List of missions to the Moon

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About: missions to the Moon

For other uses, see List of lunar probes.


Template:Use British English

File:Laika ac Memorial Museum of Astronautics (6995740711).jpg
A replica of Luna 9, the first spacecraft to land on the Moon
File:Luna 3 moon.jpg
The first image taken of the far side of the Moon, returned by Luna 3

As part of human exploration of the Moon, numerous space missions have been undertaken to study Earth's natural satellite. Of the Moon landings, Luna 2 of the Soviet Union was the first spacecraft to reach its surface successfully,[1] intentionally impacting the Moon on 13 September 1959. In 1966, Luna 9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a controlled soft landing,[2] while Luna 10 became the first mission to enter orbit.

Between 1968 and 1972, crewed missions to the Moon were conducted by the United States as part of the Apollo program. Apollo 8 was the first crewed mission to enter orbit in December 1968, and it was followed by Apollo 10 in May 1969. Six missions landed humans on the Moon, beginning with Apollo 11 in July 1969, during which Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon. Apollo 13 was intended to land; however, it was restricted to a flyby due to a malfunction aboard the spacecraft. All nine crewed missions returned safely to the Earth.

While the United States focused on the crewed Apollo program, the Soviet Union conducted uncrewed missions that deployed rovers and returned samples to the Earth. Three rover missions were launched, of which two were successful, and eleven sample return flights were attempted with three successes.

Missions to the Moon have been conducted by the following nations and organisations (in chronological order): the Soviet Union, the United States, Japan, the European Space Agency, China, India, Luxembourg, Israel, Italy, South Korea, and the United Arab Emirates. The Moon has also been visited by five spacecraft not dedicated to studying it; four spacecraft have flown past it to gain gravity assistance, and a radio telescope, Explorer 49, was placed into selenocentric orbit in order to use the Moon to block interference from terrestrial radio sources.

Statistics

Country Flyby Orbit Impact Lander Rover Return Crewed landing
Template:Flagicon United States Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes
Template:Flagicon Soviet Union Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:N/a
Template:Flagicon China Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:N/a
Template:Flagicon Japan Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:No Template:No Template:N/a Template:N/a
Template:Flagicon India Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:No Template:No Template:N/a Template:N/a
Template:Flagicon ESA Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a
Template:Flagicon Israel Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:No Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a
Template:Flagicon United Arab Emirates Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:N/a Template:No Template:N/a Template:N/a
Template:Flagicon Luxembourg Template:Yes Template:N/a Template:Yes Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a
Template:Flagicon South Korea Template:Yes Template:Yes Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a
Template:Flagicon Italy Template:Yes Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a Template:N/a

Missions by date

File:Moon landing sites.svg
Map of all soft landings
Mission Spacecraft Launch date Carrier rocket Operator Mission type Outcome
Pioneer 0

(Able I)[3]

Pioneer 0 Template:Dts Thor DM-18 Able I[3] Template:Flagicon USAF Orbiter Template:No
First attempted launch beyond Earth orbit; failed to orbit due to turbopump gearbox malfunction resulting in first-stage explosion.[3] Reached apogee of Template:Convert.[4]
Luna E-1 No.1 Luna E-1 No.1 Template:Dts Luna Template:Flagicon OKB-1 Impactor Template:No
Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated due to excessive vibration.[3][5]
Pioneer 1

(Able II)[3]

Pioneer 1 Template:Dts Thor DM-18 Able I[3] Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:No
Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to accelerometer failure. Later known as Pioneer 1.[3] Reached apogee of Template:Convert.[6]
Luna E-1 No.2 Luna E-1 No.2 Template:Dts Luna Template:Flagicon OKB-1 Impactor Template:No
Failed to orbit; carrier rocket exploded due to excessive vibration.[3][5]
Pioneer 2

(Able III)

Pioneer 2 Template:Dts Thor DM-18 Able I Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:No
Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to erroneous command by ground controllers; third stage failed to ignite due to broken electrical connection.[3] Reached apogee of Template:Convert.[7]
Luna E-1 No.3 Luna E-1 No.3 Template:Dts Luna Template:Flagicon OKB-1 Impactor Template:No
Failed to orbit; seal failure in hydrogen peroxide pump cooling system resulted in core-stage underperformance.[3][5]
Pioneer 3 Pioneer 3 Template:Dts Juno II Template:Flagicon NASA Flyby Template:No
Failed to orbit; premature first-stage cutoff.[3] Reached apogee of Template:Convert.[8]
Luna 1

(E-1 No.4)

Luna 1 Template:Dts Luna Template:Flagicon OKB-1 Impactor Template:Partial
Carrier rocket guidance problem resulted in failure to impact Moon, flew past in a heliocentric orbit.[9] Closest approach Template:Convert on 4 January.[10] First spacecraft to fly by the Moon.
Pioneer 4 Pioneer 4 Template:Dts Juno II Template:Flagicon NASA Flyby Template:Partial
Second-stage overperformance resulted in flyby at greater altitude than expected, out of instrument range, with Template:Convert of distance.[9] Closest approach at 22:25 UTC on 4 March. First U.S. spacecraft to leave Earth orbit.[11]
E-1A No.1 E-1A No.1 Template:Dts Luna Template:Flagicon OKB-1 Impactor Template:No
Failed to orbit; guidance system malfunction.[9]
Luna 2

(E-1A No.2)

Luna 2 Template:Dts Luna Template:Flagicon OKB-1 Impactor Template:Yes
Successful impact at 21:02 on 14 September 1959. First spacecraft to reach lunar surface.[12] The impact made the Soviet Union the 1st country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Luna 3

(E-2A No.1)

Luna 3 Template:Dts Luna Template:Flagicon OKB-1 Flyby Template:Yes
Returned first images of the far side of the Moon.[13]
Pioneer P-3

Able IVB

Pioneer P-3 Template:Dts Atlas-D Able Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:No
Failed to orbit;[14] payload fairing disintegrated due to design fault.[9]
Luna E-3 No.1 Luna E-3 No.1 Template:Dts Luna Template:Flagicon OKB-1 Flyby Template:No
Failed to orbit; premature third-stage cutoff.[15]
Luna E-3 No.2 Luna E-3 No.2 Template:Dts Luna Template:Flagicon OKB-1 Flyby Template:No
Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated ten seconds after launch.[15]
Pioneer P-30

(Able VA)

Pioneer P-30 Template:Dts Atlas-D Able Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:No
Failed to orbit; second-stage oxidizer system malfunction resulting in premature cutoff.[16][15]
Pioneer P-31

(Able VB)

Pioneer P-31 Template:Dts Atlas-D Able Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:No
Failed to orbit, exploded 68 seconds after launch, at an altitude of Template:Convert. Second stage ignited while first stage was still attached and burning.[17][15]
Ranger 3

(P-34)

Ranger 3 Template:Dts Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Template:Flagicon NASA Impactor Template:No2
Ranger 3 lander Lander Template:No2
Partial launch failure due to guidance problem; attempt to correct using spacecraft's engine resulted in it missing the Moon by Template:Convert.[18][19]
Ranger 4

(P-35)

Ranger 4 Template:Dts Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Template:Flagicon NASA Impactor Template:No2
Ranger 4 lander Lander Template:No2
Failed to deploy solar panels, ran out of power ten hours after launch; incidental impact on the far side of the Moon on 26 April. First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.[18][20] The impact made the United States the 2nd country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Ranger 5

(P-36)

Ranger 5 Template:Dts Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Template:Flagicon NASA Impactor Template:No2
Ranger 5 lander Lander Template:No2
Solar panels erroneously disengaged from power system, failed Template:Frac hours after launch when batteries were depleted.[18] Missed the Moon as course correction was not completed.[21]
Luna E-6 No.2 Luna E-6 No.2 Template:Dts Molniya-L Template:Flagicon OKB-1 Lander Template:No
Failed to depart Low Earth orbit;[22] guidance system power failure prevented upper-stage ignition.[23]
Luna E-6 No.3 Luna E-6 No.3 Template:Dts Molniya-L Template:Flagicon OKB-1 Lander Template:No
Failed to orbit; guidance failure.[23]
Luna 4

(E-6 No.4)

Luna 4 Template:Dts Molniya-L Template:Flagicon OKB-1 Lander Template:No2
Failed to perform mid-course correction,[23] remained in high Earth orbit until given escape velocity by orbital perturbation.[24]
Ranger 6

(P-54)

Ranger 6 Template:Dts Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Template:Flagicon NASA Impactor Template:No2
Impacted on 2 February 1964, failed to return images due to power system failure.[25][26]
Luna E-6 No.6 Luna E-6 No.6 Template:Dts Molniya-M Template:Flagicon OKB-1 Lander Template:No
Failed to orbit; third stage underperformed due to oxidiser valve failure.[25]
Luna E-6 No.5 Luna E-6 No.5 Template:Dts Molniya-M Template:Flagicon OKB-1 Lander Template:No
Failed to orbit; power failure caused by broken connection resulted in premature third-stage cutoff.[25]
Ranger 7 Ranger 7 Template:Dts Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Template:Flagicon NASA Impactor Template:Yes
Impacted on 30 July 1964 at 13:25:48 UTC.[27]
Ranger 8 Ranger 8 Template:Dts Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Template:Flagicon NASA Impactor Template:Yes
Impacted on 20 February 1965 at 09:57:37 UTC.[28][29]
Kosmos 60

(E-6 No.9)

Kosmos 60 Template:Dts Molniya-L Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:No
Upper stage failed to restart due to guidance system short circuit,[28] Failed to depart low Earth orbit.[30]
Ranger 9 Ranger 9 Template:Dts Atlas LV-3 Agena-B Template:Flagicon NASA Impactor Template:Yes
Impacted on 24 March 1965 at 14:08:20 UTC.[28][31]
Luna E-6 No.8 Luna E-6 No.8 Template:Dts Molniya-L Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:No2
Third stage failed to ignite due to loss of oxidiser pressure, failed to orbit.[28]
Luna 5

(E-6 No.10)

Luna 5 Template:Dts Molniya-M Template:Flagicon Lavochkin lander Template:No2
Loss of control after gyroscope malfunction,[28] failed to decelerate for landing and impacted the Moon at 19:10 UTC on 12 May 1965.[32]
Luna 6

(E-6 No.7)

Luna 6 Template:Dts Molniya-M Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:No2
Engine failed to shut down after performing mid-course correction manoeuvre,[28] flew past the Moon in a heliocentric orbit.[33]
Zond 3

(3MV-4 No.3)

Zond 3 Template:Dts Molniya Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Flyby Template:Yes
Flew past the Moon on 20 July 1965 at a distance of Template:Convert.[34] Conducted technology demonstration for future planetary missions.[28]
Luna 7

(E-6 No.11)

Luna 7 Template:Dts Molniya Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:No2
Attitude control failure shortly before landing prevented controlled descent; impacted the lunar surface 22:08:24 UTC on 7 October 1965.[28][35]
Luna 8

(E-6 No.12)

Luna 8 Template:Dts Molniya Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:No2
Landing airbag punctured, resulting in loss of attitude control shortly before planned touchdown,[28] impacted Moon on 6 December 1965 at 21:51:30 UTC.[36]
Luna 9

(E-6 No.13)

Luna 9 Template:Dts Molniya-M Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:Yes
First spacecraft to land successfully on the Moon. Touchdown on 3 February 1966 at 18:45:30 UTC.[37] Returned data until 6 February at 22:55 UTC.[38]
Kosmos 111

(E-6S No.204)

Kosmos 111 Template:Dts Molniya-M Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Orbiter Template:No
Upper stage lost attitude control and failed to ignite;[38] spacecraft never left low Earth orbit.[39]
Luna 10

(E-6S No.206)

Luna 10 Template:Dts Molniya-M Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Orbiter Template:Yes
Entered orbit at 18:44 UTC on 3 April 1966, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon.[40] Continued to return data until 30 May.[38]
Surveyor 1 Surveyor 1 Template:Dts Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D Template:Flagicon NASA Lander Template:Yes
Landed in Oceanus Procellarum on 2 June 1966 at 06:17:36 UTC.[38] Returned data until loss of power on 13 July.[41]
Explorer 33

(AIMP-D)

Explorer 33 Template:Dts Delta E1 Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:No
Magnetospheric probe; rocket imparted greater velocity than had been planned, leaving spacecraft unable to enter orbit.[38] Repurposed for Earth orbit mission which was completed successfully.[42]
Lunar Orbiter 1 Lunar Orbiter 1 Template:Dts Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Partial
Orbital insertion at around 15:36 UTC on 14 August. Deorbited early due to lack of fuel and to avoid communications interference with the next mission, impacted the Moon at 13:30 UTC on 29 October 1966.[43]
Luna 11

(E-6LF No.101)

Luna 11 Template:Dts Molniya-M Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Orbiter Template:Partial
Entered orbit on 28 August 1966. Failed to return images; other instruments operated correctly.[38] Conducted gamma ray and X-ray observations to study the composition of the Moon, investigated the lunar gravitational field, the presence of meteorites in the lunar environment and the radiation environment at the Moon. Ceased operations on 1 October 1966 after power was depleted.[44]
Surveyor 2 Surveyor 2 Template:Dts Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D Template:Flagicon NASA Lander Template:No2
One thruster failed to ignite during mid-course correction manoeuvre resulting in loss of control.[38] Impacted the Moon at 03:18 UTC on 23 September 1966.[45]
Luna 12

(E-6LF No.102)

Luna 12 Template:Dts Molniya-M Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Orbiter Template:Yes
Entered orbit on 25 October 1966 and returned data until 19 January 1967.[46] Completed photography mission intended for Luna 11.[38]
Lunar Orbiter 2 Lunar Orbiter 2 Template:Dts Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
Entered orbit at about 19:51 UTC on 10 November 1966 to begin photographic mapping mission. Impacted on the far side of the lunar surface following deorbit burn on 11 October 1967 at end of mission.[47]
Luna 13

(E-6M No.205)

Luna 13 Template:Dts Molniya-M Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:Yes
Successfully landed in Oceanus Procellarum at 18:01 UTC on 24 December 1966.[38] Returned images from the surface and studied the lunar soil.[48] Operated until depletion of power at 06:31 UTC on 28 December.[38]
Lunar Orbiter 3 Lunar Orbiter 3 Template:Dts Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 February 1967. Deorbited at end of mission and impacted the Moon on 9 October 1967.[49]
Surveyor 3 Surveyor 3 Template:Dts Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D Template:Flagicon NASA Lander Template:Yes
Landed at 00:04 UTC on 20 April 1967 and operated until 3 May.[50][51] Visited by Apollo 12 astronauts in 1969, with some parts removed for return to Earth.[52]
Lunar Orbiter 4 Lunar Orbiter 4 Template:Dts Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 May 1967, operated until 17 July. Decayed from orbit, with lunar impact occurring on 6 October 1967.[50][53]
Surveyor 4 Surveyor 4 Template:Dts Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D Template:Flagicon NASA Lander Template:No2
Contact with spacecraft lost at 02:03 UTC on 17 July, two and a half minutes before scheduled landing.[50] NASA determined that the spacecraft may have exploded, otherwise it impacted the Moon.[54]
Explorer 35

(AIMP-E)

Explorer 35

(AIMP-E)

Template:Dts Delta E1 Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
Magnetospheric probe, studying the Moon and interplanetary space. Deactivated on 27 June 1973.[55] Presumed to have impacted the Moon during the 1970s.[56]
Lunar Orbiter 5 Lunar Orbiter 5 Template:Dts Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
Final mission in the Lunar Orbiter series, entered selenocentric orbit on 5 August at 16:48 UTC and conducted a photographic survey until 18 August. Deorbited and impacted the Moon on 31 January 1968.[57]
Surveyor 5 Surveyor 5 Template:Dts Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Template:Flagicon NASA Lander Template:Yes
Landed in Mare Tranquillitatis at 00:46:44 UTC on 11 September. Last signals received at 04:30 UTC on 17 December 1967.[58]
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Flyby Template:No2
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to reach orbit after a blocked propellant line caused one of the first-stage engines to not ignite.[50]
Surveyor 6 Surveyor 6 Template:Dts Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Template:Flagicon NASA Lander Template:Yes
Landed in Sinus Medii at 01:01:04 UTC on 10 November.[50] Made brief flight from lunar surface at 10:32 UTC on 17 November, followed by second landing after travelling Template:Convert. Last contact at 19:14 UTC on 14 December.[59]
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Flyby Template:No
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; unable to achieve orbit after second-stage engine failed to ignite.[50]
Surveyor 7 Surveyor 7 Template:Dts Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D Template:Flagicon NASA Lander Template:Yes
Final Surveyor mission.[60] Landed Template:Convert from Tycho crater at 01:05:36 UTC on 10 January. Operated until 21 February 1968.[61]
Luna E-6LS No.112 Luna E-6LS No.112 Template:Dts Molniya-M Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Orbiter Template:No
Failed to orbit after third stage ran out of fuel.[61]
Luna 14

(E-6LS No.113)

Luna 14 Template:Dts Molniya-M Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Orbiter Template:Yes
Tested communications for proposed crewed missions and studied the mass concentration of the Moon. Entered orbit on 10 April at 19:25 UTC.[62]
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Flyby Template:No
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after second-stage engine incorrectly commanded to shut down. Spacecraft was recovered using its prototype launch escape system.[61]
Zond 5

(7K-L1 No.9L)

Zond 5 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Flyby Template:Yes
Two tortoises and other life forms on board a technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Made a closest approach of Template:Convert on 18 September, and circled the Moon before returning to Earth. Landed in the Indian Ocean on 21 September at 16:08 UTC, becoming the first Lunar spacecraft to be recovered successfully and carried the first Earth life to travel to and around the Moon.[63]
Zond 6

(7K-L1 No.12L)

Zond 6 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Flyby Template:No2
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Flyby occurred on 14 November, with a closest approach of Template:Convert.[64] Reentered Earth's atmosphere on 17 November; however, recovery was unsuccessful after parachutes were prematurely jettisoned.[61]
Apollo 8 Apollo 8 Template:Dts Saturn V Template:Flagicon NASA Crewed orbiter Template:Yes
First crewed mission to the Moon; entered orbit around the Moon with four-minute burn beginning at 09:59:52 UTC on 24 December. Completed ten orbits of the Moon before returning to Earth with an engine burn at 06:10:16 UTC on 25 December. Landed in the Pacific Ocean at 15:51 UTC on 27 December.[65]
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Flyby Template:No
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after one of the four second-stage engines shut down prematurely. Third-stage engine also shut down prematurely. The spacecraft was recovered using its launch escape system.[66]
Luna E-8 No.201 Luna E-8 No.201 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:No
Lunokhod Rover Template:No
First launch of the Lunokhod rover. Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded.[67]
Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3 Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3 Template:Dts N1 Template:Flagicon OKB-1 Orbiter Template:No
First launch of N1 rocket; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. First stage prematurely shut down 70 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed Template:Convert from launch site. Spacecraft landed some Template:Convert from the launch pad after successfully using its launch escape system.[67]
Apollo 10 Apollo 10 Template:Dts Saturn V Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
Apollo 10 Lunar Module Orbiter Template:Yes
Dress rehearsal for Apollo 11. Lunar Module with two astronauts on board descended to a distance of Template:Convert above the lunar surface.[68]
Luna E-8-5 No.402 Luna E-8-5 No.402 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:No
Luna E-8-5 No.402 Return Craft Sample Return Template:No
Intended to land on the Moon and return lunar soil sample. Did not reach Earth orbit after fourth stage failed to ignite.[66]
Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5 Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5 Template:Dts N1 Template:Flagicon OKB-1 Orbiter Template:No
Intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. All first-stage engines shut down 10 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed and exploded on the launch pad. Spacecraft landed safely Template:Convert from the launch site after using launch escape sequence.[67]
Luna 15

(E-8-5 No.401)

Luna 15 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:No2
Luna 15 Return Craft Sample Return Template:No
Reached lunar orbit at 10:00 UTC on 17 July. Descent retro-rocket burn started at 15:47 UTC on 21 July. Contact lost three minutes after de-orbit burn; probably crashed on the Moon.[67]
Apollo 11 Apollo 11 Template:Dts Saturn V Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
Apollo 11 Lunar Module Lander/Launch Vehicle Template:Yes
First crewed landing on the Moon. The Lunar Module Eagle landed at 20:17 UTC on 20 July 1969.
Zond 7

(7K-L1 No.11L)

Zond 7 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Flyby Template:Yes
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Lunar flyby on 10 August, with a closest approach of Template:Convert; returned to Earth and landed in Kazakhstan at 18:13 UTC on 14 August.[67]
Kosmos 300

(E-8-5 No.403)

Kosmos 300 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:No
Kosmos 300 Return Craft Sample return Template:No
Third attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to oxidiser leak. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere about 4 days after launch.[67]
Kosmos 305

(E-8-5 No.404)

Kosmos 305 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:No
Kosmos 305 Return Craft Sample Return Template:No
Fourth attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to control system malfunction. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere within one orbit after launch.[67]
Apollo 12 Apollo 12 Template:Dts Saturn V Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
Apollo 12 Lunar Module Lander/Launch Vehicle Template:Yes
Second crewed lunar landing.
Luna E-8-5 No.405 Luna E-8-5 No.405 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:No
Luna E-8-5 No.405 Return Craft Sample return Template:No
Failed to orbit
Apollo 13 Apollo 13 Template:Dts Saturn V Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:No2
Apollo 13 Lunar Module Lander/Launch Vehicle Template:Yes
Lunar landing aborted following Service Module oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon; flew past the Moon (free-return trajectory) and returned the crew safely to Earth.
Luna 16

(E-8-5 No.406)

Luna 16 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:Yes
Luna 16 Return Craft Sample return Template:Yes
First robotic sampling mission.
Zond 8

(7K-L1 No.14L)

Zond 8 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Flyby Template:Yes
Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; returned to Earth successfully.
Luna 17

(E-8 No.203)

Luna 17 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:Yes
Lunokhod 1 Rover Template:Yes
Luna 17 deployed Lunokhod 1.
Apollo 14 Apollo 14 Template:Dts Saturn V Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
Apollo 14 Lunar Module Lander/Launch Vehicle Template:Yes
Third crewed lunar landing.
Apollo 15 Apollo 15 Template:Dts Saturn V Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
Apollo 15 Lunar Module Lander/Launch Vehicle Template:Yes
Lunar Roving Vehicle Rover Template:Yes
Fourth crewed lunar landing, and first to use the Lunar Roving Vehicle.
PFS-1 PFS-1 Template:Dts Saturn V Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
PFS-1 was deployed from Apollo 15.
Luna 18

(E-8-5 No.407)

Luna 18 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:No2
Luna 18 Return Craft Sample return Template:No2
Failed during descent to lunar surface.
Luna 19

(E-8LS No.202)

Luna 19 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Orbiter Template:Yes
Entered an orbit around the Moon on 2 October 1971 after two midcourse corrections on 29 September and 1 October.
Luna 20

(E-8-5 No.408)

Luna 20 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:Yes
Luna 20 Return Craft Sample return Template:Yes
Luna 20 soft landed on the Moon in a mountainous area known as the Terra Apollonius (or Apollonius highlands) near Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), 120 km from where Luna 16 had landed.
Apollo 16 Apollo 16 Template:Dts Saturn V Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
Apollo 16 Lunar Module Lander/Launch Vehicle Template:Yes
Lunar Roving Vehicle Rover Template:Yes
5th crewed lunar landing.
PFS-2 PFS-2 Template:Dts Saturn V Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
PFS-2 deployed from Apollo 16.
Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 Template:Dts N1 Template:Flagicon OKB-1 Orbiter Template:No
Failed to orbit; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth.
Apollo 17 Apollo 17 Template:Dts Saturn V Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
Apollo 17 Lunar Module Lander/Launch Vehicle Template:Yes
Lunar Roving Vehicle Rover Template:Yes
Sixth and last crewed lunar landing and last use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle; the orbiting command module included five mice.
Luna 21

(E-8 No.204)

Luna 21 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:Yes
Lunokhod 2 Rover Template:Yes
Deployed Lunokhod 2.
Explorer 49

(RAE-B)

Explorer 49 Template:Dts Delta 1913 Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
Radio astronomy spacecraft, operated in selenocentric orbit to avoid interference from terrestrial radio sources.
Mariner 10 Mariner 10 Template:Dts Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A Template:Flagicon NASA Flyby Template:Yes
Interplanetary spacecraft, mapped lunar north pole to test cameras.
Luna 22

(E-8LS No.206)

Luna 22 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Orbiter Template:Yes
Inserted into a circular lunar orbit on 2 June 1974
Luna 23

(E-8-5M No.410)

Luna 23 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:Partial
Luna 23 Return Craft Sample Return Template:No2
Tipped over upon landing, precluding any sample return attempt. Functioned for three days on surface.
Luna E-8-5M No.412 Luna E-8-5M No.412 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Lander Template:No
Luna E-8-5M No.412 Return Craft Sample Return Template:No
Failed to orbit.
Luna 24

(E-8-5M No.413)

Luna 24 Template:Dts Proton-K/D Template:Flagicon Lavochkin Lander Template:Yes
Luna 24 Return Craft Sample Return Template:Yes
Final mission of the Luna programme. Entered orbit on 11 August 1976 and landed in Mare Crisium at 16:36 UTC on 18 August. Sample capsule launched at 05:25 UTC on 19 August and recovered Template:Frac hours later.[69] Returned Template:Convert of lunar regolith.[70] Final mission to the Moon from the Soviet Union.
ISEE-3

(ICE/Explorer 59)

ISEE-3 Template:Dts Delta 2914 Template:Flagicon NASA Flyby Template:Yes
Five flybys in 1982 and 1983 en route to comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner.
Hiten

(MUSES-A)

Hiten Template:Dts Mu-3S-II Template:Flagicon ISAS Orbiter Template:Yes
Hagoromo Template:Dts Mu-3S-II Template:Flagicon ISAS Orbiter Template:No2
Designed for flyby, placed into selenocentric orbit during extended mission after failure of Hagoromo. Deorbited and impacted in USGS quadrangle LQ27 on 10 April 1993.[71] Hagoromo was deployed from Hiten. The impact made Japan the 3rd country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Geotail Geotail Template:Dts Delta II 6925 Template:Flagicon Template:Flagicon ISAS/NASA Flyby Template:Yes
Series of flybys to regulate high Earth orbit.
WIND WIND Template:Dts Delta II 7925-10 Template:Flagicon NASA Flyby Template:Yes
Made two flybys on 1 December 1994 and 27 December 1994 to reach the Earth–Sun L1 Lagrangian point.
Clementine

(DSPSE)

Clementine Template:Dts Titan II (23)G Star-37FM Template:Flagicon USAF/NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
Completed Lunar objectives successfully; failed following departure from selenocentric orbit.
HGS-1 HGS-1 Template:Dts Proton-K/DM3 Template:Flagicon Hughes Flyby Template:Yes
Communications satellite; made two flybys in May and June 1998 en route to geosynchronous orbit after delivery into wrong orbit.
Lunar Prospector

(Discovery 3)

Lunar Prospector Template:Dts Athena II Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
The mission ended on July 31, 1999
Nozomi

(PLANET-B)

Nozomi Template:Dts M-V Template:Flagicon ISAS Flyby Template:Yes
Two flybys en route to Mars.
WMAP WMAP Template:Dts Delta II 7425-10 Template:Flagicon NASA Flyby Template:Yes
Flyby on 30 July 2001 to reach the Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point.
SMART-1 SMART-1 Template:Dts Ariane 5G Template:Flagicon ESA Orbiter Template:Yes
Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ26 at end of mission on 3 September 2006. The impact made ESA member states the 4th to reach the surface of the Moon.
STEREO STEREO A Template:Dts Delta II 7925-10L Template:Flagicon NASA Flyby Template:Yes
STEREO B Template:Yes
Both component spacecraft entered heliocentric orbit on 15 December 2006.
ARTEMIS ARTEMIS P1 Template:Dts Delta II 7925 Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Operational
ARTEMIS P2 Orbiter Template:Operational
Two THEMIS spacecraft moved to selenocentric orbit for extended mission; entered orbit July 2011.
SELENE Kaguya Template:Dts H-IIA 2022 Template:Flagicon JAXA Orbiter Template:Yes
Okina Orbiter Template:Yes
Ouna Orbiter Template:Yes
Deployed Okina and Ouna satellites. Kaguya and Okina impacted the Moon at end of mission.[72] Ouna completed operations on 29 June 2009[73] but remains in selenocentric orbit.
Chang'e 1 Chang'e 1 Template:Dts Long March 3A Template:Flagicon CNSA Orbiter Template:Yes
Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ21 on 1 March 2009, at end of mission. The impact made China the 6th country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Chandrayaan-1 Chandrayaan-1 22 October 2008 PSLV-XL Template:Flagicon ISRO Orbiter Template:Yes
Moon Impact Probe Impactor Template:Yes
Succeeded through mission. Orbit lasted 312 days, short of intended 2 years; However mission achieved most of its intended objectives. Terminated in 2009, remains in selenocentric orbit; discovered water ice on the Moon.[74] Moon Impact Probe was deployed from the orbiter. It successfully impacted Moon's Shackleton Crater in the USGS quadrangle LQ30 at 20:31 on 14 November 2008 releasing underground debris that could be analysed by the orbiter for presence of water/ice. With this mission, India became the first to hard land or impact on Lunar south pole and the fifth nation to reach the lunar surface.
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Template:Dts Atlas V 401 Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Operational
Entered orbit on June 23, 2009
LCROSS LCROSS Template:Dts Atlas V 401 Template:Flagicon NASA Impactor Template:Yes
Observed impact of Centaur upper stage that launched it and LRO, then impacted itself. Impacts in USGS quadrangle LQ30.
Chang'e 2 Chang'e 2 Template:Dts Long March 3C Template:Flagicon CNSA Orbiter Template:Yes
Following completion of six month Lunar mission, departed selenocentric orbit for Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point;[75] subsequently flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis.[76]
GRAIL Ebb

(GRAIL-A)

Template:Dts[77][78] Delta II 7920H Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
Flow

(GRAIL-B)

Orbiter Template:Yes
Impacted the Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ01 on 17 December 2012 at end of mission.[79]
LADEE LADEE Template:Dts Minotaur V Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
Mission ended on 18 April 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon.
Chang'e 3 Chang'e 3 Template:Dts Long March 3B Template:Flagicon CNSA Lander Template:Operational
Yutu Rover Template:Yes
Entered orbit on 6 December 2013 with landing at 13:12 UTC on 14 December. Yutu rover was deployed from Chang'e 3.
Chang'e 5-T1 Chang'e 5-T1 Template:Dts Long March 3C Template:Flagicon CNSA Orbiter Template:Yes
Chang'e 5-T1 Return Capsule Orbiter Template:Yes
Demonstration of re-entry capsule for Chang'e 5 sample-return mission at lunar return velocity.
Manfred Memorial Moon Mission Manfred Memorial Moon Mission Template:Dts Long March 3C Template:Flagicon LuxSpace Flyby / Impactor (post mission) Template:Yes
Attached to third stage of CZ-3C used to launch Chang'e 5-T1. Impacted the Moon on 4 March 2022. The impact made Luxembourg the 8th country to reach the surface of the Moon.
TESS TESS Template:Dts Falcon 9 Full Thrust Template:Flagicon NASA Flyby Template:Yes
Flyby on 17 May 2018 to designated high Earth orbit.[80]
Queqiao Queqiao Template:Dts Long March 4C Template:Flagicon CNSA Orbiter Template:Operational
Entered designated Earth–Moon Template:L2 orbit on 14 June in preparation of Chang'e 4 far-side lunar lander in December 2018.
Longjiang Longjiang-1 Template:Dts Long March 4C Template:Flagicon CNSA Orbiter Template:No2
Longjiang-2 Orbiter Template:Yes
Launched on the same rocket as Queqiao. Longjiang-1 never entered Moon orbit,[81] while Longjiang-2 operated in lunar orbit until 31 July 2019, when it impacted the lunar surface.[82]
Chang'e 4 Chang'e 4 Template:Dts Long March 3B Template:Flagicon CNSA Lander Template:Operational
'Yutu-2 Rover Template:Operational
First spacecraft to soft land on the far side of the Moon (South Pole–Aitken basin). Landed 3 January 2019 and deployed the Yutu-2 rover.[83][84]
Beresheet Beresheet Template:Dts Falcon 9 Template:Flagicon SpaceIL Lander Template:No2
First Israeli and first privately funded lunar lander mission. Technology demonstration. Instrumentation included a magnetometer and laser retroreflector.[85][86] Spacecraft crashed into the lunar surface after main engine failure during descent from lunar orbit phase.[87] The impact made Israel the 7th country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Chandrayaan-2 Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter Template:Dts LVM3 M1 Template:Flagicon ISRO Orbiter Template:Operational
Vikram Lander Template:No2
Pragyan Rover Template:No2
Entered orbit on 20 August 2019. Lander separated from orbiter but crashed during a landing attempt on 6 September 2019, attributed to a software glitch. Both lander and rover were lost. Orbiter remained operational.[88]
Chang'e 5 Chang'e 5 Orbiter 23 November 2020 Long March 5 Template:Flagicon CNSA Orbiter Template:Operational
Chang'e 5 Lander Lander Template:Yes
Chang'e 5 Ascender Launch Vehicle Template:Yes
Chang'e 5 Returner Sample Return Template:Yes
First lunar sample return mission from China, which returned 1,731 g (61.1 oz) of lunar samples on 16 December 2020. The orbiter received a mission extension and is currently in a distant retrograde orbit (DRO) of the Moon.[89]
CAPSTONE CAPSTONE 28 June 2022[90] Electron Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Operational
Lunar orbiting CubeSat that will test and verify the calculated orbital stability planned for the Gateway space station.
Danuri

(Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter)

Danuri 4 August 2022[90] Falcon 9 Template:Flagicon KARI Orbiter[91][92] Template:Operational
Lunar Orbiter by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) of South Korea. The orbiter, its science payload and ground control infrastructure are technology demonstrators. The orbiter will also be tasked with surveying lunar resources such as water ice, uranium, helium-3, silicon, and aluminium, and produce a topographic map to help select future lunar landing sites.
Artemis 1 Artemis 1 Orion MPCV CM-002 16 November 2022[93] SLS Block 1 Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Yes
Uncrewed test of Orion spacecraft in lunar flyby and lunar Distant retrograde orbit.
LunaH-Map and Lunar IceCube LunaH-Map 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 Template:Flagicon NASA Orbiter Template:Enroute
Lunar IceCube Orbiter Template:No2
H-Map will search for evidence of lunar water ice inside permanently shadowed craters using its neutron detector while, IceCube will uses its infrared spectrometer to detect water and organic compounds in the lunar surface and exosphere.
ArgoMoon ArgoMoon 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 Template:Flagicon ASI Flybys Template:Operational
It is designed to image the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage and will collect telemetry validating the nanotechnology on board the platform in the hostile environment of deep space.
LunIR LunIR 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 Template:Flagicon Lockheed Martin Flyby Template:Yes
It is to flyby the Moon and collect its surface thermography.
Near-Earth Asteroid Scout Near-Earth Asteroid Scout 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 Template:Flagicon NASA Flyby Template:No2
It is a solar sail that will flyby a near-Earth asteroid.
EQUULEUS EQUULEUS 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 Template:Flagicon JAXA Flybys Template:Operational
It will image the Earth's plasmasphere, impact craters on the Moon's far side, and small trajectory maneuvers near the Moon.
OMOTENASHI OMOTENASHI 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 Template:Flagicon JAXA Impactor Template:No2
It was a lunar surface probe attempting to semi-hard land using solid rocket motors. Carrier and solid motor was to impact. Communication failure occurred and the probe missed and flew by the Moon.
BioSentinel BioSentinel 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 Template:Flagicon NASA Flyby Template:Yes
CubeSat spacecraft on an astrobiology mission that will use budding yeast to detect, measure, and compare the impact of deep space radiation on DNA repair over long time beyond low Earth orbit.
CubeSat for Solar Particles CubeSat for Solar Particles 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 Template:Flagicon NASA Flyby Template:No2
CubeSat to orbit the Sun to study the dynamic particles and magnetic fields.
Team Miles Team Miles 16 November 2022 SLS Block 1 Template:Flagicon Fluid & Reason Flyby Template:Yes
CubeSat that will demonstrate navigation in deep space using innovative plasma thrusters.
Hakuto-R Mission 1 Hakuto-R 11 December 2022 Falcon 9 Block 5 Template:Flagicon ispace Lander Template:No2
SORA-Q 11 December 2022 Falcon 9 Block 5 Template:Flagicon Tomy/JAXA/Dodai Rover Template:No2
Lunar lander technology demonstration.[94] Contact lost during final stage of landing and deemed a failure. Cause of failure determined to be a software bug associated with the altitude estimation system.[95]
Emirates Lunar Mission Rashid 11 December 2022 Falcon 9 Block 5 Template:Flagicon UAESA/MBRSC Rover Template:No2
Lunar rover demonstration. Launched aboard ispace's Hakuto-R lander.[96] Lost with Hakuto-R. The impact made the United Arab Emirates the 9th country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Lunar Flashlight Lunar Flashlight 11 December 2022 Falcon 9 Block 5 Template:Flagicon NASA Flyby Template:No2
Initially scheduled to be launched on the Artemis 1 mission, moved to a Falcon 9 Block 5 after not making it for the payload integration deadline. NASA announced later that it would not make its planned orbit or monthly flybys due to thruster issues.[97][2]
Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 14 April 2023 Ariane 5 ECA Template:Flagicon ESA Flyby Template:Enroute
Will fly by the Moon in August 2024 en route to Ganymede.
Chandrayaan-3 Chandrayaan-3 14 July 2023 LVM3 M4 Template:Flagicon ISRO Relay Satellite Template:Operational
Vikram Lander Template:Enroute
Pragyan rover Rover Template:Enroute
Launched 14 July 2023, Orbit insertion 5 August 2023, Lander is scheduled to land 23 August 2023.

Future missions

There are several future lunar missions planned or proposed by various nations and organisations.

Funded and are under development

Robotic

Agency or company Mission Name of spacecraft Launch date Launch vehicle Notes
Template:Flagicon Roscosmos Luna 25 10 August 2023 23:10 (UTC)[98] Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat Lander will explore natural resources on Moon, part of Luna-Glob programme.
Template:Flagicon JAXA SLIM[99] SLIM lander 26 August 2023 00:34 (UTC) H-IIA 202 Pinpoint landing and roving.[100][101][102]
LEV-1 Hopper, carries multiple instruments
Template:Flagicon Tomy, JAXA, Doshisha University LEV-2 Rover in preparation for Lunar Cruiser.[103]
Template:Flagicon Intuitive Machines IM-1 Nova-C Q3 2023[104] Falcon 9 Lander, Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers.[105]
Template:Flagicon GEC Doge-1[106] Small commercial lunar orbiter
Template:Flagicon Astrobotic Technology Mission One Peregrine Q4 2023[107] Vulcan Centaur Part of CLPS. Peregrine lander will deliver 25 payloads to Gruithuisen Gamma
Template:Flagicon UNAM Colmena 5 Microrovers
Template:Flagicon CMU Iris CubeRover, technology demonstration
Template:Flagicon Intuitive Machines IM-2 Nova-C Q1 2024[108] Falcon 9 Second Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS.
Khon1 Communication Satellite
Micro-nova Hopper
Template:Flagicon Lunar Outpost

Template:Flagicon Nokia

MAPP Rover, communication technology demonstration
Template:Flagicon MIT AstroAnt[109] Micro rover, will travel on MAPP rover
Template:Flagicon Dymon Yaoki[110] Small rover, mapping
Template:Flagicon Spaceflight Industries SHEPRA-ES mission[111] SHEPRA-ES Lunar Flyby towards Geostationary orbit, payload delivery.
Template:Flagicon NASA Lunar Trailblazer Orbiter, lunar ice scouting.
Template:Flagicon CNSA Queqiao 2 Queqiao relay satellite 2 early 2024[112] Long March 8 Relay satellite to support future missions of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program targeting south pole region.[113]
Template:Flagicon Deep Space Exploration Laboratory Tiandu-1[114] 2 orbiters, technology demonstration of lunar constellation.
Tiandu-2[114]
Template:Flagicon CNSA Chang'e 6 Lander May 2024[115] Long March 5 Sample-return from the south pole Aitken basin on the far side of the Moon[116]
Orbiter
Ascent Vehicle
Template:Flagicon Intuitive Machines IM-3 Nova-C Q2 2024[117][118] Falcon 9 Third Nova-C. Lunar Vertex mission
Khon2 Communication Satellite
Template:Flagicon NASA CADRE 4 small rovers, mapping
Lunar vertex NASA organised rover
Template:Flagicon Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost M1 Blue Ghost Mid 2024 [3] Falcon 9 Lunar lander, carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads to Mare Crisium.[119][120]
Template:Flagicon Astrobotic Technology Griffin Mission 1[121] November 2024 Falcon Heavy Will host the VIPER Rover
Template:Flagicon NASA VIPER rover[122] Will prospect for lunar resources in the south pole region, especially for water ice.
Template:Flagicon NASA

Template:FlagiconNorthrop Grumman

PPE and HALO[123] November 2024 Falcon Heavy Key elements of Lunar Gateway.
Template:Flagicon SpaceX Demo mission Starship HLS[124] Q4 2024 Starship Uncrewed demo mission of Starship HLS
Template:Flagicon JAXA DESTINY+ 2024[125] Epsilon S Lunar flyby toward asteroid 3200 Phaethon
Template:Flagicon ispace Hakuto-R Mission 2 Hakuto-R 2024[126] Falcon 9 Rover for collecting lunar resources and other commercial payloads
Template:Flagicon Ispace Europe Ispace rover
Template:Flagicon ispace

Template:Flagicon Draper

SERIES 2 2025[127] TBD Lunar lander part of CLPS program
Template:Flagicon SpaceIL Beresheet 2[128] Orbiter 2025 TBD One orbiter, Two landers.
Lander 1
Lander 2
Template:Flagicon Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost M2[129] Blue Ghost lander 2026 TBD Second mission of Firefly Aerospace, part of CLPS, includes 2 stage variant of blue ghost.
transfer vehicle/relay satellite
Template:Flagicon ESA Lunar Pathfinder Lunar communications satellite to support future lunar missions.
Template:Flagicon CNSA Chang'e 7 Orbiter 2026[130] Long March 5 Payloads include an orbiter, south pole lander, rover, and a mini flying probe to look for the presence of water-ice.[130]
Lander
Rover
Hopper
Template:Flagicon SpaceX Starship cargo mission 2026 SpaceX Starship First SpaceX lunar cargo mission, yet to be announced by SpaceX itself.
Template:Flagicon Astrolab FLEX[131] Large Lunar rover, can accommodate cargo and 2 astronauts.
Template:Flagicon Astrobotic Astrobotic mission 3[132] 2026 Falcon Heavy Third lunar mission by Astrobotic, will land at south pole, Lander will be most likely Griffin judging by the launch vehicle.
Template:Flagicon Roscosmos Luna 26 2027[133] Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat Orbiter, part of the Luna-Glob programme.[134]
Template:Flagicon Roscosmos Luna 27 2028[133] Angara A5 / Fregat Lander, part of Luna-Glob programme.
Template:Flagicon CNSA Chang'e 8 Orbiter 2028[135] Long March 5 South pole lander.[136] Testing technology for using local resources and manufacturing with 3D printing.[137]
Lander
Rover
Hopper
Template:Flagicon SpaceX SpaceX GLS-1[138] 2028 Falcon Heavy First resupply mission to Lunar Gateway.
Template:Flagicon Blue Origin Uncrewed Demo mission [4] Blue Moon 2028 New Glenn Demo mission of Blue Moon lander system in preparation for crewed landing in 2029.
Template:Flagicon ESA

Template:Flagicon JAXA

Template:Flagicon CSA

HERACLES[139] Argonaut Lander TBD Ariane 64 Robotic Lander system with rover, Robotic Sample Return.

Crewed

Agency or company Name Spacecraft Launch date Launch vehicle Notes
Template:Flagicon NASA

Template:Flagicon CSA

Artemis 2 Orion November 2024[140] SLS Block 1 Crewed test of the Orion spacecraft on a free-return trajectory around the Moon.
Template:Flagicon NASA Artemis 3 Orion, Starship HLS December 2025[140][141] SLS Block 1 Deliver the "first woman and next man" to the Moon.
Template:Flagicon SpaceX dearMoon project Starship 2020s[142] Starship Space tourism and art project; free-return trajectory and Earth re-entry of the Starship.
Template:Flagicon NASA Artemis 4 Orion, Starship HLS September 2028[140] SLS Block 1B First flight of Block 1B configuration. Deliver I-HAB and conduct second Artemis crewed lunar landing.
Template:Flagicon NASA Artemis 5 Orion,

Blue Moon

September 2029[143] SLS Block 1B Crewed Gateway and Surface expedition. Delivery of ESPRIT and Lunar Terrain Vehicle.
Template:Flagicon Roscosmos M1 Orel 2029[144] Yenisei Proposed Crewed lunar flyby using the Orel spacecraft.
Template:Flagicon NASA Artemis 6 Orion, TBD September 2030[143] SLS Block 1B Lunar Landing with delivery of Gateway Airlock Module.
Template:Flagicon CNSA Chinese crewed lunar mission 1 Next-gen spacecraft, Crewed Lander 2030[145] Long March 10 Two launches of the LM-10 to put a pair of astronauts on the Moon for a 6-hour stay.[113]

Proposed but full funding still unclear

Robotic

The following robotic space probe missions have been proposed but their full funding is unclear or not yet been requested:

Agency or company Mission Name of spacecraft Proposed launch Notes
Template:Flagicon ESA Lunar Meteoroid Impact Observer 2026 Proposed CubeSat to observe asteroid impacts on Far side of Moon.
Template:Flagicon ISRO Lunar Polar Exploration Mission LUPEX lander 2026-28 [146] Lander and rover, part of the Chandrayaan programme; a proposal under study.[147]
Template:Flagicon JAXA LUPEX rover
Template:Flagicon Airvantis Garatéa-L 2025[148] Proposed lunar CubeSat, Partnership between UKSA and ESA.
Template:Flagicon OHB

Template:Flagicon IAI

LSAS lander 2025 proposed commercial lander, will rideshare with a Geostationary satellite.
Template:Flagicon ISRO Chandrayaan-5 2025-30 On site sampling of lunar soil. Purposed within the time frame of 2025–30.[149]
Template:Flagicon Parsec Parsec lunar satellites 2025 Parsec lunar communication constellation.[150]
Template:Flagicon Australian Space Agency Lunar Trailblazer 2026 Under study for possible rover mission
Template:Flagicon Delft University of Technology Lunar zebro 2026 Small swarming rover, radiation measurements
Template:Flagicon CNSA

Template:Flagicon Roscosmos

ILRS 1-5 2026 - 2035 5 crucial missions planned for comprehensive establishment of ILRS to complete the in-orbit and surface facilities
Template:Flagicon Roscosmos Luna 28 2029[133] Proposed Sample-return mission, part of Luna-Glob program, may include small rover.
Template:Flagicon Roscosmos Luna 29 Luna 29 Lander 2030s[133] Proposed Sample-return mission, part of Luna-Glob program, Will include Luna-Grunt rover.
Luna-Grunt rover
Template:Flagicon KARI Phase 2 of the Korean lunar exploration program 2030 [151] Lander and rover
Template:Flagicon Roscosmos Zeus 2030 Nuclear Propelled Space Tug, might deliver payloads to the moon
Template:Flagicon ISRO Chandrayaan-6 2030-35 Sample return mission, to be launched within the time frame of 2030–35.[149]
Template:Flagicon NASA BOLAS TBD 2 tethered CubeSats on a very low lunar orbit.[152]
Template:Flagicon Magellan Aerospace Autonomous Impactor for Lunar Exploration TBD Impactor for LEAP
Template:Flagicon NASA Lunar Crater Radio Telescope TBD Radio telescope made by 4 rovers
Template:Flagicon LiftPort Group Lunar space elevator TBD Creating a reusable, replaceable and expandable Lunar elevator to open up the resources present on the Moon
Template:Flagicon ESC Aerospace LVICE² TBD Measuring the concentration of micrometeorites[153]

Lunar missions by organization/company

Country Agency
or company		 Successful Partial Failure Failure Operational Total Total

(for country)

Template:Flag NASA 36 2 14 3 55 59
USAF 1 - 1 - 2
Lockheed Martin 1 - - - 1
Fluid & Reason 1 - - - 1
Template:Flagicon USSR Lavochkin 16 2 22 - 40 58
Energia 2 - 16 - 18
Template:Flag CNSA 4 - - 4 8 8
Template:Flag ISAS 2 - 2 - 4 6
JAXA 1 - - - 1
ispace - - 1 - 1
Template:Flag ISRO 1 1 - 1 3 3
Template:Flag ESA 1 - - - 1 1
Template:Flag LuxSpace 1 - - - 1 1
Template:Flag SpaceIL - - 1 - 1 1
Template:Flagicon Italy ASI 1 - - - 1 1
Template:Flagicon South Korea KARI 1 - - 1 1 1
Template:Flagicon UAE UAESA - - 1 - 1 1

Unrealized concepts

2010s

  • Resource Prospector – concept by NASA of a rover that would have performed a survey expedition on a polar region of the Moon. It was canceled in April 2018.[154]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Why failure is the fuel for a trip to Moon. The Times of India(11 September 2019). Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  2. ↑ Chandrayaan-2 landing: 40% lunar missions in last 60 years failed, finds Nasa report. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000{{#if:Siddiqi|, Siddiqi}. NASA History Office(2002)
  4. ↑ Pioneer 0. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Template:Cite encyclopedia
  6. ↑ Pioneer 1. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  7. ↑ Pioneer 2. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  8. ↑ Pioneer 3. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000{{#if:Siddiqi|, Siddiqi}. NASA History Office(2002)
  10. ↑ Luna 1. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  11. ↑ Pioneer 4. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  12. ↑ Luna 2. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  13. ↑ Luna 3. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  14. ↑ Pioneer P-3. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000{{#if:Siddiqi|, Siddiqi}. NASA History Office(2002)
  16. ↑ Pioneer P-30. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  17. ↑ Pioneer P-31. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000{{#if:Siddiqi|, Siddiqi}. NASA History Office(2002)
  19. ↑ Ranger 3. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  20. ↑ Ranger 4. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  21. ↑ Ranger 5. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  22. ↑ Sputnik 25. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000{{#if:Siddiqi|, Siddiqi}. NASA History Office(2002)
  24. ↑ Luna 4. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000{{#if:Siddiqi|, Siddiqi}. NASA History Office(2002)
  26. ↑ Luna 4. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  27. ↑ Ranger 7. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.8 Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000{{#if:Siddiqi|, Siddiqi}. NASA History Office(2002)
  29. ↑ Ranger 8. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  30. ↑ Cosmos 60. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  31. ↑ Ranger 9. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  32. ↑ Luna 5. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  33. ↑ Luna 6. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  34. ↑ Zond 3. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  35. ↑ Luna 7. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  36. ↑ Luna 8. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  37. ↑ Luna 9. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  38. ↑ 38.00 38.01 38.02 38.03 38.04 38.05 38.06 38.07 38.08 38.09 Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000{{#if:Siddiqi|, Siddiqi}. NASA History Office(2002)
  39. ↑ Cosmos 111. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  40. ↑ Luna 10. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  41. ↑ Surveyor 1. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  42. ↑ Explorer 33. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  43. ↑ Lunar Orbiter 1. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  44. ↑ Luna 11. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  45. ↑ Surveyor 2. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  46. ↑ Luna 12. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  47. ↑ Lunar Orbiter 2. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  48. ↑ Luna 13. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  49. ↑ Lunar Orbiter 3. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 50.5 Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000{{#if:Siddiqi|, Siddiqi}. NASA History Office(2002)
  51. ↑ Surveyor 3. US National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  52. ↑ Surveyor Lunar Spacecraft. Boeing. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
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  154. ↑ NASA scraps a lunar surface mission — just as it's supposed to focus on a Moon return Template:Webarchive Loren Grush, The Verge April 27, 2018

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