes and contamination of natural water sources.[55] There is a severe water crisis in Kanpur.[56]

In 2015, Ganga Pollution Control Unit in Kanpur got about Rs 200 crores to make 4 STPs functional.[57] The city then reported having 3 STPs for domestic waste.[57] In 2017, there was only one sewage treatment plant for waste from tanneries, biggest source of industrial pollution to the Ganga, was to be replaced by a newer one costing 400 cr as the old one could only treat 9 MLD at the most. 823.1 MLD of untreated sewage and 212.42 MLD of industrial effluent flow into the river.[58] In 2019, another STP costing worth Rs 816.25 was to be set up.[59] As of 2020, While the government has stopped pollution from Kanpur's biggest drain, Sishamau, of Kanpur's 48 drains, eight still have no devices to stop effluents.[60]

Solid waste management is handled by the KMC.[61] As of 2015, Kanpur generates 1,500 tonnes of solid wastes from domestic and industrial sources, 64,000 tonnes of hazardous waste annually which includes metals and waste generated by tanneries, dye industries and chemical industries; while coal ash produced in Kanpur amounts to 71,000 tonnes per annum.[62]Template:-

Transport

Kanpur Central Railway Station

Airways

Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Airport has scheduled commercial flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai and other cities of India. The nearest International Airport is the Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport in Lucknow, which is around 77.1 km from Kanpur.

Railways

Kanpur Central is a major railhead and is among the busiest railway stations in the country. Rail routes connect it to all major cities in the state and the country. It is an A-1 category railway station coming under the Allahabad railway division of North Central Railway zone of Indian Railways. Around 300 trains pass through the station daily.[63] Other major railway stations serving the city include Kanpur Anwarganj, Govindpuri, Panki, Kalianpur, Rawatpur, Chandari, Kanpur Bridge and Chakeri.

Roadways

The city has had chronic problems with maintaining local roads.[64] There are several important National Highways that pass through Kanpur.

NH No Route Total Length
NH 2 Delhi » Mathura » Agra » Kanpur » Allahabad » Varanasi » Mohania » Barhi » Palsit » Dankuni (near Kolkata) 2542
NH 25 Lucknow » Kanpur » Jhansi 352
NH 86 Kanpur » Hamirpur » Mahoba » Chhatarpur » Sagar » Bhopal » Indore 674
NH 91 Ghaziabad » Aligarh » Etah » Kannauj » Kanpur 405
NH 157 (Proposed) Kanpur » Raebareli » Sultanpur » Shahganj » Azamgarh » Gaura Barhaj » Siwan » Muzaffarpur 581

The UPSRTC Inter State Bus Station (ISBT) of Kanpur officially named as the "Shaheed Major Salman Khan Bus Station". It is locally known as the "Jhakarkati Bus Station". It provides buses to important cities of India.[65] Other UPSRTC controlled Important Bus stations are Chunniganj Bus Stand for Farrukhabad, Bareilly and Uttranchal routes, Naubasta Bus Stand for Hamirpur route, Fazalganj is another hub for Private carriers.

Ring road

In 2011 it was reported by The Indian Express that "The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is all set to develop a four-lane outer ring road along the periphery of Kanpur with an aim to prevent traffic congestion in the industrial city caused by long-distance heavy vehicles. The new road, which will help the heavy vehicles to bypass the city, will be developed on Built, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis under the phase-VII of National Highways Development Programme (NHDP)"[66]

Kanpur Metro

Kanpur Metro is an under construction rail based mass transit system in the city of Kanpur, India which shall further be extendable to Kanpur metropolitan area. The work of the first metro depot is 100 percent complete. Trial runs for metro have already started and metro is expected to begin its operation by December 2021. [67][68]

Education and research

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Higher education

Faculty Building, IIT Kanpur
Aerial view of Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University

Educational institutions in the city include three state universities. Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University is one of the largest universities in Asia catering to urban and rural students offering professional and academic courses in disciplines of Arts, Science, Commerce, Law, Engineering, Biotechnology, Computer Applications, Management and Medicine. Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology is an agricultural university named after the Indian revolutionary Chandrashekhar Azad which caters to the needs of the farming community of 29 districts of Uttar Pradesh. Harcourt Butler Technical University (HBTI) offers Bachelors, Masters, and Doctoral programs in engineering, as well as Masters programs in Business Administration, and Computer Applications. A public engineering institution Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur is in the city. It was one of the first Indian Institutes of Technology established in 1959, created with the assistance of a consortium of nine US research universities as part of the Kanpur Indo-American Programme (KIAP).[69][70] There is also a private university in the city: Rama University part of the Rama Group.[71] There are several private Technical and Management institutions.

Medical education

Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College (GSVM Medical College) is a state-run medical college in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in 1956 and named after Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, a freedom fighter and journalist from Kanpur. Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital, which is also known as Hallet Hospital, is associated with GSVM, Kanpur.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Welcome to Kanpur Logistics Park Pvt. Ltd.. klpl.in.
  2. ↑ From Kanhiyapur to Kanpur in 210 years | Kanpur News - Times of India. The Times of India(24 March 2013).
  3. ↑ Kanpur. ramblinginthecity.
  4. ↑ Top 7 Places To Visit In Kanpur - Trans India Travels. www.transindiatravels.com.
  5. ↑ With world's worst air, Indian city struggles to track pollution. Yahoo News(16 May 2018). Retrieved 16 May 2018.
    Indian city struggles with 'world's worst air'. The Washington Post(16 May 2018). Retrieved 16 May 2018.
  6. ↑ Kanpur History - History of Kanpur City- History of Kanpur India. Journeymart.com. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  7. ↑ Man. Dspace.wbpublisher.gov.in. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  8. ↑ Historic Incidents and Life in India{{#if:Wright|, Wright}. J. A. Brainerd(1863). ISBN 978-1-135-72312-5
  9. ↑ Eighteen Fifty-seven{{#if:Sen|, Sen}. Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India(1995). ISBN 978-81-230-0093-0
  10. ↑ Dalrymple, W. 2007. The Last Mughal. The Fall of a Dynasty: Delhi, 1857, Alfred Knopf, New York
  11. ↑ Final Report : Kanpur City. Jnnurm.nic.in. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Kanpur City
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  14. ↑ Urban agglomerations/cities having population 1 million and above. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 January 2012.
  15. ↑ Appeal – Cawnpore Parsee Anjuman, Kanpur | Parsis, Iranis, Zarathushtis - ALL Under One Roof. Zoroastrians.net. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Contact Details Of Commissioners and District Magistrates Of U.P.. Department of Home and Confidential, Government of Uttar Pradesh. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 {{{title}}}. Department of Appointments and Personnel, Government of Uttar Pradesh. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Administrative Officers of Kanpur Nagar. Kanpur Nagar District website. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Officers posted at Kanpur Zone. Uttar Pradesh Police. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Officers posted at Kanpur Range. Uttar Pradesh Police. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Officers posted at KANPUR NAGAR. Uttar Pradesh Police. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Contact Us. Kanpur Development Authority. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 List of IAS officers who are Vice Chairmen of Development Authorities. Department of Appointment and Personnel, Government of Uttar Pradesh. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Home Page. Kanpur Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 {{{title}}}. Kanpur Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 PCS OFFICERS (Posted as HOD). Department of Appointment and Personnel, Government of Uttar Pradesh. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Judicial Officers in Kanpur Nagar. Allahabad High Court. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP. Government of Uttar Pradesh. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
  29. ↑ Indian Administration{{#if:Maheshwari|, Maheshwari}. Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.(2000). ISBN 9788125019886
  30. ↑ Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Mittal Publications(1993). ISBN 978-8170993810
  31. ↑ Governance in India{{#if:Laxmikanth|, Laxmikanth}. McGraw Hill Education(2014). ISBN 978-9339204785
  32. ↑ Indian Administration{{#if:Maheshwari|, Maheshwari}. Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.(2000). ISBN 9788125019886
  33. ↑ Governance in India{{#if:Laxmikanth|, Laxmikanth}. McGraw Hill Education(2014). ISBN 978-9339204785
  34. ↑ Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar{{#if:Singh|, Singh}. Mittal Publications(1993). ISBN 978-8170993810
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Work Distribution :-. Kanpur Nagar district website. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Chapter IV: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF KANPUR REGION. Shodhganga. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  37. ↑ Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act.
  38. ↑ District Handbook - Town Amenities - Row 409. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  39. ↑ KMC: Organisational Structure. Kanpur Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  40. ↑ Corporators spit fire, officers play truant. Hindustan Times(1 January 2006). Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  41. ↑ Kanpur Municipal Corporation's executive panel to discuss new proposals today | Kanpur News - Times of India. The Times of India. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  42. ↑ About KDA. Kanpur Development Authority. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Final Report: Kanpur City Development Plan Under JNNURM (complete document). India Environment Portal.
  44. ↑ mayor_corporators. kmc.up.nic.in. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  45. ↑ Ward power.
  46. ↑ Kanpur Municipal Corporation Nagar Nigam elections result 2017: Full List of ward-wise winners. The Financial Express(29 November 2017). Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  47. ↑ Kanpur City Development Plan Under JNNURM. Kanpur Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  48. ↑ RashmiAshttJJT/61009264 Chapter 5: Land use. Shodhganga.
  49. ↑ Official Website of Town And Country Planning Department , Uttar Pradesh, India. / Introduction of Development Area Kanpur. uptownplanning.gov.in. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  50. ↑ UP: State Power Employees Protest Against Privatisation of PuVVNL. NewsClick(30 September 2020). Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  51. ↑ Welcome to Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India. / About UPPCL / Agencies under the Administrative Control. www.upenergy.in. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  52. ↑ UP Fire Services. upfireservice.gov.in. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  53. ↑ Jal Kal. Jal Kal. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  54. ↑ Official Website of Jal Nigam, Uttar Pradesh | About Department | About Jal Nigam, Uttar Pradesh. jn.upsdc.gov.in. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 55.4 Kanpur City Development Plan. Rcues Lucknow. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  56. ↑ The water crisis is another alarm bell. Avenue Mail(4 September 2020). Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 New sewage treatment plants on Ganga in Kanpur | Lucknow News - Times of India. The Times of India. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  58. ↑ New ₹400-cr effluent treatment plant to come up in Kanpur. The Hindu(15 December 2017). Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  59. ↑ Sewage treatment plant worth Rs 816.25 cr to come up in Kanpur. www.projectstoday.com. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  60. ↑ New Ganga law will define cleanliness levels, make polluters pay. Hindustan Times(19 August 2020). Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  61. ↑ Workshop organised by CSE and Govt. of UP. Centre for Science and Environment. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  62. ↑ A miserable place to live. www.downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  63. ↑ Around 300 trains pass through Kanpur Central daily(7 November 2010). Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  64. ↑ Potholed roads, eight to ten hours long power cut, overflowing drains and contaminated drinking water which lead to bad health and contagious diseases tell the tale of the Industrial town, which is fast turning into a big slum. 'Outsider' Joshi takes on 'local' Jaiswal. The Times of India(29 April 2014).
  65. ↑ UPSRTC. UPSRTC. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  66. ↑ Kanpur to get outer ring road to bypass traffic blues. Indianepress.com. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  67. ↑ Cabinet approves Kanpur Metro Rail Project. Business Standard India(1 March 2019). Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  68. ↑ हिंदी खबर, Latest News in Hindi, हिंदी समाचार, ताजा खबर. Patrika News(22 July 2017). Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  69. ↑ Norman Dahl: Kanpur Indo-American Program; http://csg.csail.mit.edu/Dahl/kiapbooklet.pdf Template:Webarchive
  70. ↑ Financial Statements and Performance Indicators. Jump up ^ Kelkar, P.K. (17 March 2006). "IIT Kanpur — History". IIT Kanpur
  71. ↑ Private University Uttar Pradesh; http://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=33&Unitype=3 Template:Webarchive

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