Jammu and Kashmir state

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About: the former state

the former princely state

Template:Pp-move-indef Template:Pp-semi


Template:Infobox former subdivision

JammuTemplate:Efn and KashmirTemplate:Efn was a region formerly administered by India as a state from 1952 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, Pakistan and China since the mid-20th century.[1][2] The underlying region of this state were parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, whose western districts, now known as Azad Kashmir, and northern territories, now known as Gilgit-Baltistan, are administered by Pakistan. The Aksai Chin region in the east, bordering Tibet, has been under Chinese control since 1962.

After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, which contained provisions to split the state into two union territories – Ladakh in the east and the residuary Jammu and Kashmir in the west, with effect from 31 October 2019.[3] Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.

Establishment

After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir was divided between India (which controlled the regions of Jammu, Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh) and Pakistan (which controlled Gilgit–Baltistan and Azad Kashmir).[4] Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession on 26 October 1947 after an invasion by Pakistani tribesmen. Sheikh Abdullah was appointed as the prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir as part of an interim government by Maharaja Hari Singh in March 1948.[5] In order to integrate the provisions of the instrument of accession relating to the powers of the state and Indian government, the Constituent Assembly of India drew up the draft provision named Article 306-A, which would later become Article 370.[6]

A constituent assembly for Jammu and Kashmir was convened to frame a new constitution for the state in October 1951, after an election in which all the seats were won by the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference party of Abdullah.[7]

Abdullah reached an agreement termed as the "Delhi Agreement" with Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India, on 24 July 1952. It extended provisions of the Constitution of India regarding citizenship and fundamental rights to the state, in addition to the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India. Agreements were also reached on issues of abolishing the monarchy, as well as the state being allowed a separate flag and official language. The Delhi Agreement spelt out the relationship between the central government and the state through recognizing the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir, while also declaring it as an integral part of India and granting the central government control of several subjects that were not a part of the instrument of accession.[8]

The government of Jammu and Kashmir quickly moved to adopt the provisions of the agreement.[9] The recommendations of the Drafting Committee on the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir regarding the monarchy were accepted by the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir on 21 August 1952. The Jammu and Kashmir Constitution Act 1939 was amended in November 1952 to adopt the resolutions and the monarchy was officially abolished on 12 November. The regent Karan Singh was formally elected as the Sadar-i-Riyasat or head of state by the Constituent Assembly and was later recognized by the President of India.[10] The amendments incorporating the provisions into the state constitution entered into force on 17 November.[11]

Integration with India

Abdullah however sought to make Article 370 permanent and began calling for the secession of the state from India, which led to his arrest in 1953.[12] Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad then became the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. The Constituent Assembly of the state passed a resolution in February 1954, extending some provisions of the Constitution of India and formally ratifying the accession of the state to India per the Instrument of Accession. A Presidential Order was passed on 14 May 1954 to implement the Delhi Agreement, drawing its validity from the resolution of the Constituent Assembly.[13][14]

The new Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir was adopted on 17 November 1956 and came into force on 26 January 1957.[15] Following this, the state constituent assembly dissolved itself and elections were held for the legislative assembly in 1957, with the National Conference winning 68 out of 75 seats.[16]

In 1956–57, China constructed a road through the disputed Aksai Chin area of Ladakh. India's belated discovery of this road culminated in the Sino-Indian War of 1962; China has since administered Aksai Chin.[4] Following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, India and Pakistan signed the Simla Agreement, recognising a Line of Control in Kashmir, and committing to a peaceful resolution of the dispute through bilateral negotiations.[17]

In December 1964, the Indian government extended provisions of Articles 356 and 357 of the Constitution of India, which allowed for President's rule in the state.[18] In April 1965, the legislative assembly approved renaming the positions of Sadar-i-Riyasat to Governor and Wazir-i-Azam (Prime Minister) to Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. Though the change had no actual effect on the legal structure of the state, it conveyed that the government of Jammu and Kashmir was equal to that of any other Indian state.[19]

Despite Nehru releasing the imprisoned Abdullah in April 1964 to initiate dialogue with Pakistan, it viewed these developments as leading to the inseparability of Jammu and Kashmir from India and launched an armed conflict,[18] infiltrating Kashmir during Operation Gibraltar in August 1965. However, it ultimately failed in its objective and both countries returned to the status quo after the Tashkent Declaration of 1966.[20] The government of Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq meanwhile rapidly extended many provisions of the Indian Constitution to further integrate the state into India.[21]

The failure of Pakistan in the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war weakened the Kashmiri nationalist movement and Abdullah dropped demands of secession. Under the Indira–Sheikh Accord of 1975, he recognised the region as a part of India, the state legislature requiring the approval of the President to make laws, and the Parliament of India being able to promulgate laws against secessionism. In return, Article 370 was left untouched and Abdullah became the Chief Minister of the state. The region remained mostly peaceful until his death in 1982.[22]

Kashmir insurgency

In the late 1980s, discontent over the high-handed policies of the union government and allegations of the rigging of the 1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election[23] provoked separatist sentiments in the region, culminating in a violent uprising and prolonged armed insurgency[24][25] backed by Pakistan, who claimed to have given its "moral and diplomatic" support to the movement.[26][27] Several new militant groups with radical Islamic views emerged and changed the ideological emphasis of the movement to Islamic. This was facilitated by a large influx of Islamic "Jihadi" fighters (mujahideen) who had entered the Kashmir valley following the end of the Soviet–Afghan War in the 1980s.[26] The Inter-Services Intelligence of Pakistan has been accused by India and the international community of supporting, supplying arms and training mujahideen,[28][29] to fight in Jammu and Kashmir.[30][29][31] In 2015, former President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf admitted that Pakistan had supported and trained insurgent groups in the 1990s.[32] A prolonged, bloody conflict between the Islamic militant separatists and the Indian Army took place, both of whom have been accused of widespread human rights abuses, including abductions, massacres, rapes and armed robbery.Template:Refn

File:Police in Kashmir confronting violent protestors December 2018.jpg
Police and protesters confronting each other in Kashmir, 2018

The violence emerged as a setback to industries in the Valley. Doda district, rich in high-grade sapphire, had active mines until 1989 that were abandoned owing to their turbulent location. In 1998, the government discovered that smugglers had occupied these mines and stolen much of the resource.[33] Following the 2008 Kashmir unrest, secessionist movements in the region were boosted.[34][35] The 2016–17 Kashmir unrest resulted in the death of over 90 civilians and the injury of over 15,000.[36][37] Six policemen, including a sub-inspector were killed in an ambush in Anantnag in June 2017, by trespassing militants of the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Toiba.[38] An attack on an Indian police convoy in Pulwama, in February 2019, resulted in the deaths of 40 police officers. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by a Pakistan-backed militant group Jaish-e-Mohammed.[39]

Revocation of special status and reorganisation

In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed resolutions to amend Article 370, ending Jammu and Kashmir’s special constitutional status and bringing it entirely under the Constitution of India.[40][41] Alongside this, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 was passed, splitting the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories: Ladakh and the residuary Jammu and Kashmir.[42]

Ahead of these actions, the union government locked down the Kashmir Valley, increased security forces, restricted public movement under Section 144, and detained several political leaders, including former chief ministers Omar Abdullah and Mehbooba Mufti.[43] Internet and phone services were also suspended.[44][45][46] The new administrative structure came into effect on 31 October 2019.[47]

Administrative divisions

File:Jammu-Kashmir-Ladakh.svg
The Divisions of Jammu and Kashmir: Kashmir (green), Jammu (orange) and Ladakh (blue)

The state of Jammu and Kashmir consisted of three divisions: the Jammu Division, the Kashmir Division and Ladakh which were further divided into 22 districts.[48] The Siachen Glacier, while under Indian military control, did not lie under the administration of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Kishtwar, Ramban, Reasi, Samba, Bandipora, Ganderbal, Kulgam and Shopian were districts formed in 2008.[48]

Districts

Division Name Headquarters Before 2007[49] After 2007
Area
(km2) 		Area
(km2) 		Area
(sq miles) 		Rural Area
(km2) 		Urban Area
(km2) 		Ref.
Jammu Kathua district Kathua Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [50]
Jammu district Jammu Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [51]
Samba district Samba new district Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [52]
Udhampur district Udhampur Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [53]
Reasi district Reasi new district Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [54]
Rajouri district Rajouri Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [55]
Poonch district Poonch Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [56]
Doda district Doda Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [57]
Ramban district Ramban new district Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [58]
Kishtwar district Kishtwar new district Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [59]
Total for division Jammu Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round
Kashmir Anantnag district Anantnag Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [60]
Kulgam district Kulgam new district Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [61]
Pulwama district Pulwama Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [62]
Shopian district Shopian new district Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [63]
Budgam district Budgam Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [64]
Srinagar district Srinagar Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [65]
Ganderbal district Ganderbal new district Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [66]
Bandipora district Bandipora new district Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [67]
Baramulla district Baramulla Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [68]
Kupwara district Kupwara Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [69]
Total for division Srinagar Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round
Ladakh Kargil district Kargil Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [70]
Leh district Leh Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round [71]
Total for division Leh and Kargil Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round
Total Template:Round Template:Convert Template:Round Template:Round

Demographics

Template:Historical population

Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.[72] In the Census of India held in 1961, the first to be conducted after the formation of the state, Islam was practised by 68.31% of the population, while 28.45% followed Hinduism. The proportion of population that practised Islam fell to 64.19% by 1981 but recovered afterward.[73] According to the 2011 census, the last to be conducted in the state, Islam was practised by about 68.3% of the state population, while 28.4% followed Hinduism and small minorities followed Sikhism (1.9%), Buddhism (0.9%) and Christianity (0.3%).[74]

Government

Jammu and Kashmir was the only Indian state that had special autonomy under Article 370 of the Constitution of India, which stipulated that no law enacted by the Parliament of India, except for those in the field of defence, communication and foreign policy, would be extendable to Jammu and Kashmir unless it was ratified by the state legislature of Jammu and Kashmir.[75] The state was able to define the permanent residents of the state who alone had the privilege to vote in state elections, the right to seek government jobs and the ability to own land or property in the state.[76] By virtue of this autonomy, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state to have an official state flag, hoisted alongside India's national flag, and had a separate constitution.[77] Designed by the then-ruling National Conference, the flag of Jammu and Kashmir featured a plough on a red background symbolising labour; it replaced the Maharaja's state flag. The three stripes on the flag represented the three distinct administrative divisions of the state.[78] By 1999, 94 out of the 97 subjects in the Union List and 260 out of 395 articles of the Constitution of India had become applicable in the state, though it retained some of its autonomy.[79] Article 370 had meanwhile become mostly symbolic.[6]

Like all the states of India, Jammu and Kashmir had a multi-party democratic system of governance and had a bicameral legislature. At the time of drafting the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, 100 seats were earmarked for direct elections from territorial constituencies. Of these, 25 seats were reserved for the areas of Jammu and Kashmir state that came under Pakistani control; this was reduced to 24 after the 12th amendment of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir.[80] After a delimitation in 1988, the total number of seats increased to 111, of which 87 were within Indian-administered territory.[81] The Jammu and Kashmir Assembly had a 6-year term, in contrast to the norm of a 5-year term followed in other state assemblies.[82] This anomaly arose because Jammu and Kashmir accepted the provision in the Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India but did not accept its repeal in the Forty-fourth Amendment.[83][84]

The state's official language was Urdu, which occupied a central space in media, education, religious and political discourses and the legislature of Jammu and Kashmir; the language functioned as a symbol of identity among Muslims of South Asia.[85] The first language of less than 1% of the population, it was regarded as a "neutral" and non-native language of the multilingual region, and broadly accepted by Kashmiri Muslims.[86][87] The dominant position of Urdu has been criticised for rendering Kashmiri into a functional "minority language", effectively restricting its use to households and family.[87][88]

Central provisions

In 1990, an Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act of India, which gave special powers to the Indian security forces, including the detaining of individuals for up to two years without presenting charges, was enforced in Jammu and Kashmir,[89][90] a decision which drew criticism from Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International for violating human rights.[91][92] Security forces claimed that many missing people were not detained, but had crossed into Pakistan-administered Kashmir to engage in militancy.[93]

Notes

  1. ↑ Jammu and Kashmir, State, India. Encyclopaedia Britannica. (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."
  2. ↑ Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M. Taylor & Francis. Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
  3. ↑ Jammu Kashmir Article 370: Govt revokes Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcates state into two Union Territories. The Times of India(5 August 2019). Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kashmir – region, Indian subcontinent. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  5. ↑ Jammu and Kashmir{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Springer Publishing(6 December 2012). ISBN 9789401192316
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Springer Nature(18 June 2021). ISBN 9789811610196
  7. ↑ The Power of the Ballot: Travail and Triumph in the Elections{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Bloomsbury Publishing(28 March 2022). ISBN 9789354353611
  8. ↑ Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Springer Publishing(17 June 2021). ISBN 9789811610196
  9. ↑ Jammu and Kashmir{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Springer Publishing(6 December 2012). ISBN 9789401192316
  10. ↑ Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Springer Publishing(17 June 2021). ISBN 9789811610196
  11. ↑ Jammu & Kashmir: A Victim{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Prabhat Prakashan(15 June 2020). ISBN 9788184303131
  12. ↑ Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies(2012). ISBN 9789814379977
  13. ↑ Constitutional Questions and Citizens' Rights: An Omnibus Comprising Constitutional Questions in India: The President, Parliament and the States and Citizens' Rights, Judges and State Accountability{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Oxford University Press(5 December 2005). ISBN 978-0-19-908778-5
  14. ↑ Template:Harvnb
  15. ↑ Historical Title, Self-Determination and the Kashmir Question{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Brill Publishers(17 May 2018). ISBN 9789004359994
  16. ↑ Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-Century Conflict{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Yale University Press(2021). ISBN 9780300256871
  17. ↑ Kashmir Fast Facts. CNN(8 November 2013). Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947-2004{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Palgrave Macmillan(27 July 2016). ISBN 9781349105731
  19. ↑ India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947-2004{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Routledge(19 October 2006). ISBN 9781134137527
  20. ↑ Kashmir's Right to Secede: A Critical Examination of Contemporary Theories of Secession{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Routledge(13 February 2012). ISBN 9781136451454
  21. ↑ Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Springer Nature(17 June 2021). ISBN 9789811610196
  22. ↑ Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Routledge(2 March 2017). ISBN 9781351877091
  23. ↑ Template:Harvnb
  24. ↑ 1989 Insurgency. Kashmirlibrary.org. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  25. ↑ Contours of militancy. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 India Pakistan – Timeline. BBC News. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  27. ↑ Template:Harvnb
  28. ↑ Pakistan's shadowy secret service. BBC News(9 October 2006). Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Nato's top brass accuse Pakistan over Taliban aid. The Daily Telegraph(6 October 2006). Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  30. ↑ At Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge. The New York Times(21 January 2007). Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  31. ↑ Death of Reporter Puts Focus On Pakistan Intelligence Unit. The New York Times(25 February 2002). Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  32. ↑ Pakistan supported, trained terror groups: Pervez Musharraf. Business Standard(28 October 2015). Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  33. ↑ Sapphire-rich Kashmir. The Hindu Business Line(20 June 2008). Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  34. ↑ In Kashmir, there's azadi in air. Online edition of The Times of India, dated 17 August 2008(17 August 2008). Retrieved 28 January 2009.
  35. ↑ Valley of Tears(4 September 2008). Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  36. ↑ Kashmir unrest: What was the real death toll in the state in 2016?. Firstpost(2 January 2017). Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  37. ↑ After 15000 injuries, Govt to train forces in pellet guns(23 January 2017). Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  38. ↑ Six policemen, including sub-inspector, killed in militant ambush in Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir. Online edition of The Indian Express, dated June 16, 2017(16 June 2017). Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  39. ↑ Pulwama Attack 2019, everything about J&K terror attack on CRPF by terrorist Adil Ahmed Dar, Jaish-eMohammad Template:Webarchive, India Today, 16 February 2019.
  40. ↑ How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed(5 August 2019).
  41. ↑ Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3. The Gazette of India. Government of India(5 August 2019). Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  42. ↑ Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Bill passed by Rajya Sabha: Key takeaways Template:Webarchive, The Indian Express, 5 August 2019.
  43. ↑ Article 370 Jammu And Kashmir LIVE Updates: "Abuse Of Executive Power," Rahul Gandhi Tweets On Article 370 Removal Template:Webarchive, NDTV, 6 August 2019.
  44. ↑ Kashmir: Pakistan will 'go to any extent' to protect Kashmiris. The Guardian(6 August 2019). Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  45. ↑ Inside Kashmir's lockdown: 'Even I will pick up a gun' Template:Webarchive, BBC News, 10 August 2019.
  46. ↑ India revokes Kashmir's special status: All the latest updates. aljazeera. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
  47. ↑ In exercise of the powers conferred by clause a of section 2 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act.(9 August 2019).
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Ministry of Home Affairs:: Department of Jammu & Kashmir Affairs. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  49. ↑ Divisions & Districts(2012).
  50. ↑ Template:Cite report
  51. ↑ Template:Cite report
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  52. ↑ Template:Cite report
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  53. ↑ Template:Cite report
  54. ↑ Template:Cite report
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  55. ↑ Template:Cite report
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  56. ↑ Template:Cite report
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  57. ↑ Template:Cite report
  58. ↑ Template:Cite report
  59. ↑ Template:Cite report
    Part B page 9 says the rural area is 1643.65 km2, whilst pages 10 and 22 says 1643.37 km2.
  60. ↑ Template:Cite report
    Template:Cite report
  61. ↑ Template:Cite report
    Template:Cite report
    Part B page 12 says the area of the district is 404 km2, but page 22 says 410 km2.
  62. ↑ Template:Cite report
  63. ↑ Template:Cite report
    Template:Cite report
    Part B pages 12 and 22 say the district area is 312.00 km2, but Part A page 10 says 307.42 km2.
  64. ↑ Template:Cite report
    Template:Cite report
    Part A says the district area is 1371 km2, Part B says 1371 km2 (page 11) and 1361 km2 (page 12s and 22).
  65. ↑ Template:Cite report
    Part A page 48 says the district area was 2228.0 km2 in 2001 and 1978.95 km2 in 2011.
  66. ↑ Template:Cite report
    Part B page 11 says the district area is 393.04 km2, but pages 12 and 22 say 259.00 km2.
  67. ↑ Template:Cite report
    Template:Cite report
  68. ↑ Template:Cite report
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  69. ↑ Template:Cite report
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  70. ↑ Template:Cite report
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  71. ↑ Template:Cite report
  72. ↑ Larson, Gerald James. "India's Agony Over Religion", 1995, page 245
  73. ↑ Share of Muslims and Hindus in J&K population same in 1961, 2011 Censuses(29 December 2016). Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  74. ↑ C-1 Population By Religious Community. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  75. ↑ States: Jammu & Kashmir: Repeating History:By Harinder Baweja (3 July 2000)India Today.
  76. ↑ Sorry. Indianexpress.com. Retrieved 18 July 2010.Template:Dead linkTemplate:Cbignore
  77. ↑ Under BJP pressure, J&K withdraws flag order. The Hindu(14 March 2015). Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  78. ↑ The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir.
  79. ↑ Kashmir After 2019: Completing the Partition{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Springer Nature(17 June 2021). ISBN 9789811610196
  80. ↑ Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir Section 4 Read with Section 48(a). Kashmir-information.com. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  81. ↑ The vacant seats. The Hindu(24 October 2002). Retrieved 9 April 2009.
  82. ↑ It is introspection time for Congress in J&K(27 October 2005). Retrieved 9 April 2009.
  83. ↑ No need for constitutional amendment to bring J&K under 'one nation, one election': BJP Template:Webarchive, Greater Kashmir, 22 June 2019.
  84. ↑ Meenakshi Lekhi, Why isn't Kashmir 'secular', Cong & NC must answer Template:Webarchive, The Economic Times blog, 9 January 2014.
  85. ↑ Emergence of the Urdu Discourses in Kashmir{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. LANGUAGE IN INDIA(9 September 2011)
  86. ↑ Redefining Urdu Politics in India{{#if:|, {{{last}}}}. Oxford University Press(2006)
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 Minority Matters: Issues in Minority Languages in India.
  88. ↑ Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press(27 March 2008).
  89. ↑ The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990" Indian Ministry of Law and Justice Published by the Authority of New Deli
  90. ↑ Amnesty International Cites Human Rights Abuse in Kashmir, Huey, Caitlin(28 March 2011). Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  91. ↑ "India: Repeal Armed Forces Special Powers Act Template:Webarchive Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
  92. ↑ India: Accountability still missing for human rights violations in Jammu and Kashmir. Amnesty International(July 2015). Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  93. ↑ Kashmir graves: Human Rights Watch calls for inquiry. BBC News(25 August 2011). Retrieved 30 July 2012.

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