List of languages by first written account

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Created by Isaac3301
Last edited March 19, 2026

Template:Pp-semi-indef Template:Protection padlock This is a list of languages arranged by age of the oldest existing text recording a complete sentence in the language. It does not include undeciphered writing systems, though there are various claims without wide acceptance, which, if substantiated, would push backward the first attestation of certain languages. It also does not include inscriptions consisting of isolated words or names from a language. In most cases, some form of the language had already been spoken (and even written) considerably earlier than the dates of the earliest extant samples provided here.

A written record may encode a stage of a language corresponding to an earlier time, either as a result of oral tradition, or because the earliest source is a copy of an older manuscript that was lost. An oral tradition of epic poetry may typically bridge a few centuries, and in rare cases, over a millennium. An extreme case is the Vedic Sanskrit of the Rigveda: the earliest parts of this text date to Template:Circa 1500 BC,[1] while the oldest known manuscripts date to Template:Circa 1040 AD.[2] Similarly the oldest Avestan texts, the Gathas, are believed to have been composed before 1000 BC, but the oldest Avestan manuscripts date from the 13th century AD.[3]

Before 1000 BC

Template:Further

Writing first appeared in the Near East at the end of the 4th millennium BC.[4] A very limited number of languages are attested in the area from before the Bronze Age collapse and the rise of alphabetic writing:

In East Asia towards the end of the second millennium BC, the Sino-Tibetan family was represented by Old Chinese.

There are also a number of undeciphered Bronze Age records:

Earlier symbols, such as the Jiahu symbols or Vinča symbols, are believed to be proto-writing, rather than representations of language.

Date Language Attestation Notes
Template:Circa 2690 BC Egyptian Egyptian hieroglyphs constituting the earliest complete sentence known, found in the tomb of Seth-Peribsen (2nd Dynasty), Umm El Qa'ab. This sentence refers to the entombed king's father and translates as, "He has united the Two Lands for his son, Dual King Peribsen."[5] So-called "proto-hieroglyphic" inscriptions, such as those on the Narmer Palette, are known from 3300 BC on, although these instances of written Egyptian are rebus-like and confined to semi-grammatical captions, labels, and proper names. See also, Naqada III and Abydos, Egypt.
Template:Circa 2600 BC Sumerian Instructions of Shuruppak, the Kesh temple hymn and other cuneiform texts from Shuruppak and Abu Salabikh (Fara period)[6]Template:Sfnp "Proto-literate" period from about 3500 BC (see Kish tablet); administrative records at Uruk and Ur from Template:Circa 2900 BC.

Various texts from Ur during the Early Dynastic I–II period (c. 2800 BC) show syllabic elements with clear signs of the Sumerian language.[7]

Template:Circa 2600 BC Akkadian A hymn to the sun-god Šamaš found at Tell Abū Ṣalābīḫ.[8] Some proper names attested in Sumerian texts at Tell Harmal from about 2800 BC.[9] Fragments of the Legend of Etana at Tell Harmal Template:Circa 2600 BC.[10] A few dozen pre-Sargonic texts from Mari and other sites in northern Babylonia.[11]
Template:Circa 2400 BC Eblaite Ebla tablets[12]
24th century BC Northwest Semitic Protective spells in Pyramid Texts 235, 236, 281, 286 from the Pyramid of Unas, written in hieroglyphic script but unintelligible as Egyptian[13][14] Ugaritic is the earliest Northwest Semitic language to be unambiguously attested within its native context, Template:Circa 1300 BC.
Template:Circa 2250 BC Elamite Awan dynasty peace treaty with Naram-Sin[15][16] The Proto-Elamite script attested from Template:Circa 3100 BC remains undeciphered. A proposed decipherment of the Linear Elamite script is not fully accepted.
21st century BC Hurrian Temple inscription of Tish-atal in Urkesh[17]
Template:Circa 1800 BC Amorite Bilingual Amorite-Akkadian vocabulary[18] See also tablet CUNES 50-11-020 (P411253)
Template:Circa 1700 BC Hittite Anitta text in Hittite cuneiform[19] Isolated Hittite words and names occur in Assyrian texts found at Kültepe, from the 19th century BC.[19]
16th century BC Palaic Hittite texts CTH 751–754[20]
Template:Circa 1450 BC Mycenaean Greek Linear B tablet archive from Knossos[21]Template:Sfnp[22] These are mostly administrative lists, with some complete sentences.[23]
Template:Circa 1400 BC Luwian Hieroglyphic Luwian monumental inscriptions, Cuneiform Luwian tablets in the Hattusa archivesTemplate:Sfnp Isolated hieroglyphs appear on seals from the 18th century BC.Template:Sfnp
Template:Circa 1400 BC Hattic Hittite texts CTH 725–745
Template:Circa 1300 BC Ugaritic Tablets from Ugarit[24][25]
Template:Circa 1250 BC Old Chinese Oracle bone and bronze inscriptions from the reign of Wu DingTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp[26]

First millennium BC

The Ahiram epitaph is the earliest substantial inscription in Phoenician.

The earliest known alphabetic inscriptions, at Serabit el-Khadim (Template:Circa 1500 BC), appear to record a Northwest Semitic language, though only one or two words have been deciphered. In the Early Iron Age, alphabetic writing spread across the Near East and southern Europe. With the emergence of the Brahmic family of scripts, languages of India are attested from after about 300 BC.

There is only fragmentary evidence for languages such as Iberian, Tartessian, Galatian and Messapian.Template:Sfnp The North Picene language of the Novilara Stele from Template:Circa 600 BC has not been deciphered.Template:Sfnp The few brief inscriptions in Thracian dating from the 6th and 5th centuries BC have not been conclusively deciphered.[28] The earliest examples of the Central American Isthmian script date from Template:Circa 500 BC, but a proposed decipherment remains controversial.[29]

Date Language Attestation Notes
Template:Circa 1000 BC Phoenician Ahiram epitaph[30]
10th century BC Aramaic Royal inscriptions from Aramean city-states[31]
10th century BC Hebrew or Phoenician Gezer calendar[32] Paleo-Hebrew employed a slightly modified Phoenician alphabet, hence the uncertainty between which language is attested here.
Template:Circa 850 BC Ammonite Amman Citadel Inscription[33]
Template:Circa 840 BC Moabite Mesha Stele
Template:Circa 820 BC Urartian Inscriptions in Assyrian cuneiform script[34]
Template:Circa 800 BC Phrygian Paleo-Phrygian inscriptions at Gordion[35]
8th century BC Sabaean (Old South Arabian) Mainly boustrophedon inscriptions from Yemen[36]
8th century BC Old Arabic Prayer inscription at Bayir, Jordan[37] It is a bi-lingual inscription written in Old Arabic which was written in the undifferentiated North Arabian script (known as Thamudic B) and Canaanite which remains undeciphered.
Template:Circa 700 BC Etruscan Proto-Corinthian vase found at Tarquinia[38]
7th century BC Latin Vetusia Inscription and Fibula Praenestina[39]
Template:Circa 600 BC Lydian Inscriptions from SardisTemplate:Sfnp
Template:Circa 600 BC Carian Inscriptions from Caria and EgyptTemplate:Sfnp
Template:Circa 600 BC Faliscan Ceres inscription found at Falerii[40]
early 6th century BC Umbrian Text painted on the handle of a krater found near Tolfa[41]
Template:Circa 550 BC Taymanitic Esk 168 and 177[42] The Taymanitic script is mentioned in an 8th-century BC document from Carchemish.Template:Sfnp
Template:Circa 550 BC South Picene Warrior of Capestrano[43]
mid-6th century BC Venetic Funerary inscriptions at Este[44]
late 6th century BC Lemnian Lemnos Stele[45]
Template:Circa 500 BC Old Persian Behistun Inscription
Template:Circa 500 BC Lepontic Inscriptions CO-48 from Pristino (Como) and VA-6 from Vergiate (Varese)[46][47] Inscriptions from the early 6th century consist of isolated names.
Template:Circa 300 BC Oscan Lovilae from Capua[48] Coin legends date from the late 5th century BC.Template:Sfnp
3rd century BC Gaulish Transalpine Gaulish inscriptions in Massiliote Greek script[49]
3rd century BC Volscian Tabula VeliternaTemplate:Sfnp
Template:Circa 260 BC Ashokan Prakrit Edicts of Ashoka[50]Template:Sfnp Potsherds inscribed with Brahmi letters from Anuradhapura have been dated Template:Circa 400 BC, and range from isolated letters to names in the genitive case.[51][52]
Template:Circa 200 BC Elu (Sri Lankan Prakrit) Brahmi inscription at Mihintale[53]
early 2nd century BC Old Tamil Rock inscription ARE 465/1906 at Mangulam caves, Tamil Nadu[54] (Other authors give dates from late 3rd century BC to 1st century AD.[55][56]) Pottery inscribed with personal names has been found at Keeladi, a site that was occupied between the 6th century BC and 1st century AD.[57]

5th century BC inscriptions on potsherds found in Kodumanal, Porunthal and Palani have been claimed as Tamil-Brahmi,[58][59] but this is disputed.[60]

An inscription of 7 symbols from Adichanallur, tentatively dated 5th century BC, has been claimed as rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi.[61]

2nd century BC Meroitic Graffiti on the temple of Amun at Dukki Gel, near Kerma[62]
Template:Circa 146 BC Numidian Punic-Libyan Inscription at Dougga[63]
Template:Circa 100 BC Celtiberian Botorrita plaques
1st century BC Parthian Ostraca at Nisa and Qumis[64]
1st century BC Sanskrit Ayodhya Inscription of Dhana, and Hathibada Ghosundi Inscriptions (both near Chittorgarh)[65] The Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman (shortly after 150 AD) is the oldest long text.[66]

First millennium AD

From Late Antiquity, we have for the first time languages with earliest records in manuscript tradition (as opposed to epigraphy). Thus, Classical Armenian is first attested in the Armenian Bible translation.

The Vimose inscriptions (2nd and 3rd centuries) in the Elder Futhark runic alphabet appear to record Proto-Norse names. Some scholars interpret the Negau helmet inscription (Template:Circa 100 BC) as a Germanic fragment.

Date Language Attestation Notes
Template:Circa 150 Bactrian Rabatak inscription
Template:Circa 200 Proto-Norse inscription NITHIJO TAWIDE on shield grip from the Illerup Ådal weapon deposit Single Proto-Norse words are found on the Øvre Stabu spearhead (second half of the 2nd century) and the Vimose Comb (c. 160).
Template:0 292 Mayan Stela 29 from Tikal[67] A brief undeciphered inscription at San Bartolo is dated to the 3rd century BC.[68]
Template:0 312–313 Sogdian Ancient Letters, found near Dunhuang[69]
Template:0 328 Arabic Namara inscription
Template:Circa 350 Ge'ez inscriptions of Ezana of Aksum[70]
Template:Circa 350 Cham Đông Yên Châu inscription found near Tra Kiêu[71] Oldest attested Austronesian language
4th century Gothic Gothic Bible, translated by Wulfila[72] A few problematic Gothic runic inscriptions may date to the early 4th century.
Template:Circa 400 Tocharian B THT 274 and similar manuscripts[73] Some Tocharian names and words have been found in Prakrit documents from Krorän dated Template:Circa 300.[74]
Template:Circa 430 Old Georgian Bir el Qutt inscription #1[75] Inscription #2, made around the same time, is currently missing.
Template:Circa 450 Old Kannada Halmidi inscriptionTemplate:Sfnp A date of 350 has been claimed for the Tagarthi inscription found in Shivamogga district, but this is disputed.[76] Kavirajamarga (Template:Circa 850) is the oldest literary work.Template:Sfnp
Template:Circa 478-490[77] Classical Armenian inscription at the Tekor Basilica[78] Mesrop Mashtots is traditionally held to have translated an Armenian Bible in 434.
5th century Frankish/Old Dutch Bergakker inscription[79] There is no consensus on the interpretation of the text, leading to the language uncertainty.
Template:Circa 510 Old Dutch formula for freeing a serf in the Malbergse Glossen on the Salic law[80] Some scholars consider the formula to be in Frankish instead.[81]
6th century Mon Inscription in Wat Pho Rang Temple, Nakhon Pathom[82]
6th century Vandalic A sentence in the Collatio beati Augustini cum Pascentio ariano (Biblioteca Nazionale Universitaria, MS G.V. 26)[83] Copy of a text originally written in the first half of the 5th century.
second half of 6th century Old High German Pforzen buckle[84]
mid-6th century Old Korean Mokgan No. 221[85]
Template:Circa 575 Telugu Erragudipadu inscriptionTemplate:Sfnp Telugu place names are found in Prakrit inscriptions from the 2nd century AD.Template:Sfnp
Template:Circa 584 Old Mongolian Bugut inscription The inscription of Hüis Tolgoi is dated between 604 and 620. Both are written in Brahmi script.[86]
Template:0 611 Old Khmer Angkor Borei inscription K. 557/600[87]
Template:Circa 650 Old Japanese mokkan wooden tablets[88] Poems in the Kojiki (711–712) and Nihon Shoki (720) have been transmitted in copied manuscripts.
Template:Circa 650–700 Old Udi Sinai palimpsest M13
Template:Circa 683 Old Malay Kedukan Bukit Inscription[89]
7th century Bailang commentary on the Book of the Later Han by Li Xian citing the mostly lost Dongguan Hanji[90]
7th century Tumshuqese and Khotanese Saka manuscripts mainly from Dunhuang[91] Some fragments of Khotanese Saka have been dated to the 5th and 6th centuries
7th century Beja ostracon from Saqqara[92][93]
late 7th century Pyu Hpayahtaung funeral urn inscription of kings of Sri Ksetra
Template:Circa 700 Old English Franks Casket The Undley bracteate (5th century) and West Heslerton brooch (Template:Circa 650) have fragmentary runic inscriptions.
Template:Circa 716 Old Turkic Tonyukuk inscriptions Template:Ill have been dated 688-691.[94]
Template:Circa 750 Old Irish Würzburg glosses[95] Primitive Irish Ogham inscriptions from the 4th century consist of personal names, patronymics and/or clan names.[96][97]
Template:Circa 765 Old Tibetan Lhasa Zhol Pillar[98] Dated entries in the Tibetan Annals begin at 650, but extant manuscripts postdate the Tibetan occupation of Dunhuang in 786.[99]
late 8th century Breton Praecepta medica (Leyden, Codex Vossianus Lat. F. 96 A)[100] A botanical manuscript in Latin and Breton
Template:Circa 750–900 Old Frisian Westeremden yew-stick
Template:Circa 800 Old Norse runic inscriptions
Template:0 804 Old Javanese initial part of the Sukabumi inscription Template:Small, found near Kediri[101]
early 9th century Old Saxon Heiland and Old Saxon Genesis, found in Palatinus Latinus 1447[102] The 9th century Old Saxon Baptismal Vow appears to be a copy from the 8th century; however, scholars dispute whether it is in Old Saxon or another Germanic language[103][104][105][106]
9th century Old Malayalam Vazhappally copper plateTemplate:Sfnp The status of the Edakkal-5 inscriptions dating back to 3rd or late 4th century is contested.[107][108]Ramacaritam (12th century) is the oldest literary work.Template:Sfnp
9th century Old Welsh Cadfan Stone (Tywyn 2)[109]
late 9th century Old French Sequence of Saint Eulalia[110] The earliest surviving manuscript with the text for the Oaths of Strasbourg (842), traditionally considered the first Old French text, dates from the 11th century.[111]
9th century–12th century Chechen Slab inscription in Bavloy[112] Earliest text written in Chechen; written in the Asomtavruli script. Several early Chechen inscriptions containing individual words, names, and small sentences have been found in places such as Tsoi-Peda, Keishta and Zumsoi.[112]
Template:0 882 Balinese dated royal inscription[113]
Template:Circa 900 Old Occitan Tomida femina
Template:Circa 959–974 Old Leonese Nodicia de Kesos
Template:Circa 960–963 Italian Placiti Cassinesi[114] The Veronese Riddle (Template:Circa 800) is considered a mixture of Italian and Latin.[115]
Template:0 986 Khitan Memorial for Yelü Yanning
late 10th century Old Church Slavonic Kiev Missal[116] Cyril and Methodius translated religious literature from Template:Circa 862, but only later manuscripts survive.
late 10th century Konkani/Marathi inscription on the Gommateshwara statueTemplate:Sfnp The inscription is in Devanagari script, but the language has been disputed between Marathi and Konkani scholars.[117][118]
10th century Romansh a sentence in the Würzburg manuscript[119]

1000–1500 AD

Template:Incomplete list

Date Language Attestation Notes
Template:0 972–1093 Slovene Freising manuscripts
late 10th–early 11th century Serbian Codex Marianus, Temnić inscription[120]
Template:Circa 1000 Russian (Old East Slavic) Novgorod Codex,[121] Ostromir Gospels[122] Considered the beginning of Russian Church Slavonic. The Ostromir Gospels are considered the earliest manuscript "to contain Russian elements, even if only in copyists' errors" and mark "the beginnings of a Russianized Church Slavonic, which spread gradually to liturgical, ecclesiastical and chancery documents [...] where the use of Church Slavonic was obligatory".[122][121]
Template:Circa 1000 Navarro-Aragonese (Aragonese) and Basque Glosas Emilianenses The first word on the Hand of Irulegi (1st century BC) has been claimed as Basque.[123][124]
Template:Circa 1028 Catalan Jurament Feudal[125]
Template:0 1058 Burmese inscription from Letthe-shé pagoda, Pagan, now at Pahtodawgyi[126][127] A brief Burmese inscription on a copper-gilded umbrella found near the Mahabodhi Temple is so damaged that only a name can be made out with certainty; the Pali version gives a date corresponding to 1035.[128][129] There are also 18th century copies (of uncertain authenticity) of inscriptions dating back as far as 984.[126][127][129]
1072–1074 Oghuz Turkic (including Turkmen, Azerbaijani and Ottoman Turkish) Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk by Mahmud al-Kashgari The first comprehensive dictionary of Turkic languages, written in Arabic, contains many Oghuz words and phrases.
11th century Mozarabic kharjas appended to Arabic and Hebrew poems[130] Isolated words are found in glossaries from the 8th century.[131]
Template:Circa 11th century Croatian Humac tablet (variously dated to between the 10th and 12th century), Inscription of Krk, Inscription of Župa Dubrovačka, Plomin tablet, Valun tablet
Template:Circa 1100 Ossetian Zelančuk inscription[132]
early 12th century Scottish Gaelic Book of Deer
Template:0 1114 Newar palm-leaf manuscript from Uku Baha, Patan[133]
Template:0 1127 Jurchen inscription found on the bank of the Arkhara River[134]
Template:Circa 1175 Galician-Portuguese Notícia de Fiadores[135] The Notícia de Torto and the will of Afonso II of Portugal, dated 1214, are often cited as the first documents written in Galician-Portuguese.[136] A date prior to 1175 has been proposed for the Pacto dos Irmãos Pais.[137]
Template:0 1192 Old Hungarian Funeral Sermon and Prayer There are isolated fragments in earlier charters such as the charter of Veszprém (Template:Circa 1000) and the charter of Tihany (1055). Some scholars believe that the language of the Szarvas inscription (8th century) is Old Hungarian.
mid-12th century Icelandic AM 237 a fol. manuscript[138]
late 12th century Old Norwegian AM 655 IX 4to manuscript[139]
late 12th century Bosnian copies A,B, and C of the Charter of Ban Kulin[140] Originally created in 1189
Template:Circa 1200 Spanish Cantar de mio Cid Previously the Glosas Emilianenses and the Nodicia de kesos were considered the oldest texts in Spanish; however, later analyses concluded them to be Aragonese and Leonese, respectively.[141]
Template:Circa 1200 Finnic Birch bark letter no. 292
Template:Circa 1200–1230 Czech founding charter of the Litoměřice chapter
Template:0 1224–1225 Mongolian Stele of Genghis Khan
early 13th century Punjabi poetry of Fariduddin Ganjshakar
early 13th century Cornish prophesy in the cartulary of Glasney College[142] A 9th century gloss in De Consolatione Philosophiae by Boethius: ud rocashaas is controversially interpreted.[143][144]
Template:Circa 1250 Old Swedish fragments of the elder Westrogothic law in Codex Holm. B 193[145]
Template:Circa 1250 Kashmiri Mahanayakaprakash ("Light of the supreme lord") by Shitikantha[146]
Template:Circa 1270 Old Polish a sentence in the Book of Henryków
Template:0 1272 Yiddish blessing in the Worms mahzor
Template:Circa 1274 Western Lombard Liber di Tre Scricciur, by Bonvesin de la Riva
Template:Circa 1292 Thai Ramkhamhaeng stele Some scholars argue that the stele is a forgery. The next oldest inscription is the Wat Sri Chum inscription from the early 14th century.[147]
late 13th century Old Danish manuscripts AM 37 4to, AM 24 4to, SKB C 37, SKB B 74[148]
13th century Tigrinya a text of laws found in Logosarda
Template:Circa 1350 Oghuz Turkic (including Azerbaijani and Ottoman Turkish) works of Imadaddin Nasimi Inscriptions in Old Turkic script dated 9-10 centuries.[149]
Template:Circa 1350 Old Gutnish Gutasaga and Gutalagen, found in Codex Holm. B 64[150]
Template:Circa 1350 Old Sundanese Astana Gede inscriptions
Template:Circa 1369 Old Prussian Basel EpigramTemplate:Sfnp
Template:0 1372 Komi Abur inscriptions
Template:0 1386 Slovak Rhymed sentence in Latin codex[151] Toponyms, personal names and glosses are found from 11th century.[152]
Template:Circa 1407 Faroese Letters about Húsavík (AM 100, 1a)[153] Earlier inscriptions on the islands (from Template:Circa 1000 AD at Kirkjubøur) are in Old Norse, with no particular Faroese content/[153]
early 15th century Bengali, Assamese and other Bengali-Assamese languages poems of Chandidas[154] The 10th-century Charyapada are written in a language ancestral to Bengali, Assamese and Oriya.[154]
Template:Circa 1440 Vietnamese Quốc âm thi tập[155] List of names in Chữ nôm date from the early 13th century.[156]
Template:0 1462 Albanian Formula e pagëzimit, a baptismal formula in a letter of Archbishop Pal Engjëll Some scholars interpret a few lines in the Bellifortis text (1405) as Albanian.[157]
Template:Circa 1470 Finnish single sentence in a German travel journal[158] The first printed book in Finnish is Abckiria (1543) by Mikael Agricola.
Template:Circa 1470 Maltese Il Cantilena
Template:0 1485 Yi bronze bell inscription in Dafang County, Guizhou[159]
15th century Tulu inscriptions in an adaptation of Malayalam script[160]

After 1500

Template:Incomplete list

Date Language Attestation Notes
Template:Circa 1503 Lithuanian hand-written Lord's Prayer, Hail Mary and Creed[161] Katekizmas (1547) by Martynas Mažvydas was the first printed book in Lithuanian.
Template:0 1517 Belarusian Psalter of Francysk Skaryna
Template:0 1521 Romanian Neacșu's letter Cyrillic orthographic manual of Constantine of Kostenets from 1420 documents earlier written usage.[162] Four 16th century documents, namely Codicele Voronețean, Psaltirea Scheiană, the Hurmuzaki Psalter and Psaltirea Voronețeană, are arguably copies of 15th century originals.[163]
Template:0 1530 Latvian Nicholas Ramm's translation of a hymn
Template:0 1535 Estonian Wanradt-Koell catechism
Template:0 1536 Modern Portuguese Grammatica da lingoagem portuguesa by Fernão de Oliveira. by convention.[164]
Template:0 1540s Old Tupi Jehan Lamy's Le langaige du Bresil
Template:0 1543 Purépecha La Memoria de Don Melchor Caltzin[165]
Template:0 1549 Sylheti Talib Husan by Ghulam Husan earliest extant manuscript found using the Sylheti Nagri script.[166]
Template:0 1550 Classical Nahuatl Doctrina cristiana en lengua española y mexicana[167] The Breve y mas compendiosa doctrina cristiana en lengua mexicana y castellana (1539) was possibly the first printed book in the New World. No copies are known to exist today.[167]
Template:0 1554 Extremaduran (mixed with Sayaguese Leonese) works of Diego Sánchez de Badajoz, published as edited by his nephew as Recopilación en metro
Template:0 1554 Wastek grammar by Andrés de Olmos
Template:0 1557 Kikongo a catechism[168]
Template:0 1561 Ukrainian Peresopnytsia Gospel
Template:0 1589 Crimean Gothic 1562 letter from Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq that was published later[169] 9th century Gothic graffiti in Crimea show some Crimean Gothic influence in spelling.[170]
Template:0 1593 Tagalog Doctrina Cristiana
Template:Circa 1600 Classical Quechua Huarochirí Manuscript by a writer identified only as "Thomás"[171] Paraphrased and annotated by Francisco de Ávila in 1608.
Template:0 1600 Buginese
Template:Circa 1610 Manx Book of Common Prayer[172]
Template:0 1619 Pite Sámi primer and missal by Nicolaus Andreaus[173] Early literary works were mainly based on dialects underlying modern Ume Sámi and Pite Sámi. First grammar and dictionary in 1738.
Template:0 1638 Ternate treaty with Dutch governor[174]
Template:0 1639 Guarani Tesoro de la lengua guaraní by Antonio Ruíz de Montoya
Template:0 1639 modern Asturian Cuando examen les abeyes by Antón de Marirreguera[175]
Template:0 1642 Kimbundu Gentio de Angola sufficientemente instruido nos mysterios de nossa sancta Fé by Francesco Pacconio and Antonio do Couto[176]
Template:Circa 1650 Ubykh, Abkhaz, Adyghe and Mingrelian Travel Book of Evliya Çelebi[177]
Template:0 1651 Pashto copy of Xayru 'l-bayān in the library of the University of Tübingen[178] The Pata Khazana, purporting to date from the 8th century, is considered by most scholars to be a forgery.[178]
Template:0 1663 Massachusett Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God Also known as the Eliot Indian Bible or the Algonquian Bible
Template:0 1668 Ume Sámi Translation of Thesaurus catecheticus by Olaus Stephani Graan[179]
Template:0 1693 Tunisian Arabic copy of a Tunisian poem written by Sheykh Hassan el-Karray[180] Before 1700, lyrics of songs were not written in Tunisian Arabic but in Classical Arabic.[180]
Template:Circa 1695 Seri grammar and vocabulary compiled by Adamo Gilg No longer known to exist.[181]
17th century Hausa Riwayar Annabi Musa by Abdallah Suka[182]
late 17th century Basque–Icelandic pidgin Vocabula Gallica[183]
early 18th century Karelian various handwritten Karelian–Russian glossaries A catechism from 1804 is the oldest known published text. Translated Christian works by a local scholar are first reported already by the 1560s, none of which have however survived or are known in any detail.[184]
18th century Língua Geral of São Paulo Vocabulário da Língua Geral dos Índios das Américas (anonymous)[185] Another source is the dictionary by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1867) and the vocabulary (1936) by José Joaquim Machado de Oliveira. The language is now extinct.
Template:0 1705 Mari Lord's Prayer translated to the Hill Mari language from the book Noord en oost Tartarye (2nd edition) by Nicolaes Witsen[186]
Template:0 1711 Swahili letters written in Kilwa[187]
Template:0 1718 Sranan Tongo Herlein fragment[188]
Template:0 1726 Udmurt Unpublished Udmurt dictionary by Daniel Gottlieb Messerschmidt[189] Dictionary containing 400 Udmurt words. Written in Latin script. The first Udmurt literary text was a small poem published in a multilingual collection commemorating Empress Catherine II arrival in Kazan in 1769. It was written in Cyrillic.[189]
Template:0 1728 Northern Sámi Catechism An early wordlist was published in 1589 by Richard Hakluyt. First grammar in 1743
Template:0 1731 Aromanian Quadruple-language (Albanian, Aromanian, Greek, Latin) prayer inscription in Ardenica Monastery by Nektarios Terpos[190]
Template:0 1736 Greenlandic Grönländische Grammatica by Paul Egede[191] A poor-quality wordlist was recorded by John Davis in 1586.[192]
Template:0 1743 Chinese Pidgin English sentence recorded in Macau by George Anson[193]
Template:0 1747 Borgarmålet Beskrifning öfwer Sweriges Lapmarker by Pehr Högström[194]
Template:0 1757 Haitian Creole Lisette quitté la plaine by Duvivier de la Mahautière[195][196]
Template:0 1788 Sydney language notebooks of William Dawes[197][198]
Template:0 1795 Afrikaans doggerel verses[199]
Template:0 1800 Inuktitut "Eskimo Grammar" by Moravian missionaries[191] A list of 17 words was recorded in 1576 by Christopher Hall, an assistant to Martin Frobisher.[191][192]
Template:0 1806 Tswana Heinrich Lictenstein – Upon the Language of the Beetjuana The first complete Bible translation was published in 1857 by Robert Moffat.
Template:0 1819 Cherokee Sequoyah's Cherokee syllabary
Template:0 1820 Maori grammar by Thomas Kendall and Samuel Lee Kendal began compiling wordlists in 1814.
Template:0 1820 Aleut description by Rasmus Rask A short word list was collected by James King in 1778.
Template:0 1822 Hawaiian a primer printed by missionaries[200]
Template:0 1823 Xhosa John Bennie's Xhosa reading sheet Complete Bible translation 1859
Template:Circa 1833 Vai Vai syllabary created by Momolu Duwalu Bukele.
Template:0 1833 Sotho reduced to writing by French missionaries Casalis and Arbousset First grammar book 1841 and complete Bible translation 1881
Template:0 1834 Muscogee Mʊskoki imʊnaitsʊ (Muskokee (Creek) Assistant) by John Fleming[201] The first recorded Muscogee words have been made by Germans in the area of Savannah, Georgia, such as Philip Georg Friedrich von Reck, who drew illustrations of wildlife in his notebook with labels in Muscogee in 1736.[201]
Template:0 1837 Ojibwe The speller and interpreter, in Indian and English by James Evans Evans would subsequently publish an Ojibwe syllabary.
Zulu Incwadi Yokuqala Yabafundayo First grammar book 1859 and complete Bible translation 1883
Template:0 1839 Lule Sámi pamphlet by Lars Levi Laestadius Dictionary and grammar by Karl Bernhard Wiklund in 1890–1891
Template:0 1841 Cree hymnbook published by James Evans[202]
Template:0 1845 Santali A Santali Primer by Jeremiah Phillips[203]
Template:0 1849 Solombala English Ocerki Arxangel'skoj Gubernii by Vasilij Vereščagin[204]
Template:0 1851 Sakha (Yakut) Über die Sprache der Jakuten, a grammar by Otto von Böhtlingk Wordlists were included in Noord en Oost Tartarije (1692) by Nicolaas Witsen and Das Nord-und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia (1730) by Philip Johan von Strahlenberg.
Template:0 1854 Inari Sámi grammar by Elias Lönnrot Primer and catechism published in 1859.
Template:0 1856 Gamilaraay articles by William Ridley[205] Basic vocabulary collected by Thomas Mitchell in 1832.
Template:0 1864 Français Tirailleur letter by P. Durpatz[206]
Template:0 1872 Venda reduced to writing by the Berlin Missionaries First complete Bible translation 1936
Template:0 1878 Kildin Sámi Gospel of Matthew
Template:0 1882 Mirandese O dialecto mirandez by José Leite de Vasconcelos[207] The same author also published the first book written in Mirandese: Flores mirandezas (1884)[208]
Template:0 1884 Skolt Sámi Gospel of Matthew in Cyrillic
Template:0 1885 Carrier Barkerville Jail Text, written in pencil on a board in the then recently created Carrier syllabics Although the first known text by native speakers dates to 1885, the first record of the language is a list of words recorded in 1793 by Alexander MacKenzie.
Template:0 1885 Motu grammar by W.G. Lawes
Template:0 1886 Guugu Yimidhirr notes by Johann Flierl, Wilhelm Poland and Georg Schwarz, culminating in Walter Roth's The Structure of the Koko Yimidir Language in 1901.[209][210] A list of 61 words recorded in 1770 by James Cook and Joseph Banks was the first written record of an Australian language.[211]
Template:0 1891 Galela grammatical sketch by M.J. van Baarda[212]
Template:0 1893 Oromo translation of the New Testament by Onesimos Nesib, assisted by Aster Ganno
Template:0 1900 Qaqet grammar by Matthäus Rascher[213]
Template:0 1903 Lingala grammar by Egide de Boeck
Template:0 1905 Istro-Romanian Calindaru lu rumeri din Istrie by Andrei Glavina and Constantin Diculescu[214] Compilation of Istro-Romanian popular words, proverbs and stories.[214]
Template:Circa 1940 Kamoro materials by Peter Drabbe[212] A Kamoro wordlist recorded in 1828 by Modera and Müller, passengers on a Dutch ship, is the oldest record of any of the non-Austronesian languages of New Guinea.[212][215]
Template:0 1968 Southern Ndebele small booklet published with praises of their kings and a little history A translation of the New Testament of the Bible was completed in 1986; translation of the Old Testament is ongoing.
Template:0 1984 Gooniyandi survey by William B. McGregor[216]

By family

Attestation by major language family:

Constructed languages

Template:Further

Date Language Attestation Notes
1879 Volapük Created by Johann Martin Schleyer
1887 Esperanto Unua Libro Created by L. L. Zamenhof
1907 Ido Created based on Esperanto
1917 Quenya Created by J. R. R. Tolkien
1921 Interlingue (Occidental) Transcendent Algebra Created by Edgar de Wahl
1928 Novial Created by Otto Jespersen
1935 Sona Sona, an auxiliary neutral language Created by Kenneth Searight
1943 Interglossa Created by Lancelot Hogben
1951 Interlingua Interlingua–English Dictionary Created by the International Auxiliary Language Association
1955 Loglan Created by James Cooke Brown
1984 Klingon Star Trek III: The Search for Spock Created by Marc Okrand
1987 Lojban based on Loglan, created by the Logical Language Group
1999 Slovio Created by Mark Hučko
2001 Atlantean Atlantis: The Lost Empire Created by Marc Okrand
2001 Toki Pona Created by Sonja Lang
2004 Ithkuil Created by John Quijada
2005 Na'vi Avatar Created by Dr. Paul Frommer and James Cameron
2009 Dothraki Created by George R. R. Martin and David J. Peterson for Game of Thrones
2013 Kiliki Baahubali: The Beginning, Baahubali 2: The Conclusion Created by Madhan Karky for Baahubali: The Beginning

See also

References

Notes
  1. ↑ The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas{{#if:Jamison|, Jamison}. Cambridge University Press(2008). ISBN 978-0-521-68494-1 pp. 6–7.
  2. ↑ Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts{{#if:Witzel|, Witzel}. Harvard University Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies(1997). ISBN 978-1-888789-03-4 p. 259.
  3. ↑ The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas{{#if:Hale|, Hale}. Cambridge University Press(2008). ISBN 978-0-521-68494-1
  4. ↑ The First Writing{{#if:Houston|, Houston}. Cambridge University Press(2004). ISBN 0-521-83861-4 p. 3.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 The Ancient Egyptian Language{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(2003). ISBN 978-1-107-66467-8
  6. ↑ A Manual of Sumerian: Grammar and Texts{{#if:Hayes|, Hayes}. UNDENA(1990). ISBN 978-0-89003-197-1
  7. ↑ Reading The Past Cuneiform{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. British Museum(1987). ISBN 0-7141-8059-9
  8. ↑ History of the Akkadian Language (Volume 1: Linguistic Background and Early Periods){{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Brill Publishers(2021). ISBN 978-90-04-44520-8
  9. ↑ Andrew George, "Babylonian and Assyrian: A History of Akkadian", In: Postgate, J. N., (ed.), Languages of Iraq, Ancient and Modern. London: British School of Archaeology in Iraq, pp. 31–71.
  10. ↑ Atrahasis: An Ancient Hebrew Deluge Story{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Book Tree(2003). ISBN 978-1-58509-228-4
  11. ↑ Sargonic Akkadian: A Historical and Comparative Study of the Syllabic Texts{{#if:Hasselbach|, Hasselbach}. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag(2005). ISBN 978-3-447-05172-9
  12. ↑ The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(2008). ISBN 978-0-521-68497-2
  13. ↑ Earliest Semitic Text Revealed In Egyptian Pyramid Inscription. ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2019-01-06.
  14. ↑ לחשים בקדם־כנענית בכתבי הפירמידות: סקירה ראשונה של תולדות העברית באלף השלישי לפסה"נ | האקדמיה ללשון העברית. hebrew-academy.org.il(2013-05-21). Retrieved 2019-01-06.
  15. ↑ The Ancient Languages of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Aksum{{#if:Stolper|, Stolper}. Cambridge University Press(2008). ISBN 978-0-521-68497-2, p. 49.
  16. ↑ The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State{{#if:Potts|, Potts}. Cambridge University Press(1999). ISBN 978-0-521-56496-0
  17. ↑ The Idea of Writing: Play and Complexity{{#if:van Soldt|, van Soldt}. BRILL(2010). ISBN 978-90-04-17446-7
  18. ↑ Two Remarkable Vocabularies: Amorite-Akkadian Bilinguals!. Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale({Template:Year).
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor{{#if:Watkins|, Watkins}. Cambridge University Press(2008). ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5
  20. ↑ The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor{{#if:Melchert|, Melchert}. Cambridge University Press(2008). ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5
  21. ↑ Where Do We Go From Here? And How Can the Linear B Tablets Help Us Get There?, Shelmerdine, Cynthia. Retrieved 2008-03-27.
  22. ↑ Clay tablets inscribed with records in Linear B script. British Museum. Retrieved 7 May 2015.
  23. ↑ The World's Writing Systems{{#if:Bennett|, Bennett}. Oxford University Press(1996). ISBN 978-0-19-507993-7
  24. ↑ The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia{{#if:Pardee|, Pardee}. Cambridge University Press(2008). ISBN 978-0-521-68498-9
  25. ↑ The Semitic Languages{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Routledge(2019). ISBN 978-0-429-65538-8 p. 482.
  26. ↑ Visible Speech. The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems{{#if:DeFrancis|, DeFrancis}. University of Hawaii Press(1989). ISBN 978-0-8248-1207-2
  27. ↑ Lettre du grand-prêtre Lu'enna. Louvre. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  28. ↑ Thracian Language and Greek and Thracian Epigraphy{{#if:Dimitrov|, Dimitrov}. Cambridge Scholars Publishing(2009). ISBN 978-1-4438-1325-9
  29. ↑ Lost Languages: The Enigma of the World's Undeciphered Scripts{{#if:Robinson|, Robinson}. Thames & Hudson(2008). ISBN 978-0-500-51453-5
  30. ↑ On the Linguistic Dating of the Phoenician Ahiram Inscription (KAI 1). Journal of Near Eastern Studies({Template:Year).
  31. ↑ The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia{{#if:Creason|, Creason}. Cambridge University Press(2008). ISBN 978-0-521-68498-9
  32. ↑ The Gezer Calendar and Northwest Semitic Linguistics. Israel Exploration Journal({Template:Year).
  33. ↑ The Ammn Citadel Inscription: A New Collation. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research({Template:Year).
  34. ↑ The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor{{#if:Wilhelm|, Wilhelm}. Cambridge University Press(2008). ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5
  35. ↑ The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor{{#if:Brixhe|, Brixhe}. Cambridge University Press(2008). ISBN 978-0-521-68496-5
  36. ↑ The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(2008). ISBN 978-0-521-68498-9
  37. ↑ A manual of the historical grammar of Arabic. Ahmad Al Jallad. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
  38. ↑ Part 2 of The Cambridge Ancient History: The Hellenistic World{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(1990). ISBN 978-0-521-23446-7
  39. ↑ A Companion to the Latin Language{{#if:Clackson|, Clackson}. John Wiley & Sons(2011). ISBN 978-1-4443-4336-6
  40. ↑ The Latin dialect of the Ager Faliscus: 150 years of scholarship, Volume 1{{#if:Bakkum|, Bakkum}. University of Amsterdam Press(2009). ISBN 978-90-5629-562-2
  41. ↑ Recent Research on Sabellian Inscriptions. Indo-European Studies Bulletin({Template:Year). p. 4.
  42. ↑ The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia{{#if:Macdonald|, Macdonald}. Cambridge University Press(2008). ISBN 978-0-521-68498-9 p. 181.
  43. ↑ The Blackwell History of the Latin Language{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Blackwell(2007). ISBN 978-1-4051-6209-8
  44. ↑ The Ancient Languages of Europe{{#if:Wallace|, Wallace}. Cambridge University Press(2008). ISBN 978-0-521-68495-8
  45. ↑ Neues zur Sprache der Stele von Lemnos (Erster Teil). Journal of Language Relationship({Template:Year).
  46. ↑ Lexicon Leponticum Template:Webarchive, by David Stifter, Martin Braun and Michela Vignoli, University of Vienna.
  47. ↑ Celtic in northern Italy: Lepontic and Cisalpine Gaulish, Stifter, David. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
  48. ↑ A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian: With a Collection of Inscriptions and a Glossary{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. The Athenaeum Press(1904)
  49. ↑ The Ancient Languages of Europe{{#if:Eska|, Eska}. Cambridge University Press(2008). ISBN 978-0-521-68495-8
  50. ↑ Writing Systems{{#if:Rogers|, Rogers}. Black Publishing(2004). ISBN 978-0-631-23464-7 p. 204
  51. ↑ Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE{{#if:Ray|, Ray}. Oxford University Press(2006). ISBN 978-0-19-977507-1, pp. 121–122.
  52. ↑ Passage to India? Anuradhapura and the Early Use of the Brahmi Script. Cambridge Archaeological Journal({Template:Year).
  53. ↑ Palaeographical Development of the Brahmi Script in Ceylon from 3rd Century B. C. to 7th Century A. D. University of Ceylon Review({Template:Year). pp. 282–283.
  54. ↑ Early Tamil Epigraphy{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Harvard University Press(2003). ISBN 978-0-674-01227-1
  55. ↑ Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature{{#if:Zvelebil|, Zvelebil}. BRILL(1992). ISBN 978-90-04-09365-2
  56. ↑ Indian Epigraphy{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Oxford University Press(1998). ISBN 0-19-509984-2
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  59. ↑ Iron Age – Early Historic Transition in South India: an appraisal{{#if:Rajan|, Rajan}. Institute of Archaeology(2014)
  60. ↑ Owner's graffiti on pottery from Tissamaharama. Zeitschrift für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen({Template:Year). Falk has criticized the Kodumanal and Porunthal claims as "particularly ill-informed"; Falk argues that some of the earliest supposed inscriptions are not Brahmi letters at all, but merely misinterpreted non-linguistic Megalithic graffiti symbols, which were used in South India for several centuries during the pre-literate era.
  61. ↑ 'Rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi script' unearthed at Adichanallur. The Hindu(16 Feb 2005). Retrieved 2025-10-22.
  62. ↑ The Meroitic Language and Writing System{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Cambridge University Press(2012). ISBN 978-1-139-56053-5
  63. ↑ Frieze, Mausoleum of Ateban. British Museum. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  64. ↑ History of Civilizations of Central Asia, volume 3{{#if:Tafazzoli|, Tafazzoli}. UNESCO(1996). ISBN 978-92-3-103211-0 page 94.
  65. ↑ Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages{{#if:Salomon|, Salomon}. Oxford University Press(1998). ISBN 978-0-19-535666-3
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  67. ↑ The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas{{#if:Bricker|, Bricker}. Cambridge University Press(2008). ISBN 978-0-521-68494-1
  68. ↑ Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala. Science({Template:Year).
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  77. ↑ Տեկորի տաճարի V դարի հայերեն արձանագրությունը և Մեսրոպյան այբուբենի առաջին տառաձևերը [The Armenian Inscription on the Cathedral of Tekor and the Initial Forms of the Mesropian Alphabet]. Patma-Banasirakan Handes({Template:Date).
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  137. ↑ Professor encontra primeiro texto escrito em português. O Estado de S. Paulo(May 2002). Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  138. ↑ The history of Old Nordic manuscripts I: Old Icelandic.
  139. ↑ The history of Old Nordic manuscripts II: Old Norwegian (incl. Faroese).
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